ÿWPCL ûÿ2BJ|xÕÐ x ÐÐÐüð ä ØÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÐЊ‚ÐÈÐÁ`ÁRELICS © p. ÕÐ °x ÐÐа¤˜Œ € tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ°ÐЊ‚ÐÈÐ ÃÃÁàÁà ÃA REGISTER OF RELICSÄ Ä ÁàÁCompiled by David Singmaster ÄÄÁàÁ87 Rodenhurst Road, London, SW4 8AF, UK; email: ZINGMAST @ LSBU.AC.UK. ÁàÁLast updated on ØD1 3 4.DØ ÁÁà ÃINTRODUCTIONÄ Ä ÁÁAny traveller soon notices the multiplicity of holy relics. According to Cavendish, an edict of 787 required each church to possess a relic, despite St. Augustine's criticism of the trade in relics. The Council of Trent encouraged churches to set up images of Christ, Mary and the Saints. On the other hand, the Church has insisted since the Middle Ages that relics cannot be sold, only their containers can be. Similarly, Islam does not allow the Koran to be sold, but the binding can be. ÁÁI started filing notes, clippings and references on relics in the early 1970s. In order to correlate the mass of material, I slowly started entering information on a computer file in the early 1980s. In autumn and winter, 1986-87, I entered the main body of information. ÁÁThis register tends to concentrate on actual physical relics and on semi-mythological sites. The material is dominantly Christian but some other material has been gathered at the end. I have not tried to include the many sites more or less historically connected with Christ, Peter, Paul, etc., nor material of classical mythology. My information has been gathered rather randomly as a result of reading guidebooks, histories, newspaper articles, etc., as well as visiting actual sites. ÁÁThe treasuries of major churches or palaces often contain a multiplicity of reliquaries, many of which contain multiple relics, often unclearly labelled. It is rare for these to be adequately catalogued. In Feb 1996, I visited the Schatzkammer (Treasury) of the Habsburgs in Vienna which may be the most extensive collection in the world with much more than I could record. However, there is a substantial catalogue [Bauer et al.] with detailed descriptions of 430 items and colour photographs of most of them. 89 of these contain relics ÀMÀ consequently I will not describe all of these in detail, and I may just give a page reference. In 2002, I visited the Cathedral of St. Trophime, Arles, Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne, which has a whole chapel packed with reliquaries. I noticed bits of SS. Anne, Trophime and Ursula, but I didn't have time to record the hundred or so others. ÁÁSome items have full bibliographical reference given immediately; recurrent sources are abbreviated, with details at the end. ÁÁÁÁà ÃBGÄ Ä = Blue Guide. ÁÁÁÁà ÃBIONÄ Ä = Believe It of Not. ÁÁÁÁDBS = Seen by myself. ÁÁÁÁÃÃIHTÄÄ = International Herald Tribune. ÁÁÁÁà ÃMGGÄ Ä = Michelin Green Guide. ÁÁsv. = svatÀUÀ (in Czech); sveti (in Serbo©Croatian). ÁÁNotre should be spelled NÀ=Àtre, but not all sources use the circumflex, so I have consistently omitted it. ÁÁI have given state, county, Land, departÀ)Àment or province names for most cities or sites in: France, Germany. Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States. Although not essential for large cities, these may be useful for other sites. ÁÁà ÃCONTENTS.Ä Ä Pages last updated on 14 Feb 2002. Old Testament 4ÁÁÁÁ)ÁÁApproximately in New Testament 11ÁÁÁÁ)ÁÁchronological ÁÁChrist 11ÁÁÁÁÁÁ)ÁÁorder. ÁÁTrue Cross, etc. ÁÁÁÁTrue Cross and Nails: multiple mentions, then in alphabetic order of location 17 ÁÁÁÁCrown of Thorns 27 ÁÁÁÁLance of St. Longinus 29 ÁÁÁÁTeeth 30 ÁÁÁÁBlood & Sponge 30 ÁÁÁÁHoly Grail & Glastonbury Thorn 33 ÁÁÁÁVeronica's Veil 35 ÁÁÁÁShroud 35 ÁÁÁÁHoly Sepulchre 38 ÁÁÁÁFootprints 38 ÁÁÁÁGethsemane 39 ÁÁÁÁStigmata 39 ÁÁÁÁMiscellaneous (Navels, umbilici) 39 ÁÁMary (including Mary Magdalene & Martha) 39 ÁÁÁÁMilk. Misc. 40 ÁÁÁÁClothes 41 ÁÁÁÁHouses 42 ÁÁImages ÁÁÁÁPaintings of the Madonna, in alphabetic order of location 44 ÁÁÁÁStatues of the Virgin 48 ÁÁÁÁPaintings of Christ 49 ÁÁÁÁStatues of Christ 49 Saints (and some Blesseds) (in alphabetical order) 50©128 ÁÁAbiba, Acca, Adjutor, Adrian, Agatha, Agnes (& Emerentiana), Aidan, Alban, Aldhelm, AlÀ/Àne, Blessed Alessio di Jacopo Strozzi, Alexis, Alkmund, Amador, Ambrogio (= Ambrose), Amphibalus, Anastasia, Anastasius the Persian, Blessed Andrea di Scozia, Andrew, Anne, Anselm, Anthony??, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of Padua, Antioco, Antolin, Apollinaire, Apollonia, Aquilinus, Asterio, Athanasius (of Santiago); Athanasius (of Alexandria), Athanasius (of Mt. Athos), Augustine of Canterbury, Augustine of Hippo, Bacchus, Barbara, Barnabas, Bartholomew, Bartolo, Basil, Baudime, Bede, Benedetto Manasseri, Benedict (and Scholastica), Bernadette, Bernard, Bernardino of Siena, Beata Berta, Bertram, Beuno, Biagio, Birinus (= Berin), Blaise (= Vlaho), Bline, Boniface, Brecan, Brendan, Briac, Bridget, Britius, Bruno, Cado, Callisto, Callistus, Candid, Candida (= Wita = Wite), Beato Pietro Capucci, Carlo Borromeo, Catherine of Alexandria, Catherine of Siena, Cavan, Cecilia, Cennydd, Cerbone, Chad, Charalambos, Charlemagne, Christodulos, Christopher, Christophoros Cynocephalos, Clare (= Chiara), Clemens Maria Hofbauer, Clement, Colman, Colonat, Columba (= Columkille), Concordias, Constance, Cornely, Cosmas and Damian, Crescenziano, Crispin & Crispianus, Crohane, Cucufas, Cugat, Cuthbert, Cyprian, Cyr, Cyril, Daniel, Darerca, David (= Dewi), Declan, Degna, Demetrius, Denis (= Denys = Dionysius), DÀ)Àvote, Disen, Doged, Dominic, Domingo de la Calzada, Donato, Donatus, Dorothy, Dumine, Dwynen, Dyfrig (= Devereux), King Eadward the Martyr, Eanswythe, Edbert, Edburg, Edith, Edmund, Edme = Edmund of Abingdon, Edmund the Confessor, Edward the Confessor, Edward Arrowsmith, Efflam, Efisio, Egidio, Eilian, Elizabeth of Hungary (= Elisabeth of Thuringia), Eloy, Emmerich, Enda, Endelieta (= Endellion), Engelbert, Erkenwald, Erme, Ermengol, Ermenilda, Ermenio, Josemaria EscrivÀÀ, Ethelburga, Ethelreda, Eugenia, Eulalia, Euphemia, Euphrosyne, Eusebius of Cremona, Eustace (= Eustache), Eustochium, Eutropius, Exupery, Fabian, Faith (= Foy), Fausta, Felicissimus, Felicita, Felix, Pope Felix, Felix of Cantalice, Fermo, Fiacre, Fidelio, Filippo (= Phillip), Fillan, Finan, Finbar, Fortunade, Fortunato, Fosca, Francis, Francis of Paola, Francis Xavier, Frideswide, Fridiano (= Frediano?), Fridolin, FroilÀÀn, Front, Gabriel, Galgano, Galla Placidia (not a saint?), Gamaliel, Gaudenzio, Antoni Gaudi (proposed), Gavino, GellÀ)Àrt, Genesio, GeneviÀ/Àve, George, Gereon, Germain of Autun, Germanus (Germain, of Auxerre), Germiniano, Gertrude, Gervasius & Protasius, Gildas, Giles, Giovanna, (Blessed) Giovanni da Salerno, Giuliana, Giulio (= Julius), Giustina, Giusto, Godelive, Godric, Gommarus, GonÀ)Àry, Goncalo, Gonsalo, Govan, Gregory, Gregory V (Patriarch), Blessed Gregory X (Pope), Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Spoleto, Guthlac, Guy of Anderlecht, Gwynhoydl, Hadelin, Hedwig, Helena (= Elena), Heliodorus, Henrin, Henri??, Henry II the Saint, Henry VI, Herbot, Hermes, Hilary, Hippolytus, Hubert, Hugh, Hyacinth, Idesbald, Ignatius of Antioch, Ignatius (of Mytilene), Ignatius Loyola, Illtyd, Irene, Isabel, Isabella, Isidore, Isidore of Seville, Isidro, (IstvÀÀn ÀMÀ see Stephen), (Ives ÀMÀ see Ya, Ivo & Yves), Ivo, Jacopone da Todi, James??, James the Greater, James the Less, JÀÀnos (= John, but which one??), Januarius, Jaoua, Jerome, Joan of Arc, Pope Joan, Joana, John??, John Chrysostom, John Fisher, John Kemble, John Nepomuk, John of Beverley, John of Damascus, John of God, John of the Cross, John Schorne, John the Almsgiver, John the Baptist, John the Divine, John the Evangelist, John XXIII, Joseph of Arimathea, Juan Diego, Judas, Jude, JudicaÀ-Àl, Julian, Juliana, Junius (Junien), Just, Justin, Justinian, Kenelm, Kentigern, Ketevan, Kevin, Kieran, Kilian, (Ladislaus ÀMÀ see LÀÀszlÀ;À), Laichtin, Lambert, Landelin, Landry, Ven. S. Veronica Laparelli, Laserian, LÀÀszlÀ;À, Lawrence, Lawrence O'Toole, Lazarus, Leocadia, Pope Leo, Leonard, Leopold, LÀ)Àry, Leuffroi, Lewinna, Liborius, Librada, Longinus, King Louis, Louis of Toulouse, Lucidius, Lucy, Ludger, Ludmilla, Luke, Blessed Luke (Hosios Loukas), Lunaire, Lurach, Luxorius, Magloire, Magnus, Malachy, Marcarius, Marcel, Marcellian (?= Marcellinus), Marcia, Margaret or Marina, Margaret Clitherow, Margaret of Scotland, Margherita, Maria de la Cabeza, Maria Goretti, Marino (= Marinus), Mark, Martial, Martin, Martyrs of Trier, Mary of Egypt, Matthew, Matthias, Maur, Maurice, Maxellendis, Maximilian, Maximina, Maximinus, Maximus, MÀ)Àdard, MÀ)Àen (= Mewan), Meinrad, Melangell, Merri, Michael, Mildred, MillÀÀn, Miniato, Moderandus, Moling, Monenna, Monica, Muiredach O'Heney, Mungo (= Kentigern), Nabor, Nazarius (= Nazaro), Nectaire, Neot, Nicholas (= Nicola), Czar Nicholas II, Nicholas of FlÀGÀe, Nicholas (of Lesbos), Nicholas the Less, Nicodemus, Nicola da Tolentino, Non, Nonna, Norbert, Oda, Odile, Oleguer, Oliver Plunkett, Omonia, Osmund, Oswald, Oswin, Osyth, Pancras, Pantaleon(e), Patrick, Paul, Paul the Aurelian (= Pol), Paula, Paulinus, Pedro GonzÀÀlez Telmo, Peter, Peter of Verona (= Peter Martyr), Peter the Exorcist, Petroc, Petronilla, Petronio, Philibert, Philip (Phillip), Philip Howard, Philomena, (Blessed) Pierre Rouge, Pilate & Procula, Padre Pio, Pontius, Poppo, Prassede, Procopius, Prosdocimus, Protasius, Quentin, Quintilianus, Quiriace, Quirin, Ragener, Ramon, Ramon de Penyafort, Ranieri, Raphael, Regina, Regnobert, Regula, Remaculus, Blessed Remigio de' Girolami, Remigius (= Remi), Richard of Chichester, Richard Reynolds, Rocco (= Roch), Romana, Ronan, Rosa (of Lima), Rosalia, Roseline, Rumbold (= Rumwold), Saba, Sabina, Sabine, Sabus, Samson, Sebald, Sebastian, Seiriol, Senan, Sergius, Sernin (= Saturninus), Servatius, Servius, Seven Sleepers, Severin, Sexburga, Siard, Sicaire, Sigismund, Simeon the Apostle, Simeon Stylites (& Symeon Stylites the Younger), Simon, Simon Stock, Simon Tybald, Sixtus & Sinicus, Spyridon, Stanislas, Stephen, (King) Stephen of Hungary, Stephen ?? & Stephen of Muret, Sunidonius, Swithin, Sylvester, Tarasio, Teilo, Ten Thousand Martyrs, Teresa of Avila, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Teresa of Lisieux, the Theban Legion, Theodora, Theodore (of Santiago), Theodore the Byzantine, Theodore the Martyr, Theodore the Tyro & Theodore Stratelates, Theodosius, Theoktiste, Theophano, ThÀ)ÀrÀ/Àse (= Teresa of Lisieux), Thomas, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Becket, Thomas More, Thomas of Hereford (= Thomas Cantilupe), Thuriau, Thuriauf, Tiburtius, Timothy, Totnan, Trophime, Tryphon, Tydfil, Ubaldo, The Uncounted Martyrs, Urs, Ursmer, Ursula (and her 11,000 virgins), Valentine, Valerian, Vanna, Venan, Veronica, Victor, Vincent & Vincentio, Vincent de Paul, Vincent Ferrier (or Ferrer), Vincent Madelgaire, Vincent of Saragossa, Vittore, Vitus, Vivaldo, Walburga, Warnebert, Waudru, Wenceslas (= VÀÀclav), Werbergh, Wigbert, Wilfred, William, William of Perth, William of York, Willibrord, Winefred, Wita or Wite, Withburga, Wulfstan (= Wulstan), Yerasimos, Yrieux, Yves, Zaccheus, Zachary (= Zaccaria), Zanobi, Zeno. Miscellaneous Christianity 128 Ð ¤x ÐÐИŒ € thÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤ÐÐArthur; Bury Cross; Protestantism; Papal viscera; John Styles' heart; General 128 Dragons 128 Hell 129 Ð °x ÐÐа¤˜Œ € tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ°ÐÐ Islam 130 Buddhism 132 Hinduism 134 Sikhism 135 Confucianism 135 Miscellaneous Non©Christian 135©138 ÁÁGreek (incl. Centaurs and Sirens); Centre of the World; Dun Cow; Griffins; ÁÁÁÁMermaids; Phoenix; Roc 136 ÁÁUnicorns 136©138 MISCELLANEOUS INDIVIDUALS 139©143 ÁÁAlfred, Babbage, Beethoven, Bentham, Bragadin, Brutus, Byron, Charles I, Buffalo Bill Cody, Columbus, Cromwell, Dickens, Donnelly, Einstein, Galileo, Geronimo, Geronimo of Oran, Heinrich I, Helen of Troy, Ned Kelly, Livingstone, Merlin, Mozart, Napoleon, Nelson, Newton, Pizarro, Bonnie Prince Charlie, Richard the Lionheart, Robert the Bruce, Santos©Dumont, Shakespeare, Washington Winter's Gibbet, Sarajevo, Auschwitz 143 References 143 ÁÁÁÁà ÃOLD TESTAMENTÄ Ä ÁÁA 15C pilgrim to Bethlehem was shown the field where God scooped the clay to make à ÃADAMÄ Ä. The same field contained the bush where Cain slew Abel and the cave where Adam and Eve first made love after the Fall. [Gascoigne.] Jewish belief is that God created Adam on the Stone of Foundation, the rock enclosed in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem [Sally Richardson; Jerusalem, Three times holy; ÃÃFocusÄÄ No. 4 (Mar 1993) 79]. ÁÁThe Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II, managed to obtain "two nails from Noah's Ark ... a lump of clay out of which God formed Adam ..." [Humphreys, p. 61]. ÁÁIslamic legend says that ADAM met EVE on the mountain of Arafat, near Mecca [John Andrews; Airline bows to eastern custom; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (2 Sep 1976) ??]. ÁÁAdam's footprint is in the rocks on Mt. Serendip, Sri Lanka. This is also known as Adam's Peak or Pico Adam. (Islamic myth says that Adam had to stand here on one foot, for 200 years, after the expulsion from Eden.) [John Grant; à ÃA Book of NumbersÄ Ä; Ashgrove Press, London??, 1982, p. 209.] [Robert Paul Jordan; Time of testing for Sri Lanka; ÃÃNat. Geog.ÄÄ 155:1 (Jan 1979) 143.] The second reference notes that Portuguese Christian mythology considers it a mark of St. Thomas, the Hindus consider it a footprint of Siva and the Buddhists consider it a footprint of Buddha. [Timbs (2), p. 110] says John Davy thinks this 'is a work of art'. ÁÁThe skull of Adam is believed to have been uncovered on Golgotha after the Crucifixion. ÁÁMarco Polo [Book III, Chap. XXIII; Everyman's Library, Dent, London, 1908] says the Saracens believe the tomb of Adam is at the summit, while 'the idolaters' say it contains the body of Buddha, who died here. A note says "the Mahometans say, that when they were cast down from Paradise, Adam fell on the island of Ceylon or Serendip, and Eve near Joddah in Arabia." Other notes say there is a footprint. One note calls it "an impression of the foot of Buddha, in some respects similar to those in the Kingdoms of Ava and Siam." Marco says, concerning Buddha, "some of his hair, his teeth, and the basin he made use of, are still preserved, and shown with much ceremony. The Saracens, on the other hand, maintain that these belonged to the prophet Adam." He adds that "two large back teeth, together with some of the hair and a handsome vessel of porphyry" were sent from the King of Ceylon to Kublai Khan in 1281. ÁÁThe tomb of EVE is in Jidda. It is of colossal size, as befits the mother of all mankind. [à ÃBION Book of WomenÄ Ä, p. 40.] It was a pilgrimage site for barren women. It was demolished by Islamic fundamentalists in 1959. [Shyam Bhatia; Fear stalks the Saudis; ÃÃObserverÄÄ (5 Nov 1989) 11.] ÁÁThe stump of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil stands on the site of the Garden of Eden at Kurnah, Iraq, at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates [à ÃNew BIONÄ Ä, p. 52]. ÁÁA source says the Sumerians viewed the Garden of Eden as being at the southern end of Iraq, bordering the Gulf, but that à ÃGenesisÄ Ä places it in the Armenian mountains. ÁÁThe Garden of Eden is in Damascus [Azzi, pp. 516 & 525]. ÁÁThe Samaritans believe the Garden of Eden was on Mt. Gerizim, near Shechem in Samaria [La Fay, p. 759]. ÁÁSome have claimed that the Garden of Eden was at Glastonbury, Somerset [Bailey, p. 46]. ÁÁThe skin of the serpent that seduced Eve was collected by Charles Gunther and is in the Chicago Historical Society [Weschler, pp. 14©15 & 36©37]. ÁÁIt is commonly believed that the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil was an apple, but this is not stated in à ÃGenesisÄ Ä. Islamic tradition says it was a fig. [McGow, p. 9.] ÁÁAccording to the Mormons, the Garden of Eden was in Missouri. ÁÁDuring the Middle Ages, the Garden of Eden was placed in Ceylon [W. J. Wintle; The romance of map©making; ÃÃThe Harmsworth London MagazineÄÄ 9 (1902) 271]. ÁÁThe altars of CAIN and ABEL are supposed to have stood on the Rock in Jerusalem [Becker, p. 40]. ÁÁThe bush where CAIN slew ABEL was near Bethlehem [Gascoigne ÀMÀ see under Adam above]. ÁÁThe spot where Cain slew Abel is at Damascus [Ritson's à ÃPolychroniconÄ Ä, quoted by Timbs, p. 1]. ÁÁThe tomb of ABEL is reputed to be An-Nabi Habil, a barren promontory above the Barada River, now enclosed in a stone building with a dome, 19 miles NW of Damascus [Azzi, pp. 512, 516, 529 & 530]. ÁÁA tomb in Serachs, Afghanistan, is claimed to be the tomb of CAIN [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä]. ÁÁThere are two peaks of Mt. ARARAT (AÀuÀrÀ1À DaÀuÀÀ1À) ÀMÀ Great Ararat, 5165 m, and Little Ararat, 3925 m. The peak rises above a plain at about 1000 m, making it perhaps the most outstanding peak in the world. The pre©Christian Armenians regarded it as the resting place of the ARK and after their conversion to Christianity, early 4C, a fragment of the Ark was enshrined at Jacob's Well, on the NE slope of the mountain. [Freely, pp. 326©327.] [Freely (2), pp. 503©504] changes this to the NW slope and adds that the sanctuary stood until the early 20C. ÁÁThe earliest version of the Flood story has the ship landing on Mt. Nisir, then Pir Omar Gudrun, a 9000 ft peak in northern Mesopotamia [Michael Wood; Hook, line and sinker; ÃÃThe Daily TelegraphÄÄ (22 Jan 1994) 15]. ÁÁTradition says the Ark landed at Kufa, near Najaf, in Iraq(?), where there is a Muslim shrine called 'The Ship' [Wood, ibid.]. ÁÁIn ©3C, the Babylonian priest Berossus said the Ark landed in the 'Kurdish Mountains'. Genesis actually only says it landed in 'the mountains of Urartu', which covers all of Armenia! The specific peak Ararat was not mentioned until much later. [Wood, ibid.] ÁÁJosephus, writing in 1C, records that the Armenians of Mt. Ararat were displaying relics of the Ark [Irving M. Klotz; à ÃDiamond Dealers and Feather MerchantsÄ Ä; BirkhÀÀuser, Boston, 1985; p. 106]. ÁÁ[Timbs, p. 2] says a cross made from wood of the Ark was at a church in Nova Schamachia. Near Erivan is the place where Noah first planted the vine and nearby Nachichevan, meaning' place of descent', was where Noah settled upon leaving the Ark. ÁÁArchdeacon Nouri found the Ark on 25 April 1892 [ÃÃEnglish MechanicÄÄ 56 - 184, cited in Charles Forte; à ÃNew LandsÄ Ä; (1923), Ace Books, 1973; p. 36]. ÁÁThe Ark was located on Mt. Judi in 1949, with NOAH's Tomb nearby. It was also located on Mt. Ararat in 1856, 1876, 1892, 1916, 1953, c1956, c1966, 1969 and 1974. There is a piece of it at the Monastery of Echmiadzin. [Michell & Rickard, p. 69.] ÁÁIn the early 1960s, Fernand Navarra found carved pieces of wood in a crevasse at 14,000 feet and brought some back which was (is?) exhibited in France. His book, à ÃNoah's Ark ÀMÀ I Touched ItÄ Ä (Logos International, Plainfield, NJ, 1974), reports that carbon dating revealed the wood was 4484 years old ÀMÀ precisely the age required by Biblical chronology. Navarra's proof that this is the Ark basically is: "What else can it be?" However, Navarra doesn't cite any laboratory reports, which is hardly surprising as these had been published as early as 1965 and all give an age of at most 1700 years! Five of the seven tests give ages between 1190 and 1350 years, one gives 1690 years and the other just says less than 2000 years. With these dates, Klotz notes that it could be one of the many shrines constructed by the locals. [Klotz, ibid., pp. 106©115.] ÁÁIn 1982, an expedition led by ex©astronaut James Irwin located the Ark on the north side of the mountain. In 1984, another expedition found the Ark ÀMÀ or at least a boat shaped impression about 450 ft by 80 ft, about the right size ÀMÀ 5,200 feet up the southern side. At the time, there were three expeditions on the mountain, including a second one led by Irwin, who was with the group when they found their impression of the Ark. [Klotz, ibid., p. 114 reproduces two newspaper articles on these expeditions.] As Klotz notes, it would be nice to have a map showing where each of these discoveries took place! ÁÁIn the 1980s, Tom Crotser, leader of the Holy Ground Mission, Frankston, Texas, said he had travelled to Turkey nine times and had found remains of the Ark and of the Tower of Babel on Mt. Ararat. He also predicted the Second Coming of Christ would be 18 Sep 1988. [Kevin McClure; à ÃThe ÃÃFortean TimesÄÄ Book of the MillenniumÄ Ä; John Brown Publishing, London, 1996, p. 87.] ÁÁIn Sep 1991, Allen Roberts, founder of Ark Search, was kidnapped by Kurdish guerillas in eastern Turkey. After his release, he reported having found the Ark ÀMÀ at least "fossilised animal droppings and petrified wood in a vaguely boat©shaped rock". [Richard Colby; The Ark gets into deep water; ÃÃThe Guardian OnlineÄÄ (12 Dec 1996) 7.] In 1992, Roberts toured Australia claiming he had scientific evidence of ribs, petrified wood, fossilised dung and stone anchors. Roberts is quoted in one report with the same answer as Navarra: "What else can it be?" In 1994, Ian Plimer, head of Earth Sciences at the Univ. of Melbourne, visited the site and found ordinary rock and mud, roughly 110 million years old. He reported this in his 1994 book, à ÃTelling Lies for GodÄ Ä. In 1997, he sued Roberts for misleading and deceptive conduct under the Trade Practices Act. Plimer had to sell his house to finance the case. Sadly, he lost as the judge ruled that Roberts was not engaged in a trade, though the judge did agree that Roberts' claims were false. In a separate action, the judge found that Roberts had breached copyright of an American book on the site of the Ark. Plimer is planning to appeal and Roberts is suing him for defamation! [Christopher Zinn; Scientist sues 'Noah's Ark finder'; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (7 Apr 1997) 8. Christopher Zinn; Litigants see Ark verdict in two lights; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (3 Jun 1997) 14.] In summer 1997, the Geological Society of London made Plimer an Honorary Fellow in recognition of his struggle [Anthea Gerrie; UK throws a lifeline to Ark sceptic; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ, (7 Sep 1997) 30]. In Dec 1977, Plimer lost his appeal and was headed for bankruptcy [Noah's Ark fight ends in bankruptcy; ÃÃDaily TelegraphÄÄ (6 Dec 1997) 15]. ÁÁIn 1994, a Texas©based group reported finding the Ark ÀMÀ or at a least a buried ship©like object ÀMÀ 7000 ft up a mountain on the Turkish©Iranian border about 20 miles from Mt. Ararat. The site is just below the peak of al©Judi, named as the resting place by the Koran. It was 515 ft long and 139 ft wide ÀMÀ close to Noah's 300 cubits by 50 cubits and one expedition member said it could be 100,000 years old. [Wood, ibid. Martin Wroe; Noah's Ark 'found near Mt Ararat'; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (16 Jan 1994) 2.] ÁÁNOTE. A cubit is usually considered to be about 18" = 1.5 ft, possibly up to 22" = 1.83 ft. The Bible says the Ark was 300 cubits by 50 cubits. This would be about 450 ft by 75 ft for an 18" cubit, which is reasonably consistent with the 1984 impression, or about 550 ft by 92 ft for a 22" cubit. The 1994 measurements correspond to cubits of 1.72 ft for the length and 2.78 ft for the width, which seem unreasonably inconsistent. ÁÁThere is a tomb of NOAH at Cizre, Turkey [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä]. ÁÁThere is a tomb of Noah near Baalbek, Lebanon [Timbs, p. 214]. ÁÁNoah's axe was among the relics placed by Constantine in the base of the Column of Constantine (= Burnt Column = À&ÀemberlitaÀ³À) in Constantinople (= Istanbul) [Boulanger, p. 86]. ÁÁThe à ÃTalmudÄ Ä says the Rock in Jerusalem is over the entrance to an abyss where the Flood still roars [Becker, p. 40]. ÁÁThe Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II, managed to obtain "two nails from Noah's Ark ... a lump of clay out of which God formed Adam ..." [Humphreys, p. 61]. ÁÁA pillar of salt on the shore of the Dead Sea is called LOT's Wife [à ÃBION©13Ä Ä; à ÃBION©27Ä Ä, p. 118.]. ÁÁThe Oak of ABRAHAM, where he met the angels of the Lord, stands on the plain of Mamreh, two miles west of Hebron [à ÃNew BIONÄ Ä, p. 52]. ÁÁSamaritan tradition says Abraham's sacrifice was on Mt. Gerizim in Samaria [La Fay, p. 759]. Other tradition says it was on the Stone of Creation or Sacred Rock in the Dome of the Rock, on top of what is considered to be Mount Moriah, Jerusalem [Sally Richardson; Jerusalem, Three times holy; ÃÃFocusÄÄ No. 4 (Mar 1993) 79; Becker, p. 40; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 22 & 25]. ÁÁAbraham and Jacob both camped at Sichem, a bit south of Nablus [Becker, p. 64]. ÁÁThe Tomb of the Patriarchs, in Hebron, is revered as the tomb of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. This was uncovered in the 12C. [Runciman-2, p. 319.] This is the Cave of Machpelah, near Hebron, which Abraham bought to bury Sarah and lies under the present Haram el©Khalil. Abraham, Sarah, Jacob, Leah, Isaac, Rebecca and Joseph are buried here. [Becker, pp. 61©62; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 63©65]. However, Islamic tradition says Abraham is buried at Mecca and the Tomb of Joseph is at Shechem (= Nablus). [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 71] states Joseph's body was brought to Shechem, but perhaps he was moved to Hebron later? ÁÁRelics of the Patriarchs ÀMÀ Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Sara ÀMÀ were in an ivory horn at Angers, Maine©et©Loire, in 1255 and are now in the Angers Museum [Gauthier, p. 38]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including relics of the three Patriarchs [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁJacob's Well (Bir Yakub), dug by Jacob, is near Nablus (the ancient Shechem), covered by a Greek Orthodox church [Luis Marden; The other side of Jordan; ÃÃNat. Geog.ÄÄ 126:6 (Dec 1964) 790©825 ÀMÀ see p. 818; Becker, p. 64]. [Roberts, III©71 & Roberts©Crolly, IV©6] recorded it as 'a heap of rubbish'. The Church is often attributed to Helena, but probably dates from c400. This is the well where Jesus met the woman of Samaria, so it is also called Bir Samariyah. ÁÁJacob buried his wife Rachel at the Tomb of Rachel (Qubbat Rahil), a bit north of Bethlehem. She died giving birth to Benjamin while they were travelling to Bethlehem. [Becker, p. 59. Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 50.] ÁÁJACOB'S PILLOW is described in à ÃGenesisÄ Ä 28:18©22. The morning after his dream he took the stone and set it up as a pillar, as 'God's house' at a place he called Bethel (= Beth © el = house of God). He later built an altar at the site and there was a city, eventually destroyed by Josiah, but the site vanished from history after the Babylonian captivity. One version says it was taken to Egypt. Gahelus (or Gathelus or Gedyl©Glays), son of Cerops, King of Athens, was married to Scota, daughter of the Pharaoh. During the time of Moses, they fled with the Stone to Sicily or Spain, from whence it went to Tara, Co. Meath, Ireland. Gathelus is the supposed founder of the Scottish nation. A version says they went to Spain and built a city called Brigantia, now the site of Compostela. It was carried to Ireland by Simon Brech, c©700, who was crowned on it. Another version says the two sons of Gathelus (or Milesius, a King of Spain) conquered Ireland and founded the Scottish race. ÁÁAnother version says the Stone was removed from Bethel to the second Temple, where it served as pedestal to the Ark of the Covenant. ÁÁAnother version is that it is "the seal of witness of promises made to Israel" and that its possessor is the representative of the lost ten tribes of Israel. This version says it was in the Temple at the time of the Babylonian captivity (c©580) and that Jeremiah fled with it to Egypt, thence to Spain and to Ireland, accompanied by Baruch and the Princess Tephi of the line of David. A variant says she brought it to Ireland, accompanied by a guardian and one Baruch or Brug. She married the local king Eochaid, converted him and his people to adopting the Ten Commandments and was crowned on the Stone at Tara, establishing the Kingdom of David in Ireland which descended through Scotland to the present Royalty of England! These versions associate the word Tara with the Hebrew Torah (Law). ÁÁAnother version says Jacob's Pillow was carried to Ireland by Israelite refugees from Nebuchadnezzar's sack of Jerusalem in -586. ÁÁLegends tend to agree that the Irish used it as a coronation stone, the 'Lia FÀÀil' or 'Stone of Destiny' at Tara, Co. Meath, though some versions say it was in Argyll, Scotland. The modern statue of St. Patrick is supposed to be where the Stone was sited. It was said to produce a thunderous sound when the legitimate prince was crowned upon it. King Fergus MacEark, an Irish prince, later became King of Scotland and took the Stone to Scotland. It was at Dunstaffnage in Argyll, Scotland. In 846, Kenneth Macalpin moved it to the Abbey of Scone, near Perth, in commemoration of his uniting the Picts and Scots. It continued as a coronation stone. ÁÁAnother version claims that the true Lia Fail never left Ireland and is the pillar stone still standing on Tara and marking the graves of those who died in the uprising of 1798. Others say this stone is of Druidic origin. Weighing 14 tons, it is unlikely to have been transported very far! ÁÁAnother version says the Stone at Scone derives from an altar stone, possibly that on which Bonifacius celebrated Eucharist after converting the Picts to the usage of the Roman calendar about 710. ÁÁThe Blarney Stone is said to be JACOB's Pillow brought back during the Crusades [Anthony Butler; à ÃThe Book of BlarneyÄ Ä; Wolfe Publishing, 1969, pp. 12-13]. A guide to Blarney Castle says it may have been brought back from the Crusades, or it may be the part of the Stone of Scone given to Cormac MacCarthy, King of Munster, by Robert the Bruce, in gratitude for Munster's aid at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 [Sean Petit; à ÃBlarney Castle ÀMÀ The Story of a LegendÄ Ä; Blarney Castle Estate, 1989, p. 24]. ÁÁA 1994 Cork visitors' guide says about the Blarney Stone: "others believe it is ... 'Jacob's Pillow', and brought to Ireland by Jeremiah the Prophet. It is most likely to have been brought back during the Crusades." ÁÁThe authentic history of the Stone of Scone only begins at Scone. In 1296, Edward I took it to Westminster Abbey, London ÀMÀ though ancient rumour asserts the Scots replaced the real stone with a fake before Edward got to Scone and that the real stone was hidden at Dunsinane Castle, near Perth, until the 19C when it was moved to a nearby farm. [R. Brasch; à ÃHow Did It Begin?Ä Ä; Longmans, Australia, 1965, pp. 195-196. Welfare & Fairley, pp. 150ª151.] Edward placed it in a new oak chair at the shrine of Edward the Confessor. About that time, it was already believed to be Jacob's pillow. In the 1328 Treaty of Northampton, Edward III agreed to return the Stone to Scotland but this was never implemented. As early as the 14C, it was said that a Scot will rule wherever the Stone is ÀMÀ and this was confirmed when James VI of Scotland becoming James I of England! ÁÁThe actual Stone of Scone is of Scottish sandstone [à ÃBG-LondonÄ Ä, p. 29], or dark purplish red freestone, 26" by 16" by 11" (or 10ÀÀ"), weighing 336 lb. [Erlend Clouston; Heavyweight royal relic with a rocky history; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (4 Jul 1996) 3] states it is made from sandstone from near Oban. Another authority opines it is sandstone from western Scotland and that the most probable story is that it was the pillow on which the dying St. Columba rested his head. ÁÁThe Stone was stolen by Scottish nationalists in 1950 ÀMÀ and another rumour is that a copy was then made [Welfare & Fairley, p. 151]. It is claimed that the original is in Dull, Perthshire, in the Church of the Knights Templars of Scotland [Clouston, op. cit. above]. However, it was known that the Stone had been repaired by the nationalists, so when these rumours first surfaced in 1972, the Stone was X©rayed and the relevant metal rods were seen, so the Stone is certainly the one that that the nationalists stole. This information was not released until Jul 1996. [Erlend Clouston; Stone of Destiny proved genuine; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (17 Jul 1996).] In 1996, the Stone was returned to Scotland. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including a piece of the stone of Jacob's pillow [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁMuch of the legendary material above is derived from a small booklet with little identification ÀMÀ the last page has a colophon which I assume is the author/publisher ÀMÀ [H. Munro (269 Great Colmore Street, Birmingham); à ÃEngland's Coronation Stone and What is Said about ItÄ Ä; the author??, nd [c1930s]]. ÁÁThere was 'An Orange gathered from a Tree that grew over ÃÃZebulon'sÄÄ Tombe' in Tradescant's Ark, London [Tradescant, p. 43]. ÁÁLegend claimed that the pyramids of Egypt were the Granaries built by JOSEPH in the years of plenty. This is mentioned as early as Julius Honorius (5C) and was used as a motif in a dome mosaic of St. Mark's, Venice. Source?? ([Timbs, pp. 75©76] gives a 16C version of this story, but thinks it unique, though [p. 157] mentions it as a common opinion.) [à ÃBION©8Ä Ä, p. 148] says the granaries of Joseph are still standing at Thebes, Egypt. Joseph was buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs at Hebron [Becker, p. 62] or at Sichem, just south of Nablus, where the Tomb of Joseph (and his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh) is near the Field of Ruins [Becker, pp. 64-65; Roberts, III©71; Roberts©Crolly, IV©11]. [Roberts©Crolly, IV©14] says all of Jacob's twelve sons were buried here, as was Joshua. ÁÁThere are three places claimed to be where MOSES was found in the bulrushes: under the Ben Ezra synagogue, Cairo; at Roda Island, nearby; at Memphis, a few miles upriver [Arden, pp. 2, 3 & 7]. [à ÃThe Wonders of Nature and ArtÄ Ä; William Milner, Halifax, 1839, p. 396] says it was adjacent to the famous Nilometer at Makkias, on the island opposite Old Cairo. ÁÁ"A jar alleged to contain the original Egyptian darkness inflicted by Moses is a church relic in Doberan-Mecklenberg, Ger[many]" [à ÃBION©2Ä Ä, p. 48]. (Bad Doberan is in Mechlenburg©Vorpommern.) ÁÁThe site where the Children of Israel crossed the Red Sea has been displayed for many years [Timbs, p. 76]. ÁÁThe Monastery of St. Catherine, at the foot of Mt. Sinai, claims to be the site of the burning bush [Arden, pp. 8, 12, 23 & 25]. A c450 record by Etheria reports that the 'same bush is alive to this day' [Forsyth, p. 95]. ÁÁJebel Musa (generally called Mt. Sinai) and Jebel Hilal (much to the north) are each claimed to be Mt. Sinai [Arden, pp. 8-9]. ÁÁMany of the springs in the Sinai and nearby are claimed to be due to Moses striking the rock, e.g. Ayn Musa below Jebel Nebo [Arden, pp. 31 & 36]. The Rock of Moses, which he struck to produce water, is in Wadi©el©Leja, west of Mt. Horeb, not far from the Convent of St. Catherine. It is about 15 by 10 by 12 ft. [Roberts©Crolly, V©21.] ÁÁThe stone from which Moses drew water was among the relics placed by Constantine in the base of the Column of Constantine (= Burnt Column = À&ÀemberlitaÀ³À) in Constantinople (= Istanbul) [Boulanger, p. 86]. But [à ÃInsight City Guide: IstanbulÄ Ä; p. 53] says it was bits of the rock where Moses parted the waters and these were across the street in the Palace of Lausus. A bas©relief of the Virgin in the Cappella Zen of San Marco, Venice, is claimed to be carved from the rock from which Moses struck water [Buckley & Robinson, p. 52]. ÁÁThe serpent of brass set up by Moses in the desert is in the Church of Sant' Ambrogio, Milan, Lombardia [à ÃBION©4Ä Ä, p. 137]. ÁÁThe Monastery of Varag (= Yedikilisse), near Lake Van, Turkey, is claimed to be a site where Moses prayed [John Noonan; Van; ÃÃAramco WorldÄÄ (Mar/Apr 1973) 19]. ÁÁJebel Harun, near Petra, Jordan, is identified as Mt. Hor, where AARON died and is buried. His 'tomb' is in the mosque on the summit. [Arden, p. 35. Roberts©Crolly, IV©61.] Samaritan tradition says he died on Mt. Gerizim in Samaria [La Fay, p. 759]. ÁÁKing Andrew II of Hungary obtained part of Aaron's rod on the Fifth Crusade, 1217-1218 [Runciman-3, p. 149, note 2]. ÁÁJebel Nebo, Jordan, is where Moses died and he is buried at an unknown site nearby. Islamic tradition says the tomb of Moses is Nabi Musa (or Nebi Musa), between Jericho and the Dead Sea. [Arden, pp. 9 & 36. Becker, p. 67. Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 81.] ÁÁThe staff of Moses which bloomed was at Constantinople [Bauer et al., p. 165]. ÁÁAn 11C inventory records the ARK of the Covenant as being in S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, Lazio, Italy [Masson, p. 329]. ÁÁThe Ark has been sought for many times since it vanished from history between ©10C and ©6C. A recent theory claims it was removed from Jerusalem c©650 during the reign of the apostate King Manasseh and eventually arriving in Axum, Ethiopia, where it remains to this day. [Graham Hancock; The lost ark found?; ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (22 Mar 1992) 20©26. This is based on Hancock's book: à ÃThe Sign and the Seal: A Quest for the Lost Ark of the CovenantÄ Ä; Heinemann, 1992.] ÁÁThe British Israelites, who believe the Britons were the lost tribes of Israel, believe the Ark is in the mound of Tara, Co. Meath, Ireland. Around 1900, a group of British Israelites badly damaged the mound by illegal digging. [John Michell; à ÃEccentric Lives and Peculiar NotionsÄ Ä; (Thames & Hudson, 1984); Cardinal (Sphere), 1989, p. 176.] Another source says the site is to the north of the Lia FÀÀil (see above under Jacob) and called the Rath of the Synods. ÁÁ[ÃÃFocusÄÄ (Mar 1998) 44] summarises various theories, saying that possession of the Ark is supposed to confer invincibility on an army. This says that Hancock says that the Ark was stolen from Solomon by his son Menelik and taken to Ethiopia. However, the Ark is described as being in Jerusalem for several centuries after Solomon. Some think it is hidden near Mount Nebo in the Sinai. The latest theory is that it was hidden under the Temple during the Babylonian invasion of ©586 and recent excavations have indicated a possible secret chamber under the Dome of the Rock. ÁÁThe tomb of JOB is near Salalah, Oman, at the edge of the Empty Quarter. The reporter was shown the body lying under cloths: "the body, the lumpiness under the cloths, still looked alarmingly solid", but did not actually see what was underneath. [Valerie James; In search of frankincense; ÃÃThe Daily TelegraphÄÄ Travel section (19 Dec 1998) 1©2.] ÁÁJob's tears were in Don Saltero's Museum, London, in the 18C [Peter Jackson; à ÃPeter Jackson's London is Stranger than FictionÄ Ä; Associated Newspapers, London, nd [1951?], p. 13]. [Welfare & Fairley, p. 2] say there was a necklace formed from Job's tears. ÁÁA skull was deposited in the Museum of the London Missionary Society, London ÀMÀ "the animal is considered by naturalists ... to be the Unicorn of the ancients, and the same that is described in Job XXXIX." [John Campbell; à ÃTravels in South AfricaÄ Ä; vol. 2, p. 294 ÀMÀ quoted in John Timbs; à ÃPopular Errors Explained and IllustratedÄ Ä; New Ed., David Bogue, London, 1856; p. 337]. ÁÁJONAH is said to have been spewed out of the whale at a tower called Baba Yunus Kulesi, 10 km south of Iskanderun, near Sarisaki, Turkey [Freely, p. 364; Freely (2), p. 568.] ÁÁ[Timbs (2), pp. 47©48] gives a story that the whale carried Jonah from the Mediterranean around Africa and up the Euphrates to Ninevah. ÁÁA traditional tomb of Jonah was on one of the mounds across the Tigris from Mosul, Iraq [Timbs, p. 28]. ÁÁDAVID was born in Bethlehem. ÁÁRon Wyatt, from Tennessee, claims that GOLIATH's skull, with David's stone embedded in it, has been found! [Richard Colby; The Ark gets into deep water; ÃÃThe Guardian OnlineÄÄ (12 Dec 1996) 7.] ÁÁDavid's tomb is said to be on Mt. Zion, but was more likely on Mt. Ophel, respectively in the west and the south of Jerusalem. There is a Tomb of David in the Dormition Abbey on Mt. Zion. [Becker, pp. 54©55.] [Roberts, III©27] records it's being on Mt. Zion, but it was a mosque and Christians were not admitted. ÁÁA piece of SOLOMON's temple was at Don Saltero's, London [Jackson, loc. cit. at Job]. Other versions say there were 'relics of the Sheba Queen' [Richard Edmonds; à ÃChelsea From the Five Fields to the World's EndÄ Ä; Phene Press, London, 1956, p. 55, quoting a 1723 magazine.] ÁÁ"'There are gardens, supposed to be those of King Solomon, in the neighbourhood of Bethlehem. The friars show a fountain which, they say, is the 'sealed fountain' to which the holy spouse in the Canticles is compared; and they pretend a tradition, that Solomon shut up these springs and put his signet upon the door, to keep them for his own drinking.' ÀMÀ Maundrell's Travels. See also the notes to Mr. Good's Translation of the Song of Solomon." [Moore, p. 86, note 3.] ÁÁTwo spiral marble columns in S. Marco, Venice, are reputed to have come from Solomon's Temple [Okey (2), p. 308]. ÁÁA ring of Solomon was at Constantinople [Bauer et al., p. 165]. ÁÁA cup of Chosroes I, King of Persia c575, was at St. Denis, outside Paris, where it was displayed as the cup of Solomon. It is now in the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale, Paris. [Hare (2), p. 508]. ÁÁ[Robert T. Gunther & A. V. Simcock; à ÃRobert T. Gunther and the Old AshmoleanÄ Ä; Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, 1985, p. 3] says the monks of St. Denis exhibited a foot of Solomon and an arm of the Queen of Sheba as proof of their meeting. ÁÁThe Jerusalem Altar in the Cathedral of Washington, D.C., is carved from stones taken from the quarry that supplied the walls of the Temple of Solomon [à ÃBION©8Ä Ä, p. 6]. ÁÁThe heads of SHADRACH, MESHACH and ABEDNEGO were supposed to be in the Cathedral of Sv. Marija in Rab, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 29]. ÁÁThe remains of the Three Young Hebrews (= the above??) are in the reliquary known at 'Begon's Lantern' in the Basilica of Ste.©Foy, Conques©en©Rouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier, pp. 58©62]. ÁÁThere is a Tomb of EZEKIAL in the village of Al©Kifil, near Hillah, Iraq. ÁÁThe remains of DANIEL are in the reliquary known at 'Begon's Lantern' in the Basilica of Ste.©Foy, Conques©en©Rouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier, pp. 58©62]. ÁÁRelics of Daniel are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThe skull of HABAKKUK is in the reliquary known at 'Begon's Lantern' in the Basilica of Ste.©Foy, Conques©en©Rouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier, pp. 58©62]. ÁÁThe Tree of ISAIAH, which swallowed him to protect him from persecutors, is near the Pool of Siloam just south of Jerusalem [Becker, p. 51]. ÁÁA bone of ISAIAH was in St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, but was destroyed in the Revolution [Culbertson & Randall, p. 199]. ÁÁELIJAH's mantle was in Constantinople in the 11C [Runciman-1, p. 50.]. There is a chapel of Elijah on Mt. Sinai, where he fled into the wilderness [Roberts©Crolly, V©43]. ÁÁELISHA and OBADAIAH ÀMÀ see under St. John the Baptist, below. Elisha's Well is a bit north of Jericho [Becker, p. 67]. ÁÁIn the Kedron Valley, Jerusalem, are the supposed Tombs of ABSALOM, JEHOSHAPHAT and ZACHARIAH, but they date from 1C [Jahshan & Jahshan, p.44]. ÙÙ ÁÁÁÁà ÃNEW TESTAMENTÄ Ä ÁÁÁÁCHRIST. I haven't attempted to list all the holy sites in Jerusalem. For John the Baptist, see under Saints. ÁÁThe Grotto or Chapel of the Annunciation is in Nazareth [Roberts, IV©19]. ÁÁA stone where Mary rested while pregnant was pointed out to 15C pilgrims [Gascoigne]. In 1997, the rock where Mary rested en route to Bethlehem was discovered in East Jerusalem. A Church of the Kathisma (the Seat) had been built around the rock outcrop but the church was destroyed in 8/9C and the site was deserted. [David Sharrock; Jerusalem builders find Mary's resting place; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (10 Nov 1997) 11.] ÁÁThe Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is on the site first commemorated by a basilica of Constantine in 325 and the shape of that basilica is still apparent despite several destructions and rebuildings. Actually the Persians spared it in 614 because of the representations of the Magi in a mosaic on the facade, whom they recognized as Persians. The Grotto of the Nativity simply contains a hole in the floor surrounded by a silver star labelled Hic de Virgine Maria Jesus Christus natus est ÀMÀ 1717. The star vanished in 1847 ÀMÀ this and some other religious ructions were a major cause of the Crimean War! [Becker, pp. 59©60.] There is an altar at the place where Joseph sat during the birth [Roberts©Crolly, III©11] and an altar where the Magi knelt [Roberts©Crolly, III©13; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 54©55]. ÁÁSome of the ground where Christ was born was at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁAt the time of the Nativity, a miraculous fount of oil appeared in Rome, Lazio, Italy, on the site of S. Maria in TrastÀ)Àvere [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 233]. Further, the Sibyl of Tiber (Tivoli) is said to have announced the coming of Christ to Augustus at the top of the Capitoline Hill, where S. Maria d'Aracoeli is now [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 199]. However, [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 223] says this announcement took place at Tivoli, Lazio. ÁÁIt is generally believed that there were three WISE MEN or MAGI, but the only Biblical description, in à ÃMatthewÄ Ä 2:1©15, only says "wise men from the East" without any number. ÁÁAccording to Marco Polo [Book I, Chap. XI], the three WISE MEN came from Saba in Persia "and the three are buried in that city in a fair sepulchre, and they are all three entire with their beards and hair. ... Marco inquired often in that city concerning the three magi, and nobody could tell him anything about them, except that the three magi were buried there in ancient times." The editor says Saba "is certainly not to be discovered among the towns of Persia", but another book identifies it as just south©west of Teheran [Milton Rugoff; à ÃMarco Polo's Adventures in ChinaÄ Ä; Cassell, London, 1965, p. 53]. Marco continues and describes how the Christ child gave the Magi a box. After several days, they opened it and found a stone. Uncomprehending its message to remain as firm as a stone in the new faith, they threw it away and it burst into an eternal flame at Palasata or Kalasata-perinsta ÀMÀ probably a reference to burning oil seeps. ÁÁA tooth of a Magi was at Westminster Abbey, London [Ash]. ÁÁThe heads (or relics) of the three kings (or Magi) (Gaspar, Melchior, Balthasar) are in the shrine above the high altar of the Cathedral at Cologne (KÀ?Àln), Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany. The reliquaries were found by the Empress Helena who took them to Constantinople. They were moved to Milan in the 6C, where the Basilica of S. Eustorgio was built to house them in the 9C [Converso, p. 42]. Frederick I Barbarossa destroyed the Basilica (later rebuilt) and carried the heads off to Cologne and gave them to Archbishop Reinald von Dassel in 1164. The shrine of the Magi is behind the high altar. [Baring-Gould, p. 9. Hoster, pp. 2 & 4. Gauthier, pp. 64©66. à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 99©100.] [à ÃThe Wonders of Nature and ArtÄ Ä; William Milner, Halifax, 1839, p. 256] says the shrine is opened every morning, displaying the wise men at full length, each crowned with gold. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a reliquary with several items and an identifying band at the top. This does not have a detailed museum label, but the photo in Bauer et al., aided by my memory, indicates it contains relics of the Three Magi, of the skull of St. Christopher, of the 11,000 Virgins, of St. Stephen, of the Holy Land, of (illegible) and of Pope St. Leo. [Bauer et al., p. 235.] Another reliquary has relics of the three Magi [Bauer et al., p. 297]. ÁÁSome of the frankincense offered by the Magi was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThere is a Church of the Shepherds' Fields in Bethlehem, said to be where the shepherds were told of the birth of Christ [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä]. [Becker, p. 61; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 56] say there is a Field of the Shepherds and a Grotto of the Shepherds (Er©Rawat) in the village of Beit Sahur, about 1.5 km east of Bethlehem. ÁÁThe stone upon which Jesus was washed after his birth used to be in the village of Besiktas, on the Bosphorus [Cuddon, p. 61]. ÁÁThe swaddling clothes of Christ were in S. Paolo in Rome, Lazio, Italy [Reynolds, p. 57]. The swaddling clothes and loincloth of Christ were brought to Aachen, NordrheinªWestfalen, Germany, by Charlemagne and are in the Treasury of the Cathedral of Aachen ÀMÀ cf [Rorimer, p. 99], which says they were in the Shrine of the Virgin. A bit of St. Joseph's cloak in which he wrapped the newborn Christ is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 271-272]. ÁÁIn the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, is an Altar (or Chapel) of the à ÃMANGERÄ Ä, where St. Helena discovered the manger. This was of earthenware (!!) and had been venerated for some time. She replaced it with a silver version. [Becker, pp. 60©61.] [Florence] says the actual manger is there, hidden behind marble coverings, but [Roberts©Crolly, III©13] says the original is in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Lazio, Italy. ÁÁIn the southeast corner of the Rock in Jerusalem, near the 'Stables of Solomon', is the crypt of a Justinian basilica containing the 'cradle of Christ' ÀMÀ a Roman shell. Mary is supposed to have lived here after the episode of Christ in the Temple. [Becker, p. 43.] ÁÁPart of a beam and another piece from the manger were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁFive pieces of wood, traditionally held to be the manger of Christ, are in a reliquary above the 'confession' altar in S. Maria Maggiore, Rome [Curd, p. 48]. BG says the relics are at the High Altar [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 197-198]. The Sainfoin [a plant used as fodder] from the manger was in Lorraine [Reynolds, p. 57]. ÁÁWood from the Holy Manger was at St. Michel de Cuxa, PyrÀ)ÀnÀ)Àes©Orientales, France [Rorimer, pp. 38 & 40]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a piece of wood from Christ's manger [Bauer et al., pp. 179-180]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the Manger at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including pieces of the Holy Crib [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁA à ÃFORESKINÄ Ä of Christ was stolen from the village of Calcata in the province of Viterbo, Lazio, Italy, in 1983. Legend relates that it was brought there from the Sack of Rome in 1527 by a soldier. Some 700 years earlier, it had been given to Leo III by Charlemagne, who had received it from an angel. The Holy Office has long disowned the relic. [Tana de Zulueta; Mystery over theft of tiny 'divine' relic; ÃÃSunday TimesÄÄ (15 Jan 1984) 12.] It was supposedly given to Salome, the friend of Mary's midwife [Adey Horton; The unauthorised version; ÃÃSunday Times MagazineÄÄ (16 Dec 1973) cover & 44-65, esp. p. 49]. ÁÁA fragment of a foreskin was at Conques, Alpes©Maritimes [Gauthier, p. 17]. ÁÁ[O'Neil, p. 445] says there are at least twelve examples and that Pope Innocent III declined to decide which one was authentic on the grounds that only God could know. This led to a number of further foreskins being presented. There was one at Antwerpen, bought at great expense by Godefroy de Bouillon in an attempt to displace the worship of Priapus! In 1900, the Holy Office threaten to excommunicate anyone worshipping such relics. ÁÁDan Cruickshank states: "As recently as the 18th century the Vatican inventories still listed Christ's foreskin as a holy relic. It has since vanished from the records." [Maev Kennedy; Virgin Mary's clue to royal order mystery; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (23 Nov 2002) 15 (a preview of Cruickshank's BBC2 program, Windsor: Britain's Best Buildings, broadcast that evening, but I didn't see it).] ÁÁSteve Jones asserts the St. Teresa (presumably of Avila) wore a wedding ring of Christ's foreskin [Steven Rose; Terms of endowment; ÃÃThe Guardian ReviewÄÄ (14 Sep 2002) 10 (Review of Steve Jones; à ÃY: The Descent of ManÄ Ä; Little Brown, 2002)]. ÁÁRelics of the à ÃHOLY INNOCENTSÄ Ä were at Bethlehem. [Roberts©Crolly, III©11] records that a withered hand of one of them was displayed and there was an altar over the pit into which their bodies were thrown. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 55] describes the burial grottos associated with the Innocents as being in the western corner of Justinian's courtyard, in the Greek Orthodox Monastery beside the Church of the Nativity. Bones of the Holy Innocents were at Westminster Abbey, London [Ash; Kent, p. 74]. A capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of a Holy Innocent, the Table of the Last Supper, Calvary, the Holy Sepulchre, the sponge, St. Edmund & St. Lawrence O'Toole [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. Relics of the Holy Innocents are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. A lower leg of a Innocent is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 286] and there is another reliquary with relics [Bauer et al., p. 314]. [Foligno, pp. 26©29] relates that in 1050, Bishop Bernard of Padua had a vision of where St. Julian and the Holy Innocents were buried. After appropriate fasting and prayer, they excavated in the Church of S. Giustina, Padua, and "two big tombs appeared, iron girt, which contained the bodies". However, Foligno says no more about these relics, though he describes a 'well of the Innocents' on p. 234. ÁÁ[Florence] says the 'pap©spoon and dish' used by Mary to feed the infant Jesus are 'in a church of Southern Italy'. ÁÁ[Becker, p. 61] describes a Grotto of the Milk, 400 m south of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, and says Mary and her baby hid there before they fled into Egypt. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 56] says it is eastwards along Milk Grotto Street. ÁÁThere is an ancient oak tree at the Church of St. Abraham, just north of Hebron, where the Holy Family rested on the Flight into Egypt [Becker, p. 61]. ÁÁOn the flight into Egypt, the Holy Family rested under the sycamore of Mataryeh, in Mataryeh, six miles northeast of Cairo. Nearby is a well which the child Jesus caused to appear. [à ÃNew BIONÄ Ä, p. 52.] Tradition says the Holy Family stayed in the town, perhaps for seven years. It is also spelled Materea. [Horton, op. cit. under foreskin, p. 61.] ÁÁRelics 'of the Blessed Tree that before Our Lord, Blessed Mary, Blessed Joseph prostrated itself' are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁ[Roberts, IV©19] relates that in Nazareth, one is shown "the workshop of Joseph, the stone on which Christ sat with his disciples, and the fountain to which the Virgin went for water. ÁÁThe Colonna Santa, against which Christ leaned while speaking with the doctors in the Temple, is venerated in St. Peter's, Rome, Lazio, Italy, though it is actually a 4C column [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 262]. Part of the seat on which he was presented at the Temple was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. The El©Aqsa Mosque, on the Rock in Jerusalem, has a 'footprint of Christ' by the pulpit (mimber), said to have been made when he was in the Temple [Becker, p. 42]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a piece of an 'apron' of Christ [Bauer et al., p. 181]. The German word is SchÀGÀrztuch which also translates as child's pinafore. ÁÁJesus was baptised by John at the Place of Baptism at 'Bethany beyond Jordan', identified by some as being in Wadi Al©Kharrar, but Israeli archaeologists identify it as Qasr el©Yehud or Kasr al-Yahud or Qasir Al©Yahud, on the west bank of the Jordan, east of Jericho. The Vatican lists the first site as a place for pilgrims to visit, but does not definitely express an opinion as to which site is correct. The latter site is currently (1998) in a military zone, but is opened for pilgrims four days a year. [Becker, p. 68. David Sharrock; Israeli minefields fail to hinder pilgrims' progress to Jordan riverbanks; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (15 Apr 1998) 13. AP; Jordanians celebrate at Christ's baptismal site; ÃÃKuwait TimesÄÄ (10 Jan 2000) 5.] ÁÁKafr Kanna, in Galilee, is supposed to be à ÃCANAÄ Ä. There are two stone vats from the wedding, one in the Orthodox shrine and one in a Catholic shrine. [MacLeish, p. 840.] [Florence] describes and gives a photo of only one pot, in the Greek Church. The Catholic one is described as being c3C [La Fay, p. 757]. The Greek Church claims to be on the site and Roberts saw "the identical jar in which the water was turned to wine" as well as the house in which he stayed and the fountain which supplied the water [Roberts, IV©21]. ÁÁIn the Duomo of Pisa, to the right of the High Altar, is a porphyry vase, standing on a porphyry column, which is one of those in which water was converted into wine at the marriage feast of Cana. It was brought from the Holy Land in 1100. [Ross & Erichsen, p. 171.] On a visit to Pisa, I was told that the vase is now in the Museo del Duomo. ÁÁKing Andrew II of Hungary obtained one of these water jugs on the Fifth Crusade in 1217 [Runciman-3, p. 148]. ÁÁIn 1269, the Lord Prior of St. John in Clerkenwell, London, gave the nearby Benedictine Nunnery a water pot from the feast at Cana [Pieter Zwart; à ÃIslington: A History and GuideÄ Ä; Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1973, p. 49]. ÁÁA pitcher, whose water was turned into wine, is at Angers, Maine©et©Loire [Kent, p. 79]. ÁÁAn alabaster urn, venerated as one of those at Cana, was at Port©Royal©de©Paris, and survived the Revolution to repose, neglected, in a museum warehouse [Hare (2), p. 332]. ÁÁOne of the stones which Christ refused to turn into bread was at Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset [Cavendish]. (Surely these are almost everywhere??) ÁÁA well (of Jacob) near Shechem (now Nablus) is supposed to be where Christ met the woman of Samaria [Roberts, III©71]. However, there is a well in the cloisters of S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome, Lazio, Italy, which claims to be the real well, brought from Palestine by St. Helena. [Florence.] ÁÁ[Florence] says a piece of the hem of the garment which healed the woman of Bethesda is preserved in a European church. ÁÁIn the Baptistery of San Marco, Venice, Veneto, is a granite block brought from Tyre in 1126 which is claimed to be the stone from which Christ delivered the Sermon on the Mount [Buckley & Robinson, p. 52]. [Buckley & Robinson, p. 206] say the stone on which Jesus stood to preach to the men of Tyre was brought to Venice by Doge Domenico Michiel in 1125 and is in S. Marco ÀMÀ is this the same stone?? ÁÁAn inventory attributed to the 15C of the relics at the Monastery of Sant Pere de Rodes, Catalonia, lists "the white stone from which Our Lord mounted a donkey ... red soil on which he stepped when he said ÃÃpax vobisÄÄ ...." [Joan Badia i Homs; à ÃMonastery of Sant Pere de Rodes Historic and Architectural GuideÄ Ä; Curial Edicions Catalanes, Barcelona, 1993, p. 28]. Cf Peter for more items. ÁÁThere is a Church of the Lord's Prayer in Jerusalem on the site where Christ first delivered it [à ÃBION©8Ä Ä, p. 85]. ÁÁThere are pieces of crystal containing liquid. "Addison mentions a curiosity of this kind at Milan; and adds 'It is such a rarity as this that I saw at Vendome [Loir©et©Cher] in France, which they there pretend is a tear that our Saviour shed over Lazarus, and was gathered up by an angel, who put it into a little crystal vial, and made a present of it to Mary Magdalen.' Addison's Remarks on several Parts of Italy." [Moore, p. 43.] ÁÁLazarus was raised from the dead at Bethany, or El©ÀÀAziriyeh or El©Azaryeh, which derive from Lazarus. The houses of Martha and Mary and of Simon the Leper are shown, and there is the Sepulchre of Lazarus [Roberts©Crolly, III©19; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 79©80]. ÁÁIn ZamÀÀrdi, Hungary, is SzamÀÀrkÀ£À (Donkey Rock) which archaeologists think was an ancient Magyar sacrificial site, but current mythology claims to bear the hoof©print of Christ's donkey [à ÃHungary ÀMÀ The Rough GuideÄ Ä, 1992, p. 149]. ÁÁThe Mount of Temptation is west of the old city of Jericho. There is a Greek Orthodox monastery with a grotto claimed to be where Christ fasted. [Becker, p. 67.] ÁÁThe Room of the Washing of the Feet is in the Dormition Abbey on Mt. Zion [Becker, pp. 54©55]. ÁÁThe Empress Helena made three crosses from the bronze basin in which Christ washed the Apostles' feet. One of these was in Rhodes. [Durrell (quoting Torr), p. 112.] ÁÁThe Coenaculum is supposed to be the room of the à ÃLAST SUPPERÄ Ä and is in the Dormition Abbey on Mt. Zion. There is a block of stone indicating where Jesus sat. [Becker, p. 55.] [Florence] shows a large block hard chalk which is supposed to be the Table itself, but says the connection with the Last Supper only dates from the 17C. ÁÁThe table top used for the Last Supper is above the altar of the Blessed Sacrament in S. Giovanni Laterano [Curd, p. 46]. A piece of the table was at Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset [Cavendish]. A capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of the Table of the Last Supper [Gauthier, pp. 106-107]. ÁÁA piece of the tablecloth of the Last Supper is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [à ÃBION©24Ä Ä, p. 141; Bauer et al., p. 181]. [Hutton, p. 117] lists, among other relics stolen at the Sack of Constantinople, some of the bread blessed at the Last Supper. ÁÁFor other items from the Last Supper, see under Holy Grail below. ÁÁMark Twain was shown the gaol where Christ was imprisoned, though there is no reference to such an event in the Bible [Kent, p. 76]. Pieces of this prison were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, pp. 74 & 76]. A section of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, is called the Prison of Christ, though Becker notes that it cannot possibly have been here [Becker, p. 39]. ÁÁThe Antonia Fortress where Christ was tried before Pilate is in Jerusalem and the 'lithostrotus' ÀMÀ the Roman pavement on which Christ stood ÀMÀ has been uncovered here and several other places [à ÃJohn Ä Ä19.13; Curd, p. 40; Becker, pp. 29©30; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 30]. ÁÁThe Scala Santa was brought from the Antonia Fortress to Rome by St. Helena in 326. It may have been used by Christ. It is adjacent to S. Giovanni Laterano in Rome, Lazio, Italy. [Curd, p. 46. à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 210.] ÁÁPilate's bowl, "a basin in which Pilate is said to have washed his hands before the Crucifixion", is in S. Stefano, Bologna, Emilia©Romagna. [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 374. à ÃMGG©Italy (1966)Ä Ä, p. 72.] ÁÁPontius Pilate's wife's great grandmother's hat was at Don Saltero's, London [Jackson, loc. cit. under Job]. [Welfare & Fairley, p. 2] say it was Pontius Pilate's wife's chambermaid's sister's hat. ÁÁThe lake at the summit of Mont de Pilate, or Pilatus, south of Lucerne, Switzerland, is said to be where Pilate drowned himself, or to be haunted by his spirit. However, the name is derived from Mons Pileatus ÀMÀ the hatted hill ÀMÀ and there is apparently no lake at the top. [Ackermann, p. 365.] Indeed, it is now a popular tourist spot as there is a rack railway to the top. [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 145.] ÁÁFragments of the column at which Christ was scourged are in Santa Prassede, Rome, Lazio, Italy. They were brought from Jerusalem in 1228. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 197.] Another fragment is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 287]. ÁÁThe column of the flagellation is in St. George (Haghios Georgios), Istanbul [Boulanger, p. 101]. ÁÁThere are two Columns of the Flagellation in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. One is in the 'Franciscan Church', though its origin is unknown and the name is just a memorial [Becker, p. 38]. The other is in the Greek Orthodox Chapel of the Mockery. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 19] say it is to the right in the Chapel of the Apparition, saying it can be seen by permission of the Franciscans. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a Tempietto reliquary containing: drops of Christ's blood; a piece of linen soaked with the blood; hairs from his beard and relics of the crown of thorns, the lance, the column, the scourge and the reed [Bauer et al., pp. 242©243]. ÁÁ[Timbs (2), p. 97] says that Scottish legend is that the dwarf birch was the tree used to make the scourge and it has ever since been stunted in its growth. ÁÁCharles IV of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor from 1348, amassed a collection of relics at Prague, including "part of the whip used in the Passion, two thorns ..., a few drops of milk from the Virgin Mary and one of Mary Magdalene's breasts" [Humphreys, p. 92]. ÁÁ[Hutton, p. 117] lists, among other relics stolen at the Sack of Constantinople, some of Christ's hair and the purple robe. ÁÁThe path of Christ to Calvary is claimed to be the modern Via Dolorosa. It is marked by Stations of the Cross and both annual processions and individual pilgrims have gone along it since the 14C. However, modern archaeologists feel that the Via Dolorosa goes beyond the boundaries of Jerusalem at the time and that Christ went in a different direction. [Christopher Walker; 'Misguided' pilgrims mark Christ's final journey in streets of Jerusalem; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (11 Apr 1998) 14.] ÁÁThe reliquary of the Seamless Tunic in the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, Umbria, contains relics of the pillar of the Flagellation and the rope that bound Christ [Gauthier, pp. 158©160]. ÁÁParts of the sponge, lance and scourge were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThe scourging rope of Christ is in the Treasury of the Cathedral at Aachen, NordrheinªWestfalen, Germany. ÁÁThe seamless à ÃROBEÄ Ä of Christ was at Trier Cathedral, Rheinland©Pfalz [Cavendish], supposedly presented by Helena. It was on display in Apr 1996 and reports and pictures showed it looked little like a robe or like being 2000 years old. It appears to be a medieval(?) liturgical garment, possibly of felt or velvet, but textile historians are unable or unwilling to comment on its age. [Anonymous article from ÃÃSuddeutsche ZeitungÄÄ translated as: Robe still a miracle of faith; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (24 Apr 1996).] ÁÁPart of Christ's undivided garment was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁ[Florence] says the purple robe of Christ is said to be in Moscow. He then says that perhaps the most famous of all relics of Christ is the Holy Coat of TrÀ/Àves, Gard, said to have discovered by St. Helena. It was exhibited in 1810, 1844 and 1891. ÁÁ[Florence] also describes a Holy Robe of Argenteuil, Val©d'Oise, presented to the church there by Charlemagne after receiving it from Empress Irene. Legend says it was bought from one of the soldiers by one of Christ's disciples and taken to Galatia, whence it wandered to Jaffa, Persia, Jerusalem and Constantinople. ÁÁThe reliquary of the Seamless Tunic in the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, Umbria, contains relics of the pillar of the Flagellation, the rope that bound Christ, the seamless garment, other garments of Christ, the Cross and garments of the Virgin [Gauthier, pp. 158-160]. ÁÁRelics of the clothes of Christ are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes sweat, 'caligis' (vapour or breath ??) and clothes of Christ [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the Holy Sepulchre in Santa Maria Cathedral, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain, which also contains some of his sweat [Gauthier, p. 154©155]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a fragment of the reed and relics of SS. Lambert, Peter and Sigismund [Bauer et al., p. 244]. ÁÁ[Florence] says portions of the reed are in: St. Julian, Lungarde; the Convent of Andeschs, Bavaria; the Convent of Vatopedi, Mt. Athos. ÁÁThe slab of porphyry upon which the body of Christ was laid and anointed after being taken down from the Cross used to be in the Church of St. Saviour Pantocrator in Istanbul. It had been brought from Ephesus, Turkey. [Cuddon, p. 69.] ÁÁThe Stone of Unction, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is the stone on which Christ was anointed after being taken down from the cross. [Anon; Easter, 1973 ÀMÀ Big crowds at ceremonies in Jerusalem and Rome; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (23 Apr 1973). La Fay, p. 777. Gascoigne.] However, [Becker, p. 35] says the stone dates from 1810 ÀMÀ but he may be referring to the covering slab?? [Florence] describes it a a red marble slab, about 9 ft long by 4 ft wide. ÁÁThere was (is??) a Sainte Ampoule of holy oil in the Cathedral of Rheims (= Reims, Marne), used for the coronation of kings of France [Isaac D'Israeli; à ÃAmenities of LiteratureÄ Ä; New ed., nd [1894?], Warne, London, vol. 1, p. 244]. The Treasury of the Bishops of Rheims has a reliquary of the Holy Ampula [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 216]. An 'ampul full of chrism' was brought to St. RÀ)Àmi by a snow©white dove for the anointing of Clovis at Rheims. This same ampul was used by St. Boniface to anoint Pepin the Short in the 8C. [Okey, pp. 35©36.] ÁÁAbout 200 m north of the Damascus Gate of Jerusalem, on the Nablus Road, is the à ÃGARDEN TOMBÄ Ä which many Protestant sects believe to be the tomb of Christ [Anon; Easter; 1973; op. cit. above; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 35]. This was discovered by General Gordon in 1882 and is a characteristic tomb of the period, but is actually from Byzantine times. [Becker, pp. 43©44.] Most Christians regard the Holy Sepulchre to be in the Church of that name. The Church also contains the site of the Crucifixion and the Altar of the Crucifixion is over a hole asserted to be where the Cross was erected, and the sites of the thieves's crosses are also marked [Becker, p. 37]. In the Chapel of the Angels is a part of the stone on which the Angel sat at the Resurrection [Becker, p. 38] and a portion of the stone which "was rolled away from the Sepulchre" [Florence]. ÁÁ53 cartloads of earth from à ÃGOLGOTHAÄ Ä were brought to make the Campo Santo in Pisa [Lyall, p. 76]. Ross & Erichsen [pp. 197-201] say it was 53 galley loads from Mt. Calvary, brought by Archbishop Ubaldo Lanfranchi in 1188 or 1192. "Some of this earth had been taken to Rome before, where it was found that in three days corpses buried therein were entirely consumed, which is a most marvellous thing." "I have heard the old men of the city say that before the fleet with its load entered into Pisa, it put in near the church of S. Giovanni al Gaetani and that ... many baskets-full of the said earth were carried ashore and set down outside the door of the church. I have heard too that this spot, which though narrow still serves as a burial place, shares in the miraculous properties of the earth of the Campo Santo." Montaigne repeats the story of the earth in the late 16C, but has one day instead of three days. ÁÁA capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of Calvary [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. ÁÁEarth from Palestine was taken to Rome, Lazio, Italy, for the cemetery at the Cappuccini (= S. M. della Concezione) [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 176]. ÁÁEarth from Jerusalem was brought to S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome [Hare, p. 425]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is an ostensory with a piece of the Shroud, two stones from the Holy Places and relics of four other saints [Bauer et al., p. 298]. ÁÁThe Church of Neuvy©Saint©Sepulchre, Indre, France, was built in 1040 to house a handful of earth from Calvary [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä]. ÁÁThe Sanctuary of the Ascension in Jerusalem marks the spot from which Christ ascended into heaven [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä]. [Becker, pp. 48©49] says the Chapel of the Ascension is on the spot and it is in the village of Et©Tur on the Mount of Olives. ÁÁThree stones from Calvary were presented by General Gordon in 1880 to his friend H. Waller, parson of St. Nicholas, Twywell, Northamptonshire, where they are on display [Gould, pp. 56©57, with photo]. ÁÁIn c1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including stones from the Ascension and Calvary [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁEmmaus is either El©Qureibe or at Amwas or at Abu Ghosh. These are to the north and west of Jerusalem, about 10 to 20 km from Jerusalem. [Becker, p. 64.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a reliquary with several items and an identifying band at the top. This does not have a detailed museum label, but the photo in Bauer et al., aided by my memory, indicates it contains relics of the Three Magi, of the skull of St. Christopher, of the 11,000 Virgins, of St. Stephen, of the Holy Land, of (illegible) and of Pope St. Leo. [Bauer et al., p. 235.] ÁÁ[Florence] says various churches preserve "a tooth of the Saviour, a piece of His beard, and a small phial containing one of the tears which He shed upon hearing of the death of Lazarus. Another curious relic is a leg of the ass upon which Jesus rode in triumph to Jerusalem." There is a pair of Christ's sandals in the Benedictine Abbey of TrÀ/Àves, Gard [Florence]. ÁÁSome hairs from the beard of Christ were at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁAccording to a 'will of Christ' found at a Buddhist temple south of Tokyo in the 1930s (but lost in the War), Christ spent his 20s studying Buddhism in Japan before returning to Palestine. He was not crucified ÀMÀ his brother Iskiri was. Afterward Christ brought his brother's body back to Japan, settling in Shingo in the north of Japan. His descendents live in the town. There are two tombs, surmounted with crosses, containing Christ and either a lock of Iskiri's hair or one of his bones and a lock of Mary Magdalene's hair. [Hugo Gurdon; A Saviour for Shingo; ÃÃThe Daily Telegraph Weekend SectionÄÄ (2 Apr 1994) 1©2.] ÁÁIn 2002, a scholar published a description of an ossuary dated to 63 and inscribed "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus". This raises many questions, particularly why it took 2000 years to be made public. [Mark Ellis; Burial box 'evidence of Jesus'; ÃÃDaily MirrorÄÄ (22 Oct 2002) 7.] ÁÁÁÁà ÃTRUE CROSS, ETC.Ä Ä ÁÁÁÁTRUE CROSS AND NAILS ÁÁSince pieces of the True Cross comprise the largest number of Christian relics, it is appropriate to sketch its story here. The Legend of the True Cross evolved in the 3©8C and covers the period up to Helena's discovery of it on 3 May 326. From that point, the story is basically historical, and the discovery is already mentioned in writings of St. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem and friend of Constantine, dated 348. [Dean] gives a brief outline of the the story. ÁÁWhen Adam was dying, he sent Seth to Eden to beg for the oil of forgiveness. The angel with the flaming sword refused, but let Seth approach the Tree of Life. There was a child sitting in it who gave Seth a seed from it and told him to bury it in Adam's mouth. From this grew a tree. The Monastery of the Cross in the West of Jerusalem marks the site of Adam's grave where the tree grew, with a silver ring by the altar showing where it stood [Becker, pp. 55©56]. The trunk of the tree was taken by the Israelites into Egypt and then back to Israel. In the wilderness, Moses used it as the pole for the Brazen Serpent. In Jerusalem, the origin of the wood was forgotten and it was built into a bridge. The Queen of Sheba had a vision of the wood and its history and identified it. Solomon then removed the wood for use in the Temple, but because it kept miraculously changing its size, it could not be used for building and it was laid in the Pool of Bethesda and later used to make the Cross for Christ's crucifixion. ÁÁ[Timbs (2), p. 97] gives a different background. "The Cross was generally supposed to have been made of four kinds of wood, signifying the four quarters of the globe, ...." However, the four kinds are not agreed upon. He gives: palm, cedar, olive, cypress (four incorruptible woods); pine, cedar, box, cypress. While others say it was made entirely of oak. The cedar was cut down by Solomon and buried by the Pool of Bethesda, then floated to the top for the Crucifixion when it was used for the upright parts of the cross. Another account says the wood was aspen, whose leaves have not ceased trembling since that time. ÁÁWhen the 80 year old Helena came to Jerusalem on pilgrimage and to establish churches at the Holy Places, she heard that the location of the True Cross was known to the local Christians, known as Judaic Christians because they had been Jews rather than Gentiles. (The Judaic Christians were at odds with the other Christians and were eventually condemned as heretical in the 6C.) A Jew (or Judaic Christian), with the apt name of Judas, was said to know the location of the Cross, but refused to tell until he had been put into a well. He eventually revealed that the Cross was buried at Golgotha, currently a rubbish dump. The site is under the Chapel of St. Helena in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Three crosses were found and the true one was detected by laying a dead man (or a sick woman) on them ÀMÀ the True Cross restored him to life (or cured her) ÀMÀ this happened on 3 May 326. Tradition says it was discovered by St. Quiriace, Bishop of Jerusalem [Dunlop, p. 165]. [Gauthier, p. 50] indicates the site was adjacent to the Holy Sepulchre. [Becker, pp. 33 & 39] says there is a Chapel of the Discovery of the Cross attached to the east end of the Church, while [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 20] call it the Grotto of the Finding of the Cross. It was part of an ancient cistern. Constantine built a basilica over it in 335, but it was destroyed in 614. Much of the surrounding rock was carved away to leave just the Sepulchre and the top of Golgotha essentially free©standing [Becker, p. 33]. There is also an adjacent Chapel of St. Helena, with a niche said to have been where she sat watching the excavation and discovery of the Cross [Becker, p. 39; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 20], encouraging the workmen by sprinkling gold coins into the pit. The Altar of the Crucifixion is over a hole, claimed to be where the Cross was erected, and the sites of the thieves's crosses are also marked [Becker, p. 37; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 20©21]. Tradition also says Helena was inspired in a dream, while on Paros, where the church of Panaghia Hecatonpyliani (or Katapoliani) marks the site ÀMÀ this legend did not appear in the first two biographies of Helena. [Lancaster (2), p. 132. Bradford, pp. 140-141.] ÁÁHelena divided it into three parts ÀMÀ one part went to Constantine in Constantinople; another part went to Rome; the third part stayed in Jerusalem. [Timbs, p. 5] mentions only Constantinople and Jerusalem, saying the greater part was in Jerusalem. ÁÁAt this time Constantine also acquired the Nails, which were sufficient to make a helmet for himself and a bridle for his horse [Timbs, pp. 6©7]. ÁÁThe part in Jerusalem was described already in 348 when St. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem and friend of Constantine, wrote: "the whole world is now full of pieces of the Holy Cross, which exists here with us and from which Christians detach particles by reason of their belief" [Bauer et al., p. 159; Timbs, p. 5]. Cyril asserts it miraculously grows and goes on to compare it with the loaves and fishes [Timbs, p. 5]. In the late 4C, the Spanish nun Egeria spent three years in Jerusalem and related that the Holy Wood was kept in a gold and silver box in a chapel of Constantine's Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The story of the discovery and the connection with Helena first occur in the early 5C. ÁÁ[Runciman-1, pp. 10-11, 17, 49] says the piece of the True Cross and other relics were found by the Persians under Chosroes II after their conquest of Jerusalem in 614 and sent to the Nestorian Christian Queen Meryem of Persia. Heraclius recovered the relics in 628 ÀMÀ still in their cases, with seals unbroken [Florence]) and returned them to Jerusalem, putting the wood on an altar in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Though many fragments were given away, [Dean] says the box and its remaining wood remained in Jerusalem until the Crusades when it was taken out to help the Crusaders. King Guy of Jerusalem had it in his hand when he was captured by Saladin's men after the battle of the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Saladin offered it to Richard I as part of the ransom for some prisoners, but Richard refused and had the prisoners killed, so Saladin tied the box to the tail of his horse and dragged it into fragments. ÁÁOn the other hand, [Runciman©1, pp. 10©11, 17, 49; Timbs, p. 6] say that in 638(?), the relics were removed to Constantinople by Heraclius before the Arab conquest of Jerusalem and preserved at Aghia Sophia. [Timbs] continues the story, saying that during the chaotic deposition of Michael VII in 1078, the Cross and its case were acquired by a citizen of Amalfi and placed in Monte Cassino. It next appears in the Crusades and it was broken in two and half was captured by Saladin and 'most probably destroyed' (though there is an account of its miraculous recovery by a Genoese). The remaining pieces took part in battles in the early 13C and was returned to the (Latin) Emperor in Constantinople, but a 'new' Crown of Thorns had become the most popularly venerated relic there. ÁÁOn the third hand, [Runciman-1, p. 294] says that Orthodox priests had taken 'the major portion of the True Cross' with them when they were expelled from Jerusalem before the siege of 1099. After the Crusader conquest, they were tortured into revealing where the Cross was hidden. From this time on, the Cross (or pieces of it) was frequently taken into battle by the Crusaders. [Runciman-2, pp. 75, 79, 89, 132, 148, 153, 154, 158, 161, 164, 166, 204, 338, 339, 374, 390, 416, 432, 434, 455. Runciman-3, pp. 161, 169.] In 1187, the True Cross was carried by the Bishop of Acre into the Battle of the Horns of Hattin and was captured by Taki ed-Din, nephew of Saladin [Runciman-2, p. 459]. It then became an objective in the struggle between Crusaders and Arabs [Runciman-3, pp. 50, 53, 54 (note 1), 59 & 63]. By 1192, Saladin had returned it to the Holy Sepulchre, but other fragments were recovered and presented to Richard Lionheart [ibid, p. 68]. The Queen of Georgia offered to buy it [ibid, p. 74]. Duke Leopold VI of Austria took a fragment home with him in 1219. When Sultan al-Kamil agreed to return the True Cross in 1221, it could not be found [ibid, p. 170]. ÁÁThe part in Rome, Lazio, Italy, was rediscovered in 1492 ÀMÀ for some reason it had been walled up in Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ÀMÀ see under Rome below. But other sources say the Emperor Theodosius presented the greater part of the Cross to St. Ambrose and it was placed in the main church in Milan, Lombardia. The Huns carried it away and burnt it. [Mackay, p. 696.] ÁÁ[Gauthier, p. 115] says the Cross was in Constantinople in 320(!) and oozed drops of Holy Blood when cut ÀMÀ see under Blood below. In the 11C, the Crown of Thorns, the Seamless Garment, all the other major relics of the Passion and 'Veronica's Veil' from Edessa (modern Urfa, Turkey) were all at Constantinople [Runciman©1, pp. 10©11,17,49]. [Gauthier, pp. 58 & 160.] says many relics of Christ, including pieces of the Cross and some nails, were in the Bucoleon Chapel of the Palace in Constantinople before the Sack of 1204. [Bauer et al., p. 165] says that it was believed that the largest three pieces of the Cross were here, as well as a ring of Solomon and the staff of Moses. But [à ÃEveryman ÀMÀ IstanbulÄ Ä, pp. 148©149] says the relics of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns were in the Treasury of Haghia Sophia (now the Museum Director's Office) built by Justinian. [Dean] says it was kept in the Chapel of the Pharos and quotes a contemporary description: "two pieces of the True Cross, as large as the leg of a man". The part in Constantinople was captured in the Sack of 1204, but the Latin Emperor Baldwin II pawned it and the Crown of Thorns and these were redeemed by St. Louis and moved to Paris about 1238. [Runciman©3, p. 263] says Baldwin sold the relics which had survived the 1204 Sack of Constantinople, before 1249. [Timbs, p. 6] says they were sold to Louis in 1238. [Hare (2), p. 277] says the Crown went from Emperor Jean de Brienne and a great portion of the Cross went from his successor Baudouin to Louis, but gives no other details. See under Paris below. ÁÁGauthier [p. 56] says A. Frolow has traced nearly 1000 cross reliquaries in two major publications. ÁÁW. W. Seymour [à ÃThe Cross in Tradition, History and ArtÄ Ä; 1898, p. 121] lists pieces in the following places. Ð ¤x ÐÐИŒ € thÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤ÐÐParis ÀMÀ Sainte Chapelle. [à ÃHachette-ParisÄ Ä, pp. 31, 34, 35] mentions this, but says it is now in the Treasure of Notre-Dame. Paris ÀMÀ S. Germain. Rome ÀMÀ in the top of the obelisk in Piazza S. Pietro [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 205]. Seville. Malmesbury Abbey. Bromholm Monastery. Tracton (Monastery?), near Dublin, Ireland. Etchmiazin (Etchmiadzyn), Armenia. Jerusalem. Ð °x ÐÐа¤˜Œ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ°ÐÐHe also cites the pieces now at Rheims (= Reims, Marne), in S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, and formerly at Holy Cross, described below. He says the pieces in Etchmiazin, S. Croce and Jerusalem are the three principal pieces. [à ÃBION! © Great and Strange Works of ManÄ Ä; Tor (Tom Doherty Associates), NY, 1992, p. 101] says the Cathedral of Etchmiadzyn, built by Tiridates in 303, was the first building to be topped by a cross. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was reputedly in the golden cross made in 1162 to honour Princess, later Saint, Eufrosina (?©1173), the granddaughter of the founder of Bielarus (formerly Byelorussia). The cross was in a museum in Mahilow (I can't locate this ÀMÀ it may be a new spelling of Mogilev) until 1941 when it disappeared during the Nazi invasion. In 1993, the new country was appealing for it back as a symbol of its national identity, but its location was unknown. [Ian Black; Bielarus seeks return of ancient symbol of unity; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (14 Oct 1993) 11.] ÁÁ [Gauthier, p. 57] says Amaury I of Jerusalem, 12C, acquired a large piece of the True Cross from the church of St. George in Lydda (= Ramleh). ÁÁEmperor Baldwin gave a piece of the Cross to Philip Augustus [Gauthier, p. 74]. ÁÁThe Holy Rood of Scotland was a cross containing a piece of the True Cross. The piece was given by Charlemagne to an ancestor of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland. [Bryan H. Fell; à ÃThe Houses of ParliamentÄ Ä; 8th ed., Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1958, p. 49.] [Dean] says this piece is believed to have come from Waltham Abbey, London. It was kept at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, until the Reformation. ÁÁ[Stein & MacNee, p. 38] say there are fourteen nails ÀMÀ at least sixteen are mentioned below, though some of these may be repetitions. ÁÁMISCELLANEOUS LOCATIONS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER ÀMÀ note that some of the reliquaries may no longer contain the relevant relic. ÁÁThe Imperial Cross of Emperor Conrad II contained the Holy Lance (qv) and small fragments of the True Cross. It is part of the Imperial Crown Jewels, once at Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, but it is now in the Imperial Treasury of the Hofburg, Vienna with a replica in the Rathaus of Aachen. The Holy Lance is also part of this Treasure ÀMÀ at Aachen, the Lance is displayed as a separate item, said to have been purchased by Henry I (c920) from King Rudolph of Burgundy. It is just the blade of a lance, hollowed out with a nail from the True Cross inserted in it. ÁÁIn the early 13C, Bishop William of Beaumont brought a piece of the True Cross to Angers, Maine©et©Loire [Gauthier, p. 140]. ÁÁThe Armenian prince Aplgharib Pahlavuni brought a piece of the Cross in 1034 from Constantinople to Ani, whose ruins are some 50 km east of Kars, Turkey. The relic was installed in the Church of the Holy Redeemer and devotions were to be held nightly until the Second Coming! [Freely, pp. 323©324; Freely (2), p. 500.] ÁÁA fragment of the Cross was in the church at Apamea, north Syria [Kate Dourian; Road from the sands of time leads to Syrian city that was host to Cleopatra; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (13 Jul 1994) 11]. ÁÁThe reliquary of the Seamless Tunic in the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, Umbria, contains relics of the Cross [Gauthier, pp. 158©160]. ÁÁThe cathedral at Astorga, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain, had a cross made from the True Cross which had come from the Knights Templars at Ponferrada, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain [Gauthier, p. 100]. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 54] says there is now a 13C gold filigree Holy Cross reliquary. ÁÁA large piece of the True Cross is in the Church of the Annunciation (or Catholicon) in the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mt. Athos, Greece [Lancaster (2), p. 77 = Lancaster (3), p. 82; de Jongh, p. 272]. ÁÁSplinters of the True Cross are in a cross reliquary in the treasury of the Monastery of Grand Lavra, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 280]. ÁÁThe largest piece on Mt. Athos is in the Church of the Forty Martyrs in the Monastery of Xeropotamou [de Jongh, p. 296]. ÁÁA fragment is in the Church of the Analypsis (Ascension) in the Monastery of Esphigmenou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 297]. ÁÁParts are in the Church of Ayios Stephanos in the Monastery of Kastamonitou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 298]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross and a Holy Thorn in the Sacristy of the Basilica of S. Nicola, Bari, Puglia, given by Charles of Anjou [ENIT, p. 35]. ÁÁThe cathedral in Barletta, Puglia, has a reliquary for a fragment of the True Cross, but it's not clear if the fragment is still there [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 63]. ÁÁThe hÀ=Àpital at BaugÀ)À, Maine©et©Loire, France has a relic of the True Cross. This was given by Thomas, Bishop of Hierapetra, to the crusader Jean d'Alluye in 1241. Upon his return to France in 1244, Jean gave it to the Abbey of la BoissiÀ/Àre. [Rorimer, p. 66.] ÁÁThe Monastery of the Holy Cross, near Thurles, Co. Tipperary, Ireland had a piece of the True Cross, given by Pascal II to King Murtagh O'Brien. Seymour [loc. cit. above] mentions this piece. After many years, it came to the Ursuline nuns in 1809 and is now in their convent in Blackrock, Co. Cork. [Aodhagan Brioscu; à ÃIrish ChurchesÄ Ä; Folens, Dublin, c1976, p. 18. Jim Cantwell; à ÃHoly Places of IrelandÄ Ä; New English Library, London, nd [c1976], p. 58.] ÁÁThe church of Bromholm, Norfolk, had a relic of the True Cross, resulting from the Sack of Constantinople [Hutton, p. 117]. [Rick O'Brien; à ÃEast Anglian CuriositiesÄ Ä; The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset, 1992, p. 14] says Bromholm Priory is in Bacton, Norfolk. In 1223, a wandering monk with his two children gave the Priory a piece of the True Cross in exchange for a place in the Priory, which soon became famous and rich. Henry III visited it in the 1230s and endowed the Priory with lands. Chaucer referred to it in the à ÃCanterbury TalesÄ Ä as 'Holy Crois of Bromeholme'. The relic raised 39 people from the dead and cured 19 of blindness. At the Dissolution in 1535, the relic was lost. ÁÁThere is a splinter of the True Cross in the Jeruzalemkerk (= Church of the Holy Cross) in Brugge (Bruges), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium. It was brought back from Jerusalem by Anselmo Adornes in 1471. The church itself was built by his father and uncle in 1427-28 based on drawings of the original 12C Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which burned down by the 16C. [Jan Sjoby; A Belgian count and his family church; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (3 May 1974) ??] ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross at St. Edmund's College, Cambridge [Conversation with Will Ryan]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross in the church of Santa Cruz in Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia, Spain, but it was stolen in 1934. In 1231, this cross had gone missing and miraculously reappeared when a priest celebrated mass before the Moorish king who had captured him. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 85.] ÁÁThere is a nail in the Benedictine Church (or monastery) at Catania, Sicilia, said to have preserved the monastery from the eruption of Mt. Etna in 1669 [Timbs, pp. 7 & 86]. ÁÁThe Treasury of the former Abbey Church, Charroux, Vienne, has a reliquary containing a small capsule with two pieces of wood, perhaps once thought to be fragments the True Cross, which Charroux is known to have had [Gauthier, p. 134©136]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes sweat, 'caligis' (vapour or breath ??) and clothes of Christ, a spine, a piece of the lance, and relics of Mary (clothes, girdle and hair), Mary Magdalene, Agatha, Anthony, Dionysius, Egidio, George, John the Baptist (pieces of the head and 'carillus'), Lazarus, Luke, Martin, Philip, Simon, Stephen, Theodore, Vincenzio [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁA fragment of the True Cross worked into an initial A was given by Charlemagne to the Abbey of Conques, Alpes©Maritimes, in the 11C [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 114]. ÁÁFor Constantinople, see also the general section above. ÁÁThere was a statue of Constantine, containing a piece of the True Cross and fragments of the nails, at the top of the Column of Constantine (= Burnt Column = À&ÀemberlitaÀ³À) in Constantinople (= Istanbul), but it was demolished by a storm in 1105 [Boulanger, p. 86]. [à ÃInsight City Guide: IstanbulÄ Ä; p. 51] says the statue was originally an Apollo and the nails were used to replace the sun god's rays and it stood from 330 until 1106. ÁÁA cross reliquary was brought from Constantinople by Maurice Brandin in the early 12C and eventually reached CarriÀ;Àn de los Condes in Castile and then Cluny Abbey, SaÀ=Àne©etªLoire, Burgundy, in 1126 [Gauthier, pp. 100©102]. ÁÁThe church of S. Saviour (Pantokrator) in Constantinople had a relic of the True Cross which was pillaged in the 13C and wound up in Alsace [Lancaster (2), p. 91]. Perhaps via S. Louis?? ÁÁBrother Elias (or Elia) of Coppi brought a cross reliquary back from Constantinople to Cortona, Toscana, in c1246 [Gauthier, pp. 98©100; Setteposte & Belardi, pp. 54©56, with photo on p. 54]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in the Cathedral of Cosenza, Calabria [Gauthier, pp. 102 & 104©105]. ÁÁThe Kreuzkirche in Dresden, Saxony, had a fragment of the Cross [Stephen Baister & Chris Patrick; à ÃGuide to East GermanyÄ Ä; Bradt, Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, 1990; p. 83]. ÁÁThe Cross of Cong, now in the National Museum, Dublin, Co. Dublin, Ireland, was made in Roscommon, Co. Roscommon, in 1123 for Turlough O'Connor to enshrine a portion of the Cross [Cantwell; ibid.; à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 99]. The placard in the National Museum adds that the portion was brought from Rome to Ireland in 1119 and that O'Connor was High King at the time. [Florence] makes reference to this piece. ÁÁThere is a Nail at the Escorial, Madrid, Madrid, Spain [Timbs, p. 7]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in the Primatial Basilica at Esztergom, Hungary [Gauthier, p. 122]. ÁÁHenry VI gave many relics to Eton College when he founded it in 1440, including what were claimed to be fragments of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns [N. Goodman; à ÃEton CollegeÄ Ä; Pitkin, London, 1976; Turner, p. 57]. Other lists cite the nails, the scourge and the spear of the Passion, a silver ampoule of 'blode of our Lorde' and some blood and brains of St. Thomas Becket. All this was destroyed at the Reformation. ÃÃ[Observer MagazineÄÄ (16 May 1976) ??.] ÁÁA piece of the True Cross is in the Hopper Ring, given by Richard III to his mistress Joan Hopper. The ring is in Eyam Private Museum, Eyam, Derbyshire. [ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (23 Aug 1981).] ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St.©Etienne, Eymoutiers, Haute©Vienne [Gauthier, pp. 73-74]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the True Cross in the monastery of Farneta, near Lucca, on the Pietrasanta road. ÁÁThere is a bit of the True Cross and a nail in the Opera del Duomo, Florence, Toscana [DBS]. ÁÁA fragment of the True Cross is in Santa Croce, Florence, Toscana [Gustavo Cocci; à ÃSanta Croce ÀMÀ Temple of the "Glories of Italy"Ä Ä; Bonechi, Florence, nd [1980s?], p 34]. ÁÁThe Duomo of Genoa (Genova), Liguria, obtained in 1336 a cross reliquary 'of the Zaccarias' from St. John of Ephesus [Gauthier, p. 98]. ÁÁA cross reliquary was sent to the Grandmont Treasury, Haute©Vienne, by Amaury I of Jerusalem in the 12C. This was distributed to the church of Milhaguet in 1792 which deposited it in the Museum or Cathedral at Limoges, Haute©Vienne, from which it was stolen in 1980. The relic may have been lost in 1792. [Gauthier, pp. 34, 36©37 & 56©57.] ÁÁThere is a piece of the Cross in the church of Guerno, France [à ÃBION©24Ä Ä, p. 44]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in the Cistercian abbey church of Heiligenkreuz, Austria. It was bequeathed to Austria by the King of Jerusalem in the 12C. [Caroles Chester; à ÃEssential ViennaÄ Ä; AA Publishing, Basingstoke, 1992, p. 69.] [à ÃViennaÄ Ä; Verlag Bauer, nd [c1996], p. 123] says it was presented by Leopold V in 1188. ÁÁThere was a large piece of the True Cross at the Abbey(?) of Impruneta, Toscana, south of Florence, presented by Filippo degli Scolari [Hutton, p. 164©165]. ÁÁThere was a relic of the True Cross, brought from the Holy Land in the 10C, at the chapel of the Holy Cross (Kreuzlingen) in St. Ulric's Basilica, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 120]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross in Kruishoutem, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium [Jan Sjoby; 10 million eggs change hands every Tuesday; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (12 Apr 1974)], but it is not mentioned in [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 272]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Georg Cathedral, Limburg an der Lahn, Hessen. It was brought back from the 4th Crusade in 1207 by Heinrich von Ulmen, given to a convent in Stuben, moved to Trier in 1788 and then to Limburg in 1827. [Gauthier, pp. 68©69 & 72.] ÁÁThe capsule reliquary of St. George and St. Demetrius, of c1100 Byzantine work, had a piece of the True Cross inserted in it by the 18C. It is now in the British Museum, London. [Gauthier, pp. 42©44.] ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross in Don Saltero's Coffee House and Museum, a kind of exhibition in London, in 1760 [John O'London [pseud. of Wilfred Whitten]; à ÃMore London StoriesÄ Ä; George Newnes, London, 1928, p. 161]. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was given to St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London in 1285 [Kent, p. 77]. ÁÁThere is a relic of the True Cross in St. Magnus the Martyr, London. [J. Wittich; à ÃDiscovering London CuriositiesÄ Ä; Shire, Aylesbury, 1973; p. 60. Kent, p. 78.] Kent says the church still claims to have the piece. ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross at John Tradescant's Ark in South Lambeth, London, according to a description by Georg Christoph Stirn in 1638 [M. Welch; à ÃThe Tradescants ...Ä Ä; 1978, p. 6; Weschler, p. 96]. [Arthur MacGregor; à ÃArk to AshmoleanÄ Ä; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 2nd ed., 1988, p. 11] says Henrietta Maria entrusted the Tradescants with safekeeping of a fragment and part of this 'which casually had been broken from it' was 'deteyned' at the Ark. However, I can't find this in [Tradescant]. ÁÁThere were several pieces of the True Cross in Westminster Abbey, London, including a great part with many other pieces and a great part of one of the nails given by Edward the Confessor [Kent, p. 74]. A piece was in an altar at the foot of the tomb of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey [Judi Culbertson & Tom Randall; à ÃPermanent LondonersÄ Ä; Robson Books, London, 1991, p. 55]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in Westminster Cathedral, London. [à ÃBG-LondonÄ Ä, p. 12. Kent, p. 78.] ÁÁThere was a cross reliquary at the Monastery of Lorsch [Gauthier, p. 185]. (Probably the Lorsch in Hessen, a bit north of Mannheim??) ÁÁLucca ÀMÀ see: Farneta. ÁÁThe Museo Comunale in Lucignano, Toscana, has a massive reliquary called the Tree of Lucignano. It was made during 1350©1471 to hold some splinters of the True Cross and some (unspecified) Franciscan relics. [Susanna Buricchi; à ÃMusei dentro le MuraÄ Ä; Officine della Cultura, Arezzo, nd [obtained in 2001], pp. 25©27.] ÁÁ[Gauthier, p. 57] says Amaury I of Jerusalem, 12C, acquired a large piece of the True Cross from the church of St. George in Lydda (= Ramleh). ÁÁThe Reliquary Chapel of the Royal Convent of the Incarnation (Real Convento de la EncarnaciÀ;Àn) in Madrid, Madrid, Spain, contains 'some 1500 relics'. Of these, the most famous are a bit of the True Cross and the blood of St. Pantaleon. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 146.] ÁÁMalta ÀMÀ see under Rhodes. ÁÁThere is a cross containing six fragments of the True Cross in the Basilica of St. Barbara, Mantua (Mantova), Lombardia. It is 9C work form Constantinople. [Gauthier, pp. 26 & 29.] ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz) [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThere is a 'Holy Nail of the Cross' in a tabernacle near the altar of the Cathedral of Milan, Lombardia [Converso, p. 13]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in the Sacred Heart Convent at Mons (Bergen), Hainaut [Gauthier, p. 149]. ÁÁThe 'Iron Crown of Lombardy' used to crown the King of Lombardy in Monza, Lombardia, in the late 8C, was formed around a nail [Gauthier, p. 138]. [Timbs, pp. 86©87] says it was used to crown Agilulfus at Milan in 591 and Napoleon in 1805. It is kept in the Chapel of Teodolinda in the Cathedral of Monza. ÁÁThe Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, has the 'Stavelot Triptych' which contains two small reliquaries of the True Cross [Gauthier, pp. 48©51]. ÁÁA reliquary tabernacle, with a piece of the Cross(?), made for Queen Elizabeth of Hungary is in New York (where?) [Gauthier, pp. 149©150]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the Cross in a reliquary at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York [Florence]. ÁÁThere was a large piece of the Cross in the main Lutheran church of Nuremberg (NÀGÀrnberg), Bayern, in 1716 [Montagu, p. 9]. ÁÁThere is a fragment of the True Cross and a piece of the rope which tied Christ's hands in the Monastery of the Holy Cross, Omodhos, Cyprus [Nagel, p. 115]. ÁÁA relic of the True Cross was (is?) in St. Cross Church, Oxford, Oxfordshire [Heyworth, p. 119]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the Cross in the Cappella del Tesoro of the Basilica of St. Anthony (and/or in the Cathedral), Padua (Padova), Veneto [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 266; Kent, p. 79; Foligno, p. 198]. ÁÁThe Convent at Pairis (Greece??) had a relic of the Cross which they presented to Philip of Swabia in 1205, apparently to assist in the Crusades [Gauthier, p. 78]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the True Cross in the Treasury Museum of the Cathedral in Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 267]. ÁÁThe Treasury of the Cathedral of Pamplona, Navarre, Spain, has a reliquary of the True Cross. ÁÁThe Treasury of Notre-Dame, Paris, contains a piece of the Cross, part (or all?) of the Crown of Thorns and a nail from the Cross. [Hachette-Paris, p. 34. Cf. under Seymour above.] [Hare (2), p. 306] only mentions the Crown and a nail, the latter from St. Denis. For details about the Crown, see under Crown, below. [Cronin, p. 44] says relics of the Cross and Crown were placed in the ball over the flÀ/Àche of Notre©Dame. The Sainte-Chapelle was built in 1242©1248 to house the relics. The relics and their shrine cost 2ÀÀ times as much as the Sainte-Chapelle. A leaflet from the Sainte©Chapelle says the building cost À À40,000 and that Louis IX (St. Louis) bought the relics from Emperor Baudoin II for the (at the time) outrageous sum of À À135,000. The relics were kept in Notre©Dame until the Sainte©Chapelle was ready. [Timbs, p. 6] says the relic of the Cross disappeared on 20 May 1575 and it was rumoured that Henry II had sold it to Venice. To assuage the upset of the populace, he replaced it with a new cross at Easter "of the same shape, size and appearance, and asserted that in Divine powers, or claim to religious worship, it was but little inferior to its model" and this was gratefully accepted, but no trace of the original was ever found. The shrine in SainteªChapelle was melted down during the Revolution but some of the relics were saved and are now in the treasury of Notre-Dame and the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale. The Crown, a Nail and a piece of the True Cross are exhibited on Good Friday at Notre©Dame. [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, pp. 55, 57 & 60.] [Gauthier, p. 90] says a cross reliquary was brought to Notre©Dame by Canon Ansel in 1108. [Hare (2), p. 306] says there is also a relic of the Cross sent to Galon, Bishop of Paris, in 1109. ÁÁKing Childebert, son of Clovis, brought a piece of the Cross and the tunic of St. Vincent from Spain in 542 and built St-Germain-des-PrÀ)Às, Paris, to house them [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, p. 106]. ÁÁIn the Louvre, Paris, is the 'Floresse Triptych' built to hold a piece of the True Cross presented to Floresse Abbey in 1204 by Philip the Noble, Count of Namur, who had received it from his brother, the Emperor Baldwin I of Flanders. 'The relic distilled drops of blood during the Office of the Invention of the True Cross' on 3 Oct 1254 and the reliquary was then made for it. [Gauthier, pp. 149©151]. ÁÁAlso in the Louvre is a cross reliquary called the Jaucourt Shrine [Gauthier, pp. 177-179]. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was up for auction at the Hotel Drouot, Paris, in 1992 [Josephine Arkill; How to buy a crown of thorns; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ, (11 Apr 1992) 40.] ÁÁIn the Conciergerie, Paris, is a reliquary of the True Cross that belonged to Marie Antoinette. ÁÁParis ÀMÀ see also St. Denis. ÁÁA 1201 inventory of the Treasury of St. John on Patmos lists fragments of the True Cross [Gauthier, p. 58]. ÁÁThere is a Cross reliquary in the Monastery of Fonte Avellan, Pesaro, Marche, but the actual wood seems to have been lost [Gauthier, pp. 54©56]. ÁÁA piece of the Cross was brought to Pisa, Toscana, in 1100 [Ezio Nuti; à ÃPisa e la sua ProvincaÄ Ä; Editrice Felici, Pisa, 1967?, p. 24]. I have a note that it was bestowed on Pisa for their great courage (at the capture of Jerusalem), but I cannot relocate my source. Source?? ÁÁThe cross reliquary of Ottokar II Premysl of Bohemia is in St. Peter's Cathedral, Regensburg, Bayern [Gauthier, pp. 147©148]. ÁÁThe Talisman of Charlemagne was given to him in 807 by Haroun al-Rashid, acknowledging Charlemagne as protector of Jerusalem. It contained a cross fashioned from wood of the True Cross. It was buried with Charlemagne, at Aix©la©Chapelle (= Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany), but Otto III opened the tomb 186 years later and placed it in the Treasury of the Church. Napoleon took it in 1804 and his heirs placed it in the Cathedral at Rheims (= Reims, Marne). [à ÃBION©5Ä Ä, pp. 46-47.] [Seymour, loc. cit. above, mentions this piece.] [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 216.] ÁÁA cross made from the True Cross was in Rhodes. It was taken to Malta and the last Grand Master took it to Russia in 1798. [Durrell (& Torr), pp. 112 & 154.] ÁÁThere are three pieces of the Cross, two (or three) nails, the Title of the Cross, two spines from the Crown of Thorns, the crosspiece of the Good Thief's cross and a finger of St. Thomas, all in S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 211]. The Title (and the other relics?) was rediscovered here in 1492 [Hare, p. 425]. [Florence] says the Title is 3ÀÀ ft long by 1 ft high. ÁÁThere are pieces of the True Cross in St. Peter's, Rome; one piece near the High Altar, collected by St. Helena; and others in the Treasury [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, pp. 261 & 266]. Justinian II and his wife Sophia donated a reliquary with a piece of the True Cross to St. Peter's in the 6C [Bauer et al., p. 159]. ÁÁThere are five pieces and another piece in the Chapel of Pius V in the Vatican, Rome. These were formerly in the Sancta Sanctorum. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 290.] ÁÁOne of the above is probably in the cross reliquary of Pascal I (9C), formerly in the Sancta Sanctorum, Rome, and now in the Museo Sacro Vaticano [Gauthier, pp. 142©144]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard', including relics of many other saints (I can make out 33 names), is now in Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. The later [à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 190] says it is in the Museum of the Royal Collegiate Church. ÁÁRussia ÀMÀ see under Rhodes. ÁÁThere was a piece at St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, in 1654 [Kent, p. 79]. There was a nail in the 12C ÀMÀ see under Crown of Thorns. A nail was included in the relics of St. Denis and his companions and exposed in 1053 ÀMÀ cf St. Denis in Saints list [Okey, p. 56]. ÁÁThere is a fragment of the True Cross in the Abbey Church of St©Guilhem©le©Desert, HÀ)Àrault, France [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 233]. [Rorimer, p. 16] says it was presented by the Patriarch of Jerusalem to Charlemagne in 800 and Charlemagne gave it to St. Guilhem, who was one of his advisers. ÁÁA cross reliquary belonging to the church of Notre©Dame in St.©Omer, Pas©de©Calais, is in the MusÀ)Àe Sandelin [Gauthier, pp. 144©145]. ÁÁA priest carrying a piece of the True Cross found that his ship could not pass Cape Venus until it was renamed Cap de Creus, which is near Sant Pere de Rodes, Catalonia, just S of the French border. The Holy Cross is venerated there, but the legend doesn't state that the described piece was deposited there. [Joan Badia i Homs; à ÃMonastery of Sant Pere de Rodes Historic and Architectural GuideÄ Ä; Curial Edicions Catalanes, Barcelona, 1993, p. 27.] ÁÁThe monastery of Santo Toribio de LiÀ)Àbana, in the Picos de Europa, northern Spain, has the 'largest known piece of the True Cross'. It was brought from Jerusalem by Turbius, Bishop of Astorga, in the 8C. It is in a camarin in the church. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 173.] ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the True Cross in the Diocesan Museum of La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia [Manuel Pal i Casanovas, Albert Vives i Mir & Jaume Tarrago i Farrera; à ÃCathedral and Diocesan Museum of UrgellÄ Ä; Bisbat d'Urgell, La Seu d'Urgell, 1987, pp. 88©89]. ÁÁThere is a nail from the True Cross in S. Domenico, Spoleto, Umbria [Rowdon, p. 269]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in the monastery of Stavrovouni, Cyprus. The monastery was founded in 326 by St. Helena who donated this piece. [Nagel, p. 83.] ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in the Parish Church of San Francesco, Santa Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands [Elizabeth Nicholas; à ÃMadeira and The CanariesÄ Ä; Hamish Hamilton, London, 1953, p. 182]. ÁÁThurles ÀMÀ see under Blackrock. ÁÁThere is a reliquary©triptych of the Holy Cross in the Treasury of Onze©LieveªVrouwebasiliek, Tongeren (Tongres), Limburg, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 301]. ÁÁThere is a 'Casket of the True Cross' in St.©Sernin, Toulouse, Haut©Garonne, holding a fragment received from Jerusalem in the late 12C [Gauthier, pp. 86©88; à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 175]. ÁÁA reliquary of the True Cross is in the Treasury of CathÀ)Àdrale Notre©Dame in Tournai (Doornik), Hainaut, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 307]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Matthias, Trier, Rheinland©Pfalz, made to house a fragment of the True Cross brought back by Heinrich von Ulmen in 1207 [Gauthier, pp. 72-74]. ÁÁVenice, Veneto, acquired a piece of the Cross after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 [Okey (2), p. 82]. [Okey (2), p. 341] mentions a piece brought back by Filippo de' Massari ÀMÀ perhaps the same one, but [à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 139] says Filippo de'Masseri brought it back in 1369 and this piece was the subject of the great series of paintings in the Accademia by Carpaccio, Gentile Bellini and others. [Gauthier, pp. 76©78] shows a reliquary made with five pieces of the Cross for Emperor Henry of Flanders for his coronation in 1206 and soon given to Venice ÀMÀ it is now in the Treasury of San Marco. In 1204, Genoan corsairs captured 'Helena's Cross' from the Venetians [Gauthier, p. 102]. [à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 164] says a Reliquary of the Cross (1379) was brought from Cyprus and is now in the Scuola de San Giovanni Evangelista, Venice. [Buckley & Robinson, p. 130] says the piece in the Scuola de San Giovanni Evangelista was presented in 1369. ÁÁThere is a Nail in the Treasury of St. Mark, Venice [Timbs, p. 86]. ÁÁThe Imperial Cross of Emperor Conrad II (c1025) contained the Holy Lance (qv) and a substantial piece of the True Cross. It is part of the Imperial Crown Jewels, once at Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, but now in the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), Vienna, with replicas in the Rathaus of Aachen. The piece of the True Cross is often described as a fragment or particle, but it is 25.3 cm long, which is one of the largest pieces that I have seen or heard of. Further, this piece contains a hole from one of the Nails, so it is of excessive sanctity and could only have come from the Byzantine Emperor, but its origin is unknown, though the most likely period is during the reign of Konrad II, 1024©1039, since he sent a delegation to the Byzantine Emperor Romanos III Argyros and he commissioned the Imperial Cross which was used to hold the fragment. The Holy Lance, qv, is also part of this Treasure and contains a nail in a hollow. Apparently fragments of True Nails were inset as crosses into the Lance and possibly the inset nail, leading to the nail becoming known as a True Nail. [Bauer et al., pp. 155©166.] An armbone of St. Anne and a tooth of St. John the Baptist were also kept in the Imperial Cross. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has many other fragments of the Cross. A piece was once in the Cross of Allegiance of the Order of the Golden Fleece [Bauer et al., pp. 206©207]. There is a piece in the 14C 'Monile' (pendant) of Charlemagne [Bauer et al., pp. 235©236]. Several pieces are in the reliquary cross of King Ludwig the Great of Hungary [Bauer et al., pp. 238-239]. A piece was once in another reliquary [Bauer et al., pp. 239©240]. There is an ostensory with a piece of the Cross and a Thorn [Bauer et al., p. 246]. There is also a reliquary which had a piece of the Cross and drops of the Blood, but the Blood part is missing [Bauer et al., pp. 276©277]. Another reliquary contains the nail that went through Christ's right hand [Bauer et al., pp. 303©303]. The monstrance of the Star Cross Order contains a piece of the Cross which survived a fire in the Hofburg ÀMÀ though its gold mounting melted [Bauer et al., pp. 304©305]. There are other pieces [Bauer et al., pp. 316, 322©323, 327©328, 340, 340©341 & 341] and a reliquary with a piece of the Cross and relics of Peter and Paul presented by Pius VII to Emperor Franz I in c1823 [Bauer et al., pp. 345©346]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St.©Materne, Walcourt, Namur, Belgium [Gauthier, pp. 146 & 148]. ÁÁThere is a relic of the True Cross at the Anglican Shrine at Walsingham, Norfolk [Clough]. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was given to King Harold by the Pope. Harold placed it at Waltham Abbey, London. It is believed that a piece from this was given to St. Margaret of Scotland. [Dean.] However, a 12C account of Waltham Abbey says that Harold gave many relics to the Abbey, without specifying a piece of the Cross. ÁÁRelics of the Holy Rood were at Wiblingen Abbey, Baden©WÀGÀrttemberg, Germany, 5 km S of Ulm [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 286]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the Cross at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁA portion of the True Cross was in the Cross Neyt, brought to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, from Wales in 1283 by Edward I [Hill, p. 57]. ÁÁÁÁCROWN OF THORNS ÁÁ[Florence] says 105 churches claim parts of the Crown of Thorns. ÁÁ[à ÃEveryman ÀMÀ IstanbulÄ Ä, pp. 148©149] says the relics of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns were in the Treasury of Haghia Sophia (now the Museum Director's Office) built by Justinian, and were looted in 1204. [Timbs, p. 6] says there was a 'new' Crown of Thorns at Constantinople, c1230. ÁÁIn the 11C (or 12C) there was a Crown of Thorns and other relics at St. Denis, Seine St-Denis. c1124, the monks forged a 'Descriptio' asserting that Charlemagne had led an armed crusade and brought back the relics. [Norman Cohn; à ÃThe Pursuit of the MillenniumÄ Ä; (1957); revised, Mercury Books, London, 1962, p. 390.] [Gauthier, p. 56] says the 'Descriptio' refers to the Crown of Thorns and a nail, which were brought to Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, and then taken to St. Denis by Charles the Bald. [Okey, p. 56] gives a different story ÀMÀ cf St. Denis in Saints list. ÁÁThe Treasury of Notre-Dame, Paris, contains a piece of the Cross, part (or all?) of the Crown of Thorns and a nail from the cross. [Hachette-Paris, p. 34. Cf. under Seymour in True Cross above.] [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, p. 57] says it is THE Crown of Thorns. It had been pledged by Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople with the Venetians and he was unable to redeem it. St. Louis redeemed it in 1239 [one source erroneously has 1293] and brought it to Notre-Dame, then to the chapel of St. Nicholas in the palace, which was replaced by the Sainte-Chapelle, specifically built to house the relics. [Timbs, p. 6 and Hutton, p. 120] say Baldwin sold it to Louis. A leaflet from the Sainte©Chapelle says the building cost À À40,000 and that Louis IX (St. Louis) bought the relics from Emperor Baudoin II for the (at the time) outrageous sum of À À135,000. [Hare (2), p. 277] says the Crown came from Jean de Brienne, (Baldwin's predecessor as Emperor of Constantinople), and that a duplicate is in Vicenza. About a year later, a bit of the True Cross, the blade of the Lance and the Sponge were added to the Crown. [Hare (2), p. 277] says it was a great portion of the Cross and came from Emperor Baudouin (Baldwin). ÁÁ[Cronin, p. 45] and [à ÃEBÄ Ä] date the Sainte-Chapelle to 1245-1248. Gauthier [p. 160] says 1239©1248, though p. 162 only indicates that work was in progress in 1244, but adds that it was consecrated in 1248. [Hare (2), p. 277] says it was built in 1242©1247 and consecrated on 25 Apr 1248. The Sainte©Chapelle leaflet says it was built in 1242©1248 and dedicated on 26 Apr 1248. à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 178 dates it to 1246 and says it contains the relics of the Passion. It also says Louis put the Crown and other relics in Notre©Dame in 1245, pending completion of the Sainte©Chapelle, which took a record time of 33 months [pp. 191-192]. Okey, pp. 71©72 & 86 says it took three years to build. ÁÁThe relics and their shrine [picture in Gauthier, p. 164] cost 2ÀÀ times as much as the Sainte-Chapelle. In 1360?, four English barons came to Paris to sign the Peace of Paris. They were shown the relics and each was given a spine from the Crown of Thorns. [Okey, p. 125.] The shrine was melted down in 1793 during the Revolution but some of the relics were saved and are now in the treasury of Notre-Dame and the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale. The Crown, a Nail and a piece of the True Cross are exhibited on Good Friday at Notre©Dame. [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, pp. 55, 57 & 60.] [Cronin, p. 44] says relics of the Cross and Crown were placed in the ball over the flÀ/Àche of Notre©Dame. The last window on the right of the Sainte Chapelle shows Louis receiving the relics at Sens, Yonne, and other episodes in the translation of the relics [Cronin, p. 46]. ÁÁMany relics of Christ were in the Bucoleon Chapel of the Palace in Constantinople before the Sack of 1204. These included pieces of the Crown of Thorns. [Gauthier, pp. 58 & 160.] But [à ÃEveryman ÀMÀ IstanbulÄ Ä, pp. 148©149] says the relics of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns were in the Treasury of Haghia Sophia (now the Museum Director's Office) built by Justinian, and were looted in 1204. ÁÁ[Okey (2), pp. 90©91] says the Crown was allocated to the Latin Eastern Emperor after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204. The Emperor pledged it and the Lance of St. Longinus to the Venetians and it was sent to Venice in 1238. Louis IX redeemed it and it went to Paris in 1238 or 1239. ÁÁLegendarily, the Crown of Thorns was made from the hawthorn tree which has led to various legends about the hawthorn. In southern Europe, it was considered to bring good luck, as having touched the blood of Christ, though the good luck aspects of the hawthorn were believed by the early Romans before Christ. In northern Europe, the plant that had caused pain to Christ was considered unlucky and it was bad luck to bring it into the house. [John Dunn & Colin Martin; à ÃJohn Dunn's Answers PleaseÄ Ä; (BBC, 1994); revised and expanded, Penguin, 1995, p. 129.] ÁÁÁÁMiscellaneous Sites, in Alphabetical Order. ÁÁThere is a thorn in the Basilica of San Francesco, Assisi, Umbria, presented by St. Louis [Gauthier, pp. 109©110]. ÁÁThere was a thorn at Bologna, Emilia©Romagna [Kent, p. 79]. ÁÁThere is a Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA spine from the Crown of Thorns is in the church of Chalandry, France (not on my map) [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä]. It was brought by a crusader in 1185 [à ÃBION©21Ä Ä, p. 62]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes a spine [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁIn the 14C, the King and Dauphin of France presented two thorns to Charles IV of Bohemia. He probably kept them in KarlÀ±Àtejn Castle, 20 km SW of Prague, which he had built partly to house his collection of relics. There is a mural depicting this gift in the Chapel of St. Mary in the Castle. [à ÃBlue GuideÄ Ä, p. 212.] ÁÁRoom 45 of the British Museum, London, has a Holy Thorn reliquary made for the Duc de Berri in Paris, c1400. There is a thorn in it. ÁÁThere was a thorn in Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThere is a thorn in St©Pieter©en©Pauluskerk, Mol, Antwerpen, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 212]. ÁÁIn 1473, Carlo Fortebraccio brought a thorn to Montone, Toscana, where it is processed twice a year, one Easter Monday and the Sunday after 15 Aug [Sergio Conti; à ÃOspitalitÀ!À e Cortesia nei Territori dell'Alto TevereÄ Ä; no publisher or place given, 2001, p. 26; local guidebook]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary crown of the Holy Thorn in the Diocesan Museum, Namur, Namur, Belgium, possibly made for the coronation of Henry of Flanders. This is somewhat confused by the fact that Henry sent two pieces of the Crown of Thorns to his brother Philip the Noble, Marquis of Namur, in 1205 & 1207. [Gauthier, pp. 136©137.] ÁÁThere is a thorn at Neudorf, Czechoslovakia [à ÃBION©13Ä Ä]. (There are two villages of Neudorf, now NovÀÀ Ves, in Czechoslovakia.) ÁÁ[Foligno, p. 198] describes the following in the Cappella del Tesoro in the Basilica of St. Anthony, Padua, Veneto: the tongue and chin of St. Anthony; a piece of the True Cross; some thorns from the Crown of Thorns; a stone from Gethsemane; the relics of the Apostles (no further specification given!). ÁÁThe Louvre, Paris, has a reliquary containing two thorns which St. Louis had given to the Dominicans at LiÀ/Àge [Gauthier, p. 138]. ÁÁ[Florence] says there is a small part of a thorn mounted in a ring at the Hotel de Cluny in Paris. ÁÁA thorn from the Crown of Thorns was in S. Maria della Spina, Pisa, Toscana. It is now in the Chiesa degli Spedali de Santa Chiara, in Pisa. [Marcello Jacorossi; à ÃPisaÄ Ä (English Ed.); Bonechi, Firenze, nd [c1970], pp. 146-147.] [Ross & Erichsen, pp. 250 & 253] describe it as a small piece of of the Crown, preserved in a little urn. It was brought by a Pisan merchant, who left it with his family when he went on a voyage. He never returned and a descendent, a Longhi, presented it to the church. ÁÁThere is a thorn at Port©Royal©des©Champs, Yvelines [Mackay, p. 697]. ÁÁCharles IV of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor from 1348, amassed a collection of relics at Prague, including "part of the whip used in the Passion, two thorns ..., a few drops of milk from the Virgin Mary and one of Mary Magdalene's breasts" [Humphreys, p. 92]. ÁÁA Holy Thorn is kept at the church of S. S. TrinitÀ!À in San Francesco, apparently part of Preggio, Umbria, about 12km SW of Umbertide [à ÃUmbertide Landscape © History © Monuments © Art © Itineraries © Tourist InformationÄ Ä; Comune di Umbertide, 2000, p. 12.] ÁÁThe Treasury of the Bishops of Rheims (= Reims, Marne) has a 11C reliquary of the Holy Thorn [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 216]. ÁÁThere was a fragment of the Crown of Thorns, which budded yearly on Good Friday, in Rhodes [Durrell (quoting Torr), p. 112]. ÁÁA spine from the Crown was given to the Cathedral of Spoleto, Umbria, by Frederick II [Gauthier, p. 100]. ÁÁA part of the Crown was included in the relics of St. Denis and his companions at St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, and was exposed in 1053 ÀMÀ cf St. Denis in Saints list [Okey, p. 56]. ÁÁThere are two pieces of a Thorn in the Abbey of St.©Maurice, St.©Maurice d'Agaune, Valais (or St.©Maurice©en©Valais), Switzerland, presented by St. Louis in 1262 [Gauthier, pp. 108 & 110]. ÁÁThere is a Thorn in St.©Sernin, Toulouse, Haut©Garonne [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 175]. ÁÁThere is a Thorn from the Crown of Thorns in Santa Corona, Vicenza, Veneto [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 260]. It was presented by St. Louis [à ÃMGG