ÿWPCL ûÿ2BJ|xÕÐ x ÐÐÐüð ä ØÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÐЊ‚ÐÈÐÁ`ÁRELICS © p. ÕÐ °x ÐÐа¤˜Œ € tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ°ÐЊ‚ÐÈÐ ÃÃÁàÁà ÃA REGISTER OF RELICSÄ Ä ÁàÁCompiled by David Singmaster ÄÄÁàÁ87 Rodenhurst Road, London, SW4 8AF, UK; email: ZINGMAST @ LSBU.AC.UK. ÁàÁLast updated on ØD1 3 4.DØ ÁÁà ÃINTRODUCTIONÄ Ä ÁÁAny traveller soon notices the multiplicity of holy relics. According to Cavendish, an edict of 787 required each church to possess a relic, despite St. Augustine's criticism of the trade in relics. The Council of Trent encouraged churches to set up images of Christ, Mary and the Saints. On the other hand, the Church has insisted since the Middle Ages that relics cannot be sold, only their containers can be. Similarly, Islam does not allow the Koran to be sold, but the binding can be. ÁÁI started filing notes, clippings and references on relics in the early 1970s. In order to correlate the mass of material, I slowly started entering information on a computer file in the early 1980s. In autumn and winter, 1986-87, I entered the main body of information. ÁÁThis register tends to concentrate on actual physical relics and on semi-mythological sites. The material is dominantly Christian but some other material has been gathered at the end. I have not tried to include the many sites more or less historically connected with Christ, Peter, Paul, etc., nor material of classical mythology. My information has been gathered rather randomly as a result of reading guidebooks, histories, newspaper articles, etc., as well as visiting actual sites. ÁÁThe treasuries of major churches or palaces often contain a multiplicity of reliquaries, many of which contain multiple relics, often unclearly labelled. It is rare for these to be adequately catalogued. In Feb 1996, I visited the Schatzkammer (Treasury) of the Habsburgs in Vienna which may be the most extensive collection in the world with much more than I could record. However, there is a substantial catalogue [Bauer et al.] with detailed descriptions of 430 items and colour photographs of most of them. 89 of these contain relics ÀMÀ consequently I will not describe all of these in detail, and I may just give a page reference. In 2002, I visited the Cathedral of St. Trophime, Arles, Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne, which has a whole chapel packed with reliquaries. I noticed bits of SS. Anne, Trophime and Ursula, but I didn't have time to record the hundred or so others. ÁÁSome items have full bibliographical reference given immediately; recurrent sources are abbreviated, with details at the end. ÁÁÁÁà ÃBGÄ Ä = Blue Guide. ÁÁÁÁà ÃBIONÄ Ä = Believe It of Not. ÁÁÁÁDBS = Seen by myself. ÁÁÁÁÃÃIHTÄÄ = International Herald Tribune. ÁÁÁÁà ÃMGGÄ Ä = Michelin Green Guide. ÁÁsv. = svatÀUÀ (in Czech); sveti (in Serbo©Croatian). ÁÁNotre should be spelled NÀ=Àtre, but not all sources use the circumflex, so I have consistently omitted it. ÁÁI have given state, county, Land, departÀ)Àment or province names for most cities or sites in: France, Germany. Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States. Although not essential for large cities, these may be useful for other sites. ÁÁà ÃCONTENTS.Ä Ä Pages last updated on 14 Feb 2002. Old Testament 4ÁÁÁÁ)ÁÁApproximately in New Testament 11ÁÁÁÁ)ÁÁchronological ÁÁChrist 11ÁÁÁÁÁÁ)ÁÁorder. ÁÁTrue Cross, etc. ÁÁÁÁTrue Cross and Nails: multiple mentions, then in alphabetic order of location 17 ÁÁÁÁCrown of Thorns 27 ÁÁÁÁLance of St. Longinus 29 ÁÁÁÁTeeth 30 ÁÁÁÁBlood & Sponge 30 ÁÁÁÁHoly Grail & Glastonbury Thorn 33 ÁÁÁÁVeronica's Veil 35 ÁÁÁÁShroud 35 ÁÁÁÁHoly Sepulchre 38 ÁÁÁÁFootprints 38 ÁÁÁÁGethsemane 39 ÁÁÁÁStigmata 39 ÁÁÁÁMiscellaneous (Navels, umbilici) 39 ÁÁMary (including Mary Magdalene & Martha) 39 ÁÁÁÁMilk. Misc. 40 ÁÁÁÁClothes 41 ÁÁÁÁHouses 42 ÁÁImages ÁÁÁÁPaintings of the Madonna, in alphabetic order of location 44 ÁÁÁÁStatues of the Virgin 48 ÁÁÁÁPaintings of Christ 49 ÁÁÁÁStatues of Christ 49 Saints (and some Blesseds) (in alphabetical order) 50©128 ÁÁAbiba, Acca, Adjutor, Adrian, Agatha, Agnes (& Emerentiana), Aidan, Alban, Aldhelm, AlÀ/Àne, Blessed Alessio di Jacopo Strozzi, Alexis, Alkmund, Amador, Ambrogio (= Ambrose), Amphibalus, Anastasia, Anastasius the Persian, Blessed Andrea di Scozia, Andrew, Anne, Anselm, Anthony??, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of Padua, Antioco, Antolin, Apollinaire, Apollonia, Aquilinus, Asterio, Athanasius (of Santiago); Athanasius (of Alexandria), Athanasius (of Mt. Athos), Augustine of Canterbury, Augustine of Hippo, Bacchus, Barbara, Barnabas, Bartholomew, Bartolo, Basil, Baudime, Bede, Benedetto Manasseri, Benedict (and Scholastica), Bernadette, Bernard, Bernardino of Siena, Beata Berta, Bertram, Beuno, Biagio, Birinus (= Berin), Blaise (= Vlaho), Bline, Boniface, Brecan, Brendan, Briac, Bridget, Britius, Bruno, Cado, Callisto, Callistus, Candid, Candida (= Wita = Wite), Beato Pietro Capucci, Carlo Borromeo, Catherine of Alexandria, Catherine of Siena, Cavan, Cecilia, Cennydd, Cerbone, Chad, Charalambos, Charlemagne, Christodulos, Christopher, Christophoros Cynocephalos, Clare (= Chiara), Clemens Maria Hofbauer, Clement, Colman, Colonat, Columba (= Columkille), Concordias, Constance, Cornely, Cosmas and Damian, Crescenziano, Crispin & Crispianus, Crohane, Cucufas, Cugat, Cuthbert, Cyprian, Cyr, Cyril, Daniel, Darerca, David (= Dewi), Declan, Degna, Demetrius, Denis (= Denys = Dionysius), DÀ)Àvote, Disen, Doged, Dominic, Domingo de la Calzada, Donato, Donatus, Dorothy, Dumine, Dwynen, Dyfrig (= Devereux), King Eadward the Martyr, Eanswythe, Edbert, Edburg, Edith, Edmund, Edme = Edmund of Abingdon, Edmund the Confessor, Edward the Confessor, Edward Arrowsmith, Efflam, Efisio, Egidio, Eilian, Elizabeth of Hungary (= Elisabeth of Thuringia), Eloy, Emmerich, Enda, Endelieta (= Endellion), Engelbert, Erkenwald, Erme, Ermengol, Ermenilda, Ermenio, Josemaria EscrivÀÀ, Ethelburga, Ethelreda, Eugenia, Eulalia, Euphemia, Euphrosyne, Eusebius of Cremona, Eustace (= Eustache), Eustochium, Eutropius, Exupery, Fabian, Faith (= Foy), Fausta, Felicissimus, Felicita, Felix, Pope Felix, Felix of Cantalice, Fermo, Fiacre, Fidelio, Filippo (= Phillip), Fillan, Finan, Finbar, Fortunade, Fortunato, Fosca, Francis, Francis of Paola, Francis Xavier, Frideswide, Fridiano (= Frediano?), Fridolin, FroilÀÀn, Front, Gabriel, Galgano, Galla Placidia (not a saint?), Gamaliel, Gaudenzio, Antoni Gaudi (proposed), Gavino, GellÀ)Àrt, Genesio, GeneviÀ/Àve, George, Gereon, Germain of Autun, Germanus (Germain, of Auxerre), Germiniano, Gertrude, Gervasius & Protasius, Gildas, Giles, Giovanna, (Blessed) Giovanni da Salerno, Giuliana, Giulio (= Julius), Giustina, Giusto, Godelive, Godric, Gommarus, GonÀ)Àry, Goncalo, Gonsalo, Govan, Gregory, Gregory V (Patriarch), Blessed Gregory X (Pope), Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Spoleto, Guthlac, Guy of Anderlecht, Gwynhoydl, Hadelin, Hedwig, Helena (= Elena), Heliodorus, Henrin, Henri??, Henry II the Saint, Henry VI, Herbot, Hermes, Hilary, Hippolytus, Hubert, Hugh, Hyacinth, Idesbald, Ignatius of Antioch, Ignatius (of Mytilene), Ignatius Loyola, Illtyd, Irene, Isabel, Isabella, Isidore, Isidore of Seville, Isidro, (IstvÀÀn ÀMÀ see Stephen), (Ives ÀMÀ see Ya, Ivo & Yves), Ivo, Jacopone da Todi, James??, James the Greater, James the Less, JÀÀnos (= John, but which one??), Januarius, Jaoua, Jerome, Joan of Arc, Pope Joan, Joana, John??, John Chrysostom, John Fisher, John Kemble, John Nepomuk, John of Beverley, John of Damascus, John of God, John of the Cross, John Schorne, John the Almsgiver, John the Baptist, John the Divine, John the Evangelist, John XXIII, Joseph of Arimathea, Juan Diego, Judas, Jude, JudicaÀ-Àl, Julian, Juliana, Junius (Junien), Just, Justin, Justinian, Kenelm, Kentigern, Ketevan, Kevin, Kieran, Kilian, (Ladislaus ÀMÀ see LÀÀszlÀ;À), Laichtin, Lambert, Landelin, Landry, Ven. S. Veronica Laparelli, Laserian, LÀÀszlÀ;À, Lawrence, Lawrence O'Toole, Lazarus, Leocadia, Pope Leo, Leonard, Leopold, LÀ)Àry, Leuffroi, Lewinna, Liborius, Librada, Longinus, King Louis, Louis of Toulouse, Lucidius, Lucy, Ludger, Ludmilla, Luke, Blessed Luke (Hosios Loukas), Lunaire, Lurach, Luxorius, Magloire, Magnus, Malachy, Marcarius, Marcel, Marcellian (?= Marcellinus), Marcia, Margaret or Marina, Margaret Clitherow, Margaret of Scotland, Margherita, Maria de la Cabeza, Maria Goretti, Marino (= Marinus), Mark, Martial, Martin, Martyrs of Trier, Mary of Egypt, Matthew, Matthias, Maur, Maurice, Maxellendis, Maximilian, Maximina, Maximinus, Maximus, MÀ)Àdard, MÀ)Àen (= Mewan), Meinrad, Melangell, Merri, Michael, Mildred, MillÀÀn, Miniato, Moderandus, Moling, Monenna, Monica, Muiredach O'Heney, Mungo (= Kentigern), Nabor, Nazarius (= Nazaro), Nectaire, Neot, Nicholas (= Nicola), Czar Nicholas II, Nicholas of FlÀGÀe, Nicholas (of Lesbos), Nicholas the Less, Nicodemus, Nicola da Tolentino, Non, Nonna, Norbert, Oda, Odile, Oleguer, Oliver Plunkett, Omonia, Osmund, Oswald, Oswin, Osyth, Pancras, Pantaleon(e), Patrick, Paul, Paul the Aurelian (= Pol), Paula, Paulinus, Pedro GonzÀÀlez Telmo, Peter, Peter of Verona (= Peter Martyr), Peter the Exorcist, Petroc, Petronilla, Petronio, Philibert, Philip (Phillip), Philip Howard, Philomena, (Blessed) Pierre Rouge, Pilate & Procula, Padre Pio, Pontius, Poppo, Prassede, Procopius, Prosdocimus, Protasius, Quentin, Quintilianus, Quiriace, Quirin, Ragener, Ramon, Ramon de Penyafort, Ranieri, Raphael, Regina, Regnobert, Regula, Remaculus, Blessed Remigio de' Girolami, Remigius (= Remi), Richard of Chichester, Richard Reynolds, Rocco (= Roch), Romana, Ronan, Rosa (of Lima), Rosalia, Roseline, Rumbold (= Rumwold), Saba, Sabina, Sabine, Sabus, Samson, Sebald, Sebastian, Seiriol, Senan, Sergius, Sernin (= Saturninus), Servatius, Servius, Seven Sleepers, Severin, Sexburga, Siard, Sicaire, Sigismund, Simeon the Apostle, Simeon Stylites (& Symeon Stylites the Younger), Simon, Simon Stock, Simon Tybald, Sixtus & Sinicus, Spyridon, Stanislas, Stephen, (King) Stephen of Hungary, Stephen ?? & Stephen of Muret, Sunidonius, Swithin, Sylvester, Tarasio, Teilo, Ten Thousand Martyrs, Teresa of Avila, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Teresa of Lisieux, the Theban Legion, Theodora, Theodore (of Santiago), Theodore the Byzantine, Theodore the Martyr, Theodore the Tyro & Theodore Stratelates, Theodosius, Theoktiste, Theophano, ThÀ)ÀrÀ/Àse (= Teresa of Lisieux), Thomas, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Becket, Thomas More, Thomas of Hereford (= Thomas Cantilupe), Thuriau, Thuriauf, Tiburtius, Timothy, Totnan, Trophime, Tryphon, Tydfil, Ubaldo, The Uncounted Martyrs, Urs, Ursmer, Ursula (and her 11,000 virgins), Valentine, Valerian, Vanna, Venan, Veronica, Victor, Vincent & Vincentio, Vincent de Paul, Vincent Ferrier (or Ferrer), Vincent Madelgaire, Vincent of Saragossa, Vittore, Vitus, Vivaldo, Walburga, Warnebert, Waudru, Wenceslas (= VÀÀclav), Werbergh, Wigbert, Wilfred, William, William of Perth, William of York, Willibrord, Winefred, Wita or Wite, Withburga, Wulfstan (= Wulstan), Yerasimos, Yrieux, Yves, Zaccheus, Zachary (= Zaccaria), Zanobi, Zeno. Miscellaneous Christianity 128 Ð ¤x ÐÐИŒ € thÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤ÐÐArthur; Bury Cross; Protestantism; Papal viscera; John Styles' heart; General 128 Dragons 128 Hell 129 Ð °x ÐÐа¤˜Œ € tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ°ÐÐ Islam 130 Buddhism 132 Hinduism 134 Sikhism 135 Confucianism 135 Miscellaneous Non©Christian 135©138 ÁÁGreek (incl. Centaurs and Sirens); Centre of the World; Dun Cow; Griffins; ÁÁÁÁMermaids; Phoenix; Roc 136 ÁÁUnicorns 136©138 MISCELLANEOUS INDIVIDUALS 139©143 ÁÁAlfred, Babbage, Beethoven, Bentham, Bragadin, Brutus, Byron, Charles I, Buffalo Bill Cody, Columbus, Cromwell, Dickens, Donnelly, Einstein, Galileo, Geronimo, Geronimo of Oran, Heinrich I, Helen of Troy, Ned Kelly, Livingstone, Merlin, Mozart, Napoleon, Nelson, Newton, Pizarro, Bonnie Prince Charlie, Richard the Lionheart, Robert the Bruce, Santos©Dumont, Shakespeare, Washington Winter's Gibbet, Sarajevo, Auschwitz 143 References 143 ÁÁÁÁà ÃOLD TESTAMENTÄ Ä ÁÁA 15C pilgrim to Bethlehem was shown the field where God scooped the clay to make à ÃADAMÄ Ä. The same field contained the bush where Cain slew Abel and the cave where Adam and Eve first made love after the Fall. [Gascoigne.] Jewish belief is that God created Adam on the Stone of Foundation, the rock enclosed in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem [Sally Richardson; Jerusalem, Three times holy; ÃÃFocusÄÄ No. 4 (Mar 1993) 79]. ÁÁThe Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II, managed to obtain "two nails from Noah's Ark ... a lump of clay out of which God formed Adam ..." [Humphreys, p. 61]. ÁÁIslamic legend says that ADAM met EVE on the mountain of Arafat, near Mecca [John Andrews; Airline bows to eastern custom; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (2 Sep 1976) ??]. ÁÁAdam's footprint is in the rocks on Mt. Serendip, Sri Lanka. This is also known as Adam's Peak or Pico Adam. (Islamic myth says that Adam had to stand here on one foot, for 200 years, after the expulsion from Eden.) [John Grant; à ÃA Book of NumbersÄ Ä; Ashgrove Press, London??, 1982, p. 209.] [Robert Paul Jordan; Time of testing for Sri Lanka; ÃÃNat. Geog.ÄÄ 155:1 (Jan 1979) 143.] The second reference notes that Portuguese Christian mythology considers it a mark of St. Thomas, the Hindus consider it a footprint of Siva and the Buddhists consider it a footprint of Buddha. [Timbs (2), p. 110] says John Davy thinks this 'is a work of art'. ÁÁThe skull of Adam is believed to have been uncovered on Golgotha after the Crucifixion. ÁÁMarco Polo [Book III, Chap. XXIII; Everyman's Library, Dent, London, 1908] says the Saracens believe the tomb of Adam is at the summit, while 'the idolaters' say it contains the body of Buddha, who died here. A note says "the Mahometans say, that when they were cast down from Paradise, Adam fell on the island of Ceylon or Serendip, and Eve near Joddah in Arabia." Other notes say there is a footprint. One note calls it "an impression of the foot of Buddha, in some respects similar to those in the Kingdoms of Ava and Siam." Marco says, concerning Buddha, "some of his hair, his teeth, and the basin he made use of, are still preserved, and shown with much ceremony. The Saracens, on the other hand, maintain that these belonged to the prophet Adam." He adds that "two large back teeth, together with some of the hair and a handsome vessel of porphyry" were sent from the King of Ceylon to Kublai Khan in 1281. ÁÁThe tomb of EVE is in Jidda. It is of colossal size, as befits the mother of all mankind. [à ÃBION Book of WomenÄ Ä, p. 40.] It was a pilgrimage site for barren women. It was demolished by Islamic fundamentalists in 1959. [Shyam Bhatia; Fear stalks the Saudis; ÃÃObserverÄÄ (5 Nov 1989) 11.] ÁÁThe stump of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil stands on the site of the Garden of Eden at Kurnah, Iraq, at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates [à ÃNew BIONÄ Ä, p. 52]. ÁÁA source says the Sumerians viewed the Garden of Eden as being at the southern end of Iraq, bordering the Gulf, but that à ÃGenesisÄ Ä places it in the Armenian mountains. ÁÁThe Garden of Eden is in Damascus [Azzi, pp. 516 & 525]. ÁÁThe Samaritans believe the Garden of Eden was on Mt. Gerizim, near Shechem in Samaria [La Fay, p. 759]. ÁÁSome have claimed that the Garden of Eden was at Glastonbury, Somerset [Bailey, p. 46]. ÁÁThe skin of the serpent that seduced Eve was collected by Charles Gunther and is in the Chicago Historical Society [Weschler, pp. 14©15 & 36©37]. ÁÁIt is commonly believed that the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil was an apple, but this is not stated in à ÃGenesisÄ Ä. Islamic tradition says it was a fig. [McGow, p. 9.] ÁÁAccording to the Mormons, the Garden of Eden was in Missouri. ÁÁDuring the Middle Ages, the Garden of Eden was placed in Ceylon [W. J. Wintle; The romance of map©making; ÃÃThe Harmsworth London MagazineÄÄ 9 (1902) 271]. ÁÁThe altars of CAIN and ABEL are supposed to have stood on the Rock in Jerusalem [Becker, p. 40]. ÁÁThe bush where CAIN slew ABEL was near Bethlehem [Gascoigne ÀMÀ see under Adam above]. ÁÁThe spot where Cain slew Abel is at Damascus [Ritson's à ÃPolychroniconÄ Ä, quoted by Timbs, p. 1]. ÁÁThe tomb of ABEL is reputed to be An-Nabi Habil, a barren promontory above the Barada River, now enclosed in a stone building with a dome, 19 miles NW of Damascus [Azzi, pp. 512, 516, 529 & 530]. ÁÁA tomb in Serachs, Afghanistan, is claimed to be the tomb of CAIN [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä]. ÁÁThere are two peaks of Mt. ARARAT (AÀuÀrÀ1À DaÀuÀÀ1À) ÀMÀ Great Ararat, 5165 m, and Little Ararat, 3925 m. The peak rises above a plain at about 1000 m, making it perhaps the most outstanding peak in the world. The pre©Christian Armenians regarded it as the resting place of the ARK and after their conversion to Christianity, early 4C, a fragment of the Ark was enshrined at Jacob's Well, on the NE slope of the mountain. [Freely, pp. 326©327.] [Freely (2), pp. 503©504] changes this to the NW slope and adds that the sanctuary stood until the early 20C. ÁÁThe earliest version of the Flood story has the ship landing on Mt. Nisir, then Pir Omar Gudrun, a 9000 ft peak in northern Mesopotamia [Michael Wood; Hook, line and sinker; ÃÃThe Daily TelegraphÄÄ (22 Jan 1994) 15]. ÁÁTradition says the Ark landed at Kufa, near Najaf, in Iraq(?), where there is a Muslim shrine called 'The Ship' [Wood, ibid.]. ÁÁIn ©3C, the Babylonian priest Berossus said the Ark landed in the 'Kurdish Mountains'. Genesis actually only says it landed in 'the mountains of Urartu', which covers all of Armenia! The specific peak Ararat was not mentioned until much later. [Wood, ibid.] ÁÁJosephus, writing in 1C, records that the Armenians of Mt. Ararat were displaying relics of the Ark [Irving M. Klotz; à ÃDiamond Dealers and Feather MerchantsÄ Ä; BirkhÀÀuser, Boston, 1985; p. 106]. ÁÁ[Timbs, p. 2] says a cross made from wood of the Ark was at a church in Nova Schamachia. Near Erivan is the place where Noah first planted the vine and nearby Nachichevan, meaning' place of descent', was where Noah settled upon leaving the Ark. ÁÁArchdeacon Nouri found the Ark on 25 April 1892 [ÃÃEnglish MechanicÄÄ 56 - 184, cited in Charles Forte; à ÃNew LandsÄ Ä; (1923), Ace Books, 1973; p. 36]. ÁÁThe Ark was located on Mt. Judi in 1949, with NOAH's Tomb nearby. It was also located on Mt. Ararat in 1856, 1876, 1892, 1916, 1953, c1956, c1966, 1969 and 1974. There is a piece of it at the Monastery of Echmiadzin. [Michell & Rickard, p. 69.] ÁÁIn the early 1960s, Fernand Navarra found carved pieces of wood in a crevasse at 14,000 feet and brought some back which was (is?) exhibited in France. His book, à ÃNoah's Ark ÀMÀ I Touched ItÄ Ä (Logos International, Plainfield, NJ, 1974), reports that carbon dating revealed the wood was 4484 years old ÀMÀ precisely the age required by Biblical chronology. Navarra's proof that this is the Ark basically is: "What else can it be?" However, Navarra doesn't cite any laboratory reports, which is hardly surprising as these had been published as early as 1965 and all give an age of at most 1700 years! Five of the seven tests give ages between 1190 and 1350 years, one gives 1690 years and the other just says less than 2000 years. With these dates, Klotz notes that it could be one of the many shrines constructed by the locals. [Klotz, ibid., pp. 106©115.] ÁÁIn 1982, an expedition led by ex©astronaut James Irwin located the Ark on the north side of the mountain. In 1984, another expedition found the Ark ÀMÀ or at least a boat shaped impression about 450 ft by 80 ft, about the right size ÀMÀ 5,200 feet up the southern side. At the time, there were three expeditions on the mountain, including a second one led by Irwin, who was with the group when they found their impression of the Ark. [Klotz, ibid., p. 114 reproduces two newspaper articles on these expeditions.] As Klotz notes, it would be nice to have a map showing where each of these discoveries took place! ÁÁIn the 1980s, Tom Crotser, leader of the Holy Ground Mission, Frankston, Texas, said he had travelled to Turkey nine times and had found remains of the Ark and of the Tower of Babel on Mt. Ararat. He also predicted the Second Coming of Christ would be 18 Sep 1988. [Kevin McClure; à ÃThe ÃÃFortean TimesÄÄ Book of the MillenniumÄ Ä; John Brown Publishing, London, 1996, p. 87.] ÁÁIn Sep 1991, Allen Roberts, founder of Ark Search, was kidnapped by Kurdish guerillas in eastern Turkey. After his release, he reported having found the Ark ÀMÀ at least "fossilised animal droppings and petrified wood in a vaguely boat©shaped rock". [Richard Colby; The Ark gets into deep water; ÃÃThe Guardian OnlineÄÄ (12 Dec 1996) 7.] In 1992, Roberts toured Australia claiming he had scientific evidence of ribs, petrified wood, fossilised dung and stone anchors. Roberts is quoted in one report with the same answer as Navarra: "What else can it be?" In 1994, Ian Plimer, head of Earth Sciences at the Univ. of Melbourne, visited the site and found ordinary rock and mud, roughly 110 million years old. He reported this in his 1994 book, à ÃTelling Lies for GodÄ Ä. In 1997, he sued Roberts for misleading and deceptive conduct under the Trade Practices Act. Plimer had to sell his house to finance the case. Sadly, he lost as the judge ruled that Roberts was not engaged in a trade, though the judge did agree that Roberts' claims were false. In a separate action, the judge found that Roberts had breached copyright of an American book on the site of the Ark. Plimer is planning to appeal and Roberts is suing him for defamation! [Christopher Zinn; Scientist sues 'Noah's Ark finder'; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (7 Apr 1997) 8. Christopher Zinn; Litigants see Ark verdict in two lights; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (3 Jun 1997) 14.] In summer 1997, the Geological Society of London made Plimer an Honorary Fellow in recognition of his struggle [Anthea Gerrie; UK throws a lifeline to Ark sceptic; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ, (7 Sep 1997) 30]. In Dec 1977, Plimer lost his appeal and was headed for bankruptcy [Noah's Ark fight ends in bankruptcy; ÃÃDaily TelegraphÄÄ (6 Dec 1997) 15]. ÁÁIn 1994, a Texas©based group reported finding the Ark ÀMÀ or at a least a buried ship©like object ÀMÀ 7000 ft up a mountain on the Turkish©Iranian border about 20 miles from Mt. Ararat. The site is just below the peak of al©Judi, named as the resting place by the Koran. It was 515 ft long and 139 ft wide ÀMÀ close to Noah's 300 cubits by 50 cubits and one expedition member said it could be 100,000 years old. [Wood, ibid. Martin Wroe; Noah's Ark 'found near Mt Ararat'; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (16 Jan 1994) 2.] ÁÁNOTE. A cubit is usually considered to be about 18" = 1.5 ft, possibly up to 22" = 1.83 ft. The Bible says the Ark was 300 cubits by 50 cubits. This would be about 450 ft by 75 ft for an 18" cubit, which is reasonably consistent with the 1984 impression, or about 550 ft by 92 ft for a 22" cubit. The 1994 measurements correspond to cubits of 1.72 ft for the length and 2.78 ft for the width, which seem unreasonably inconsistent. ÁÁThere is a tomb of NOAH at Cizre, Turkey [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä]. ÁÁThere is a tomb of Noah near Baalbek, Lebanon [Timbs, p. 214]. ÁÁNoah's axe was among the relics placed by Constantine in the base of the Column of Constantine (= Burnt Column = À&ÀemberlitaÀ³À) in Constantinople (= Istanbul) [Boulanger, p. 86]. ÁÁThe à ÃTalmudÄ Ä says the Rock in Jerusalem is over the entrance to an abyss where the Flood still roars [Becker, p. 40]. ÁÁThe Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II, managed to obtain "two nails from Noah's Ark ... a lump of clay out of which God formed Adam ..." [Humphreys, p. 61]. ÁÁA pillar of salt on the shore of the Dead Sea is called LOT's Wife [à ÃBION©13Ä Ä; à ÃBION©27Ä Ä, p. 118.]. ÁÁThe Oak of ABRAHAM, where he met the angels of the Lord, stands on the plain of Mamreh, two miles west of Hebron [à ÃNew BIONÄ Ä, p. 52]. ÁÁSamaritan tradition says Abraham's sacrifice was on Mt. Gerizim in Samaria [La Fay, p. 759]. Other tradition says it was on the Stone of Creation or Sacred Rock in the Dome of the Rock, on top of what is considered to be Mount Moriah, Jerusalem [Sally Richardson; Jerusalem, Three times holy; ÃÃFocusÄÄ No. 4 (Mar 1993) 79; Becker, p. 40; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 22 & 25]. ÁÁAbraham and Jacob both camped at Sichem, a bit south of Nablus [Becker, p. 64]. ÁÁThe Tomb of the Patriarchs, in Hebron, is revered as the tomb of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. This was uncovered in the 12C. [Runciman-2, p. 319.] This is the Cave of Machpelah, near Hebron, which Abraham bought to bury Sarah and lies under the present Haram el©Khalil. Abraham, Sarah, Jacob, Leah, Isaac, Rebecca and Joseph are buried here. [Becker, pp. 61©62; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 63©65]. However, Islamic tradition says Abraham is buried at Mecca and the Tomb of Joseph is at Shechem (= Nablus). [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 71] states Joseph's body was brought to Shechem, but perhaps he was moved to Hebron later? ÁÁRelics of the Patriarchs ÀMÀ Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Sara ÀMÀ were in an ivory horn at Angers, Maine©et©Loire, in 1255 and are now in the Angers Museum [Gauthier, p. 38]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including relics of the three Patriarchs [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁJacob's Well (Bir Yakub), dug by Jacob, is near Nablus (the ancient Shechem), covered by a Greek Orthodox church [Luis Marden; The other side of Jordan; ÃÃNat. Geog.ÄÄ 126:6 (Dec 1964) 790©825 ÀMÀ see p. 818; Becker, p. 64]. [Roberts, III©71 & Roberts©Crolly, IV©6] recorded it as 'a heap of rubbish'. The Church is often attributed to Helena, but probably dates from c400. This is the well where Jesus met the woman of Samaria, so it is also called Bir Samariyah. ÁÁJacob buried his wife Rachel at the Tomb of Rachel (Qubbat Rahil), a bit north of Bethlehem. She died giving birth to Benjamin while they were travelling to Bethlehem. [Becker, p. 59. Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 50.] ÁÁJACOB'S PILLOW is described in à ÃGenesisÄ Ä 28:18©22. The morning after his dream he took the stone and set it up as a pillar, as 'God's house' at a place he called Bethel (= Beth © el = house of God). He later built an altar at the site and there was a city, eventually destroyed by Josiah, but the site vanished from history after the Babylonian captivity. One version says it was taken to Egypt. Gahelus (or Gathelus or Gedyl©Glays), son of Cerops, King of Athens, was married to Scota, daughter of the Pharaoh. During the time of Moses, they fled with the Stone to Sicily or Spain, from whence it went to Tara, Co. Meath, Ireland. Gathelus is the supposed founder of the Scottish nation. A version says they went to Spain and built a city called Brigantia, now the site of Compostela. It was carried to Ireland by Simon Brech, c©700, who was crowned on it. Another version says the two sons of Gathelus (or Milesius, a King of Spain) conquered Ireland and founded the Scottish race. ÁÁAnother version says the Stone was removed from Bethel to the second Temple, where it served as pedestal to the Ark of the Covenant. ÁÁAnother version is that it is "the seal of witness of promises made to Israel" and that its possessor is the representative of the lost ten tribes of Israel. This version says it was in the Temple at the time of the Babylonian captivity (c©580) and that Jeremiah fled with it to Egypt, thence to Spain and to Ireland, accompanied by Baruch and the Princess Tephi of the line of David. A variant says she brought it to Ireland, accompanied by a guardian and one Baruch or Brug. She married the local king Eochaid, converted him and his people to adopting the Ten Commandments and was crowned on the Stone at Tara, establishing the Kingdom of David in Ireland which descended through Scotland to the present Royalty of England! These versions associate the word Tara with the Hebrew Torah (Law). ÁÁAnother version says Jacob's Pillow was carried to Ireland by Israelite refugees from Nebuchadnezzar's sack of Jerusalem in -586. ÁÁLegends tend to agree that the Irish used it as a coronation stone, the 'Lia FÀÀil' or 'Stone of Destiny' at Tara, Co. Meath, though some versions say it was in Argyll, Scotland. The modern statue of St. Patrick is supposed to be where the Stone was sited. It was said to produce a thunderous sound when the legitimate prince was crowned upon it. King Fergus MacEark, an Irish prince, later became King of Scotland and took the Stone to Scotland. It was at Dunstaffnage in Argyll, Scotland. In 846, Kenneth Macalpin moved it to the Abbey of Scone, near Perth, in commemoration of his uniting the Picts and Scots. It continued as a coronation stone. ÁÁAnother version claims that the true Lia Fail never left Ireland and is the pillar stone still standing on Tara and marking the graves of those who died in the uprising of 1798. Others say this stone is of Druidic origin. Weighing 14 tons, it is unlikely to have been transported very far! ÁÁAnother version says the Stone at Scone derives from an altar stone, possibly that on which Bonifacius celebrated Eucharist after converting the Picts to the usage of the Roman calendar about 710. ÁÁThe Blarney Stone is said to be JACOB's Pillow brought back during the Crusades [Anthony Butler; à ÃThe Book of BlarneyÄ Ä; Wolfe Publishing, 1969, pp. 12-13]. A guide to Blarney Castle says it may have been brought back from the Crusades, or it may be the part of the Stone of Scone given to Cormac MacCarthy, King of Munster, by Robert the Bruce, in gratitude for Munster's aid at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 [Sean Petit; à ÃBlarney Castle ÀMÀ The Story of a LegendÄ Ä; Blarney Castle Estate, 1989, p. 24]. ÁÁA 1994 Cork visitors' guide says about the Blarney Stone: "others believe it is ... 'Jacob's Pillow', and brought to Ireland by Jeremiah the Prophet. It is most likely to have been brought back during the Crusades." ÁÁThe authentic history of the Stone of Scone only begins at Scone. In 1296, Edward I took it to Westminster Abbey, London ÀMÀ though ancient rumour asserts the Scots replaced the real stone with a fake before Edward got to Scone and that the real stone was hidden at Dunsinane Castle, near Perth, until the 19C when it was moved to a nearby farm. [R. Brasch; à ÃHow Did It Begin?Ä Ä; Longmans, Australia, 1965, pp. 195-196. Welfare & Fairley, pp. 150ª151.] Edward placed it in a new oak chair at the shrine of Edward the Confessor. About that time, it was already believed to be Jacob's pillow. In the 1328 Treaty of Northampton, Edward III agreed to return the Stone to Scotland but this was never implemented. As early as the 14C, it was said that a Scot will rule wherever the Stone is ÀMÀ and this was confirmed when James VI of Scotland becoming James I of England! ÁÁThe actual Stone of Scone is of Scottish sandstone [à ÃBG-LondonÄ Ä, p. 29], or dark purplish red freestone, 26" by 16" by 11" (or 10ÀÀ"), weighing 336 lb. [Erlend Clouston; Heavyweight royal relic with a rocky history; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (4 Jul 1996) 3] states it is made from sandstone from near Oban. Another authority opines it is sandstone from western Scotland and that the most probable story is that it was the pillow on which the dying St. Columba rested his head. ÁÁThe Stone was stolen by Scottish nationalists in 1950 ÀMÀ and another rumour is that a copy was then made [Welfare & Fairley, p. 151]. It is claimed that the original is in Dull, Perthshire, in the Church of the Knights Templars of Scotland [Clouston, op. cit. above]. However, it was known that the Stone had been repaired by the nationalists, so when these rumours first surfaced in 1972, the Stone was X©rayed and the relevant metal rods were seen, so the Stone is certainly the one that that the nationalists stole. This information was not released until Jul 1996. [Erlend Clouston; Stone of Destiny proved genuine; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (17 Jul 1996).] In 1996, the Stone was returned to Scotland. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including a piece of the stone of Jacob's pillow [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁMuch of the legendary material above is derived from a small booklet with little identification ÀMÀ the last page has a colophon which I assume is the author/publisher ÀMÀ [H. Munro (269 Great Colmore Street, Birmingham); à ÃEngland's Coronation Stone and What is Said about ItÄ Ä; the author??, nd [c1930s]]. ÁÁThere was 'An Orange gathered from a Tree that grew over ÃÃZebulon'sÄÄ Tombe' in Tradescant's Ark, London [Tradescant, p. 43]. ÁÁLegend claimed that the pyramids of Egypt were the Granaries built by JOSEPH in the years of plenty. This is mentioned as early as Julius Honorius (5C) and was used as a motif in a dome mosaic of St. Mark's, Venice. Source?? ([Timbs, pp. 75©76] gives a 16C version of this story, but thinks it unique, though [p. 157] mentions it as a common opinion.) [à ÃBION©8Ä Ä, p. 148] says the granaries of Joseph are still standing at Thebes, Egypt. Joseph was buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs at Hebron [Becker, p. 62] or at Sichem, just south of Nablus, where the Tomb of Joseph (and his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh) is near the Field of Ruins [Becker, pp. 64-65; Roberts, III©71; Roberts©Crolly, IV©11]. [Roberts©Crolly, IV©14] says all of Jacob's twelve sons were buried here, as was Joshua. ÁÁThere are three places claimed to be where MOSES was found in the bulrushes: under the Ben Ezra synagogue, Cairo; at Roda Island, nearby; at Memphis, a few miles upriver [Arden, pp. 2, 3 & 7]. [à ÃThe Wonders of Nature and ArtÄ Ä; William Milner, Halifax, 1839, p. 396] says it was adjacent to the famous Nilometer at Makkias, on the island opposite Old Cairo. ÁÁ"A jar alleged to contain the original Egyptian darkness inflicted by Moses is a church relic in Doberan-Mecklenberg, Ger[many]" [à ÃBION©2Ä Ä, p. 48]. (Bad Doberan is in Mechlenburg©Vorpommern.) ÁÁThe site where the Children of Israel crossed the Red Sea has been displayed for many years [Timbs, p. 76]. ÁÁThe Monastery of St. Catherine, at the foot of Mt. Sinai, claims to be the site of the burning bush [Arden, pp. 8, 12, 23 & 25]. A c450 record by Etheria reports that the 'same bush is alive to this day' [Forsyth, p. 95]. ÁÁJebel Musa (generally called Mt. Sinai) and Jebel Hilal (much to the north) are each claimed to be Mt. Sinai [Arden, pp. 8-9]. ÁÁMany of the springs in the Sinai and nearby are claimed to be due to Moses striking the rock, e.g. Ayn Musa below Jebel Nebo [Arden, pp. 31 & 36]. The Rock of Moses, which he struck to produce water, is in Wadi©el©Leja, west of Mt. Horeb, not far from the Convent of St. Catherine. It is about 15 by 10 by 12 ft. [Roberts©Crolly, V©21.] ÁÁThe stone from which Moses drew water was among the relics placed by Constantine in the base of the Column of Constantine (= Burnt Column = À&ÀemberlitaÀ³À) in Constantinople (= Istanbul) [Boulanger, p. 86]. But [à ÃInsight City Guide: IstanbulÄ Ä; p. 53] says it was bits of the rock where Moses parted the waters and these were across the street in the Palace of Lausus. A bas©relief of the Virgin in the Cappella Zen of San Marco, Venice, is claimed to be carved from the rock from which Moses struck water [Buckley & Robinson, p. 52]. ÁÁThe serpent of brass set up by Moses in the desert is in the Church of Sant' Ambrogio, Milan, Lombardia [à ÃBION©4Ä Ä, p. 137]. ÁÁThe Monastery of Varag (= Yedikilisse), near Lake Van, Turkey, is claimed to be a site where Moses prayed [John Noonan; Van; ÃÃAramco WorldÄÄ (Mar/Apr 1973) 19]. ÁÁJebel Harun, near Petra, Jordan, is identified as Mt. Hor, where AARON died and is buried. His 'tomb' is in the mosque on the summit. [Arden, p. 35. Roberts©Crolly, IV©61.] Samaritan tradition says he died on Mt. Gerizim in Samaria [La Fay, p. 759]. ÁÁKing Andrew II of Hungary obtained part of Aaron's rod on the Fifth Crusade, 1217-1218 [Runciman-3, p. 149, note 2]. ÁÁJebel Nebo, Jordan, is where Moses died and he is buried at an unknown site nearby. Islamic tradition says the tomb of Moses is Nabi Musa (or Nebi Musa), between Jericho and the Dead Sea. [Arden, pp. 9 & 36. Becker, p. 67. Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 81.] ÁÁThe staff of Moses which bloomed was at Constantinople [Bauer et al., p. 165]. ÁÁAn 11C inventory records the ARK of the Covenant as being in S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, Lazio, Italy [Masson, p. 329]. ÁÁThe Ark has been sought for many times since it vanished from history between ©10C and ©6C. A recent theory claims it was removed from Jerusalem c©650 during the reign of the apostate King Manasseh and eventually arriving in Axum, Ethiopia, where it remains to this day. [Graham Hancock; The lost ark found?; ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (22 Mar 1992) 20©26. This is based on Hancock's book: à ÃThe Sign and the Seal: A Quest for the Lost Ark of the CovenantÄ Ä; Heinemann, 1992.] ÁÁThe British Israelites, who believe the Britons were the lost tribes of Israel, believe the Ark is in the mound of Tara, Co. Meath, Ireland. Around 1900, a group of British Israelites badly damaged the mound by illegal digging. [John Michell; à ÃEccentric Lives and Peculiar NotionsÄ Ä; (Thames & Hudson, 1984); Cardinal (Sphere), 1989, p. 176.] Another source says the site is to the north of the Lia FÀÀil (see above under Jacob) and called the Rath of the Synods. ÁÁ[ÃÃFocusÄÄ (Mar 1998) 44] summarises various theories, saying that possession of the Ark is supposed to confer invincibility on an army. This says that Hancock says that the Ark was stolen from Solomon by his son Menelik and taken to Ethiopia. However, the Ark is described as being in Jerusalem for several centuries after Solomon. Some think it is hidden near Mount Nebo in the Sinai. The latest theory is that it was hidden under the Temple during the Babylonian invasion of ©586 and recent excavations have indicated a possible secret chamber under the Dome of the Rock. ÁÁThe tomb of JOB is near Salalah, Oman, at the edge of the Empty Quarter. The reporter was shown the body lying under cloths: "the body, the lumpiness under the cloths, still looked alarmingly solid", but did not actually see what was underneath. [Valerie James; In search of frankincense; ÃÃThe Daily TelegraphÄÄ Travel section (19 Dec 1998) 1©2.] ÁÁJob's tears were in Don Saltero's Museum, London, in the 18C [Peter Jackson; à ÃPeter Jackson's London is Stranger than FictionÄ Ä; Associated Newspapers, London, nd [1951?], p. 13]. [Welfare & Fairley, p. 2] say there was a necklace formed from Job's tears. ÁÁA skull was deposited in the Museum of the London Missionary Society, London ÀMÀ "the animal is considered by naturalists ... to be the Unicorn of the ancients, and the same that is described in Job XXXIX." [John Campbell; à ÃTravels in South AfricaÄ Ä; vol. 2, p. 294 ÀMÀ quoted in John Timbs; à ÃPopular Errors Explained and IllustratedÄ Ä; New Ed., David Bogue, London, 1856; p. 337]. ÁÁJONAH is said to have been spewed out of the whale at a tower called Baba Yunus Kulesi, 10 km south of Iskanderun, near Sarisaki, Turkey [Freely, p. 364; Freely (2), p. 568.] ÁÁ[Timbs (2), pp. 47©48] gives a story that the whale carried Jonah from the Mediterranean around Africa and up the Euphrates to Ninevah. ÁÁA traditional tomb of Jonah was on one of the mounds across the Tigris from Mosul, Iraq [Timbs, p. 28]. ÁÁDAVID was born in Bethlehem. ÁÁRon Wyatt, from Tennessee, claims that GOLIATH's skull, with David's stone embedded in it, has been found! [Richard Colby; The Ark gets into deep water; ÃÃThe Guardian OnlineÄÄ (12 Dec 1996) 7.] ÁÁDavid's tomb is said to be on Mt. Zion, but was more likely on Mt. Ophel, respectively in the west and the south of Jerusalem. There is a Tomb of David in the Dormition Abbey on Mt. Zion. [Becker, pp. 54©55.] [Roberts, III©27] records it's being on Mt. Zion, but it was a mosque and Christians were not admitted. ÁÁA piece of SOLOMON's temple was at Don Saltero's, London [Jackson, loc. cit. at Job]. Other versions say there were 'relics of the Sheba Queen' [Richard Edmonds; à ÃChelsea From the Five Fields to the World's EndÄ Ä; Phene Press, London, 1956, p. 55, quoting a 1723 magazine.] ÁÁ"'There are gardens, supposed to be those of King Solomon, in the neighbourhood of Bethlehem. The friars show a fountain which, they say, is the 'sealed fountain' to which the holy spouse in the Canticles is compared; and they pretend a tradition, that Solomon shut up these springs and put his signet upon the door, to keep them for his own drinking.' ÀMÀ Maundrell's Travels. See also the notes to Mr. Good's Translation of the Song of Solomon." [Moore, p. 86, note 3.] ÁÁTwo spiral marble columns in S. Marco, Venice, are reputed to have come from Solomon's Temple [Okey (2), p. 308]. ÁÁA ring of Solomon was at Constantinople [Bauer et al., p. 165]. ÁÁA cup of Chosroes I, King of Persia c575, was at St. Denis, outside Paris, where it was displayed as the cup of Solomon. It is now in the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale, Paris. [Hare (2), p. 508]. ÁÁ[Robert T. Gunther & A. V. Simcock; à ÃRobert T. Gunther and the Old AshmoleanÄ Ä; Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, 1985, p. 3] says the monks of St. Denis exhibited a foot of Solomon and an arm of the Queen of Sheba as proof of their meeting. ÁÁThe Jerusalem Altar in the Cathedral of Washington, D.C., is carved from stones taken from the quarry that supplied the walls of the Temple of Solomon [à ÃBION©8Ä Ä, p. 6]. ÁÁThe heads of SHADRACH, MESHACH and ABEDNEGO were supposed to be in the Cathedral of Sv. Marija in Rab, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 29]. ÁÁThe remains of the Three Young Hebrews (= the above??) are in the reliquary known at 'Begon's Lantern' in the Basilica of Ste.©Foy, Conques©en©Rouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier, pp. 58©62]. ÁÁThere is a Tomb of EZEKIAL in the village of Al©Kifil, near Hillah, Iraq. ÁÁThe remains of DANIEL are in the reliquary known at 'Begon's Lantern' in the Basilica of Ste.©Foy, Conques©en©Rouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier, pp. 58©62]. ÁÁRelics of Daniel are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThe skull of HABAKKUK is in the reliquary known at 'Begon's Lantern' in the Basilica of Ste.©Foy, Conques©en©Rouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier, pp. 58©62]. ÁÁThe Tree of ISAIAH, which swallowed him to protect him from persecutors, is near the Pool of Siloam just south of Jerusalem [Becker, p. 51]. ÁÁA bone of ISAIAH was in St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, but was destroyed in the Revolution [Culbertson & Randall, p. 199]. ÁÁELIJAH's mantle was in Constantinople in the 11C [Runciman-1, p. 50.]. There is a chapel of Elijah on Mt. Sinai, where he fled into the wilderness [Roberts©Crolly, V©43]. ÁÁELISHA and OBADAIAH ÀMÀ see under St. John the Baptist, below. Elisha's Well is a bit north of Jericho [Becker, p. 67]. ÁÁIn the Kedron Valley, Jerusalem, are the supposed Tombs of ABSALOM, JEHOSHAPHAT and ZACHARIAH, but they date from 1C [Jahshan & Jahshan, p.44]. ÙÙ ÁÁÁÁà ÃNEW TESTAMENTÄ Ä ÁÁÁÁCHRIST. I haven't attempted to list all the holy sites in Jerusalem. For John the Baptist, see under Saints. ÁÁThe Grotto or Chapel of the Annunciation is in Nazareth [Roberts, IV©19]. ÁÁA stone where Mary rested while pregnant was pointed out to 15C pilgrims [Gascoigne]. In 1997, the rock where Mary rested en route to Bethlehem was discovered in East Jerusalem. A Church of the Kathisma (the Seat) had been built around the rock outcrop but the church was destroyed in 8/9C and the site was deserted. [David Sharrock; Jerusalem builders find Mary's resting place; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (10 Nov 1997) 11.] ÁÁThe Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is on the site first commemorated by a basilica of Constantine in 325 and the shape of that basilica is still apparent despite several destructions and rebuildings. Actually the Persians spared it in 614 because of the representations of the Magi in a mosaic on the facade, whom they recognized as Persians. The Grotto of the Nativity simply contains a hole in the floor surrounded by a silver star labelled Hic de Virgine Maria Jesus Christus natus est ÀMÀ 1717. The star vanished in 1847 ÀMÀ this and some other religious ructions were a major cause of the Crimean War! [Becker, pp. 59©60.] There is an altar at the place where Joseph sat during the birth [Roberts©Crolly, III©11] and an altar where the Magi knelt [Roberts©Crolly, III©13; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 54©55]. ÁÁSome of the ground where Christ was born was at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁAt the time of the Nativity, a miraculous fount of oil appeared in Rome, Lazio, Italy, on the site of S. Maria in TrastÀ)Àvere [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 233]. Further, the Sibyl of Tiber (Tivoli) is said to have announced the coming of Christ to Augustus at the top of the Capitoline Hill, where S. Maria d'Aracoeli is now [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 199]. However, [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 223] says this announcement took place at Tivoli, Lazio. ÁÁIt is generally believed that there were three WISE MEN or MAGI, but the only Biblical description, in à ÃMatthewÄ Ä 2:1©15, only says "wise men from the East" without any number. ÁÁAccording to Marco Polo [Book I, Chap. XI], the three WISE MEN came from Saba in Persia "and the three are buried in that city in a fair sepulchre, and they are all three entire with their beards and hair. ... Marco inquired often in that city concerning the three magi, and nobody could tell him anything about them, except that the three magi were buried there in ancient times." The editor says Saba "is certainly not to be discovered among the towns of Persia", but another book identifies it as just south©west of Teheran [Milton Rugoff; à ÃMarco Polo's Adventures in ChinaÄ Ä; Cassell, London, 1965, p. 53]. Marco continues and describes how the Christ child gave the Magi a box. After several days, they opened it and found a stone. Uncomprehending its message to remain as firm as a stone in the new faith, they threw it away and it burst into an eternal flame at Palasata or Kalasata-perinsta ÀMÀ probably a reference to burning oil seeps. ÁÁA tooth of a Magi was at Westminster Abbey, London [Ash]. ÁÁThe heads (or relics) of the three kings (or Magi) (Gaspar, Melchior, Balthasar) are in the shrine above the high altar of the Cathedral at Cologne (KÀ?Àln), Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany. The reliquaries were found by the Empress Helena who took them to Constantinople. They were moved to Milan in the 6C, where the Basilica of S. Eustorgio was built to house them in the 9C [Converso, p. 42]. Frederick I Barbarossa destroyed the Basilica (later rebuilt) and carried the heads off to Cologne and gave them to Archbishop Reinald von Dassel in 1164. The shrine of the Magi is behind the high altar. [Baring-Gould, p. 9. Hoster, pp. 2 & 4. Gauthier, pp. 64©66. à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 99©100.] [à ÃThe Wonders of Nature and ArtÄ Ä; William Milner, Halifax, 1839, p. 256] says the shrine is opened every morning, displaying the wise men at full length, each crowned with gold. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a reliquary with several items and an identifying band at the top. This does not have a detailed museum label, but the photo in Bauer et al., aided by my memory, indicates it contains relics of the Three Magi, of the skull of St. Christopher, of the 11,000 Virgins, of St. Stephen, of the Holy Land, of (illegible) and of Pope St. Leo. [Bauer et al., p. 235.] Another reliquary has relics of the three Magi [Bauer et al., p. 297]. ÁÁSome of the frankincense offered by the Magi was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThere is a Church of the Shepherds' Fields in Bethlehem, said to be where the shepherds were told of the birth of Christ [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä]. [Becker, p. 61; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 56] say there is a Field of the Shepherds and a Grotto of the Shepherds (Er©Rawat) in the village of Beit Sahur, about 1.5 km east of Bethlehem. ÁÁThe stone upon which Jesus was washed after his birth used to be in the village of Besiktas, on the Bosphorus [Cuddon, p. 61]. ÁÁThe swaddling clothes of Christ were in S. Paolo in Rome, Lazio, Italy [Reynolds, p. 57]. The swaddling clothes and loincloth of Christ were brought to Aachen, NordrheinªWestfalen, Germany, by Charlemagne and are in the Treasury of the Cathedral of Aachen ÀMÀ cf [Rorimer, p. 99], which says they were in the Shrine of the Virgin. A bit of St. Joseph's cloak in which he wrapped the newborn Christ is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 271-272]. ÁÁIn the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, is an Altar (or Chapel) of the à ÃMANGERÄ Ä, where St. Helena discovered the manger. This was of earthenware (!!) and had been venerated for some time. She replaced it with a silver version. [Becker, pp. 60©61.] [Florence] says the actual manger is there, hidden behind marble coverings, but [Roberts©Crolly, III©13] says the original is in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Lazio, Italy. ÁÁIn the southeast corner of the Rock in Jerusalem, near the 'Stables of Solomon', is the crypt of a Justinian basilica containing the 'cradle of Christ' ÀMÀ a Roman shell. Mary is supposed to have lived here after the episode of Christ in the Temple. [Becker, p. 43.] ÁÁPart of a beam and another piece from the manger were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁFive pieces of wood, traditionally held to be the manger of Christ, are in a reliquary above the 'confession' altar in S. Maria Maggiore, Rome [Curd, p. 48]. BG says the relics are at the High Altar [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 197-198]. The Sainfoin [a plant used as fodder] from the manger was in Lorraine [Reynolds, p. 57]. ÁÁWood from the Holy Manger was at St. Michel de Cuxa, PyrÀ)ÀnÀ)Àes©Orientales, France [Rorimer, pp. 38 & 40]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a piece of wood from Christ's manger [Bauer et al., pp. 179-180]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the Manger at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including pieces of the Holy Crib [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁA à ÃFORESKINÄ Ä of Christ was stolen from the village of Calcata in the province of Viterbo, Lazio, Italy, in 1983. Legend relates that it was brought there from the Sack of Rome in 1527 by a soldier. Some 700 years earlier, it had been given to Leo III by Charlemagne, who had received it from an angel. The Holy Office has long disowned the relic. [Tana de Zulueta; Mystery over theft of tiny 'divine' relic; ÃÃSunday TimesÄÄ (15 Jan 1984) 12.] It was supposedly given to Salome, the friend of Mary's midwife [Adey Horton; The unauthorised version; ÃÃSunday Times MagazineÄÄ (16 Dec 1973) cover & 44-65, esp. p. 49]. ÁÁA fragment of a foreskin was at Conques, Alpes©Maritimes [Gauthier, p. 17]. ÁÁ[O'Neil, p. 445] says there are at least twelve examples and that Pope Innocent III declined to decide which one was authentic on the grounds that only God could know. This led to a number of further foreskins being presented. There was one at Antwerpen, bought at great expense by Godefroy de Bouillon in an attempt to displace the worship of Priapus! In 1900, the Holy Office threaten to excommunicate anyone worshipping such relics. ÁÁDan Cruickshank states: "As recently as the 18th century the Vatican inventories still listed Christ's foreskin as a holy relic. It has since vanished from the records." [Maev Kennedy; Virgin Mary's clue to royal order mystery; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (23 Nov 2002) 15 (a preview of Cruickshank's BBC2 program, Windsor: Britain's Best Buildings, broadcast that evening, but I didn't see it).] ÁÁSteve Jones asserts the St. Teresa (presumably of Avila) wore a wedding ring of Christ's foreskin [Steven Rose; Terms of endowment; ÃÃThe Guardian ReviewÄÄ (14 Sep 2002) 10 (Review of Steve Jones; à ÃY: The Descent of ManÄ Ä; Little Brown, 2002)]. ÁÁRelics of the à ÃHOLY INNOCENTSÄ Ä were at Bethlehem. [Roberts©Crolly, III©11] records that a withered hand of one of them was displayed and there was an altar over the pit into which their bodies were thrown. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 55] describes the burial grottos associated with the Innocents as being in the western corner of Justinian's courtyard, in the Greek Orthodox Monastery beside the Church of the Nativity. Bones of the Holy Innocents were at Westminster Abbey, London [Ash; Kent, p. 74]. A capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of a Holy Innocent, the Table of the Last Supper, Calvary, the Holy Sepulchre, the sponge, St. Edmund & St. Lawrence O'Toole [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. Relics of the Holy Innocents are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. A lower leg of a Innocent is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 286] and there is another reliquary with relics [Bauer et al., p. 314]. [Foligno, pp. 26©29] relates that in 1050, Bishop Bernard of Padua had a vision of where St. Julian and the Holy Innocents were buried. After appropriate fasting and prayer, they excavated in the Church of S. Giustina, Padua, and "two big tombs appeared, iron girt, which contained the bodies". However, Foligno says no more about these relics, though he describes a 'well of the Innocents' on p. 234. ÁÁ[Florence] says the 'pap©spoon and dish' used by Mary to feed the infant Jesus are 'in a church of Southern Italy'. ÁÁ[Becker, p. 61] describes a Grotto of the Milk, 400 m south of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, and says Mary and her baby hid there before they fled into Egypt. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 56] says it is eastwards along Milk Grotto Street. ÁÁThere is an ancient oak tree at the Church of St. Abraham, just north of Hebron, where the Holy Family rested on the Flight into Egypt [Becker, p. 61]. ÁÁOn the flight into Egypt, the Holy Family rested under the sycamore of Mataryeh, in Mataryeh, six miles northeast of Cairo. Nearby is a well which the child Jesus caused to appear. [à ÃNew BIONÄ Ä, p. 52.] Tradition says the Holy Family stayed in the town, perhaps for seven years. It is also spelled Materea. [Horton, op. cit. under foreskin, p. 61.] ÁÁRelics 'of the Blessed Tree that before Our Lord, Blessed Mary, Blessed Joseph prostrated itself' are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁ[Roberts, IV©19] relates that in Nazareth, one is shown "the workshop of Joseph, the stone on which Christ sat with his disciples, and the fountain to which the Virgin went for water. ÁÁThe Colonna Santa, against which Christ leaned while speaking with the doctors in the Temple, is venerated in St. Peter's, Rome, Lazio, Italy, though it is actually a 4C column [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 262]. Part of the seat on which he was presented at the Temple was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. The El©Aqsa Mosque, on the Rock in Jerusalem, has a 'footprint of Christ' by the pulpit (mimber), said to have been made when he was in the Temple [Becker, p. 42]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a piece of an 'apron' of Christ [Bauer et al., p. 181]. The German word is SchÀGÀrztuch which also translates as child's pinafore. ÁÁJesus was baptised by John at the Place of Baptism at 'Bethany beyond Jordan', identified by some as being in Wadi Al©Kharrar, but Israeli archaeologists identify it as Qasr el©Yehud or Kasr al-Yahud or Qasir Al©Yahud, on the west bank of the Jordan, east of Jericho. The Vatican lists the first site as a place for pilgrims to visit, but does not definitely express an opinion as to which site is correct. The latter site is currently (1998) in a military zone, but is opened for pilgrims four days a year. [Becker, p. 68. David Sharrock; Israeli minefields fail to hinder pilgrims' progress to Jordan riverbanks; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (15 Apr 1998) 13. AP; Jordanians celebrate at Christ's baptismal site; ÃÃKuwait TimesÄÄ (10 Jan 2000) 5.] ÁÁKafr Kanna, in Galilee, is supposed to be à ÃCANAÄ Ä. There are two stone vats from the wedding, one in the Orthodox shrine and one in a Catholic shrine. [MacLeish, p. 840.] [Florence] describes and gives a photo of only one pot, in the Greek Church. The Catholic one is described as being c3C [La Fay, p. 757]. The Greek Church claims to be on the site and Roberts saw "the identical jar in which the water was turned to wine" as well as the house in which he stayed and the fountain which supplied the water [Roberts, IV©21]. ÁÁIn the Duomo of Pisa, to the right of the High Altar, is a porphyry vase, standing on a porphyry column, which is one of those in which water was converted into wine at the marriage feast of Cana. It was brought from the Holy Land in 1100. [Ross & Erichsen, p. 171.] On a visit to Pisa, I was told that the vase is now in the Museo del Duomo. ÁÁKing Andrew II of Hungary obtained one of these water jugs on the Fifth Crusade in 1217 [Runciman-3, p. 148]. ÁÁIn 1269, the Lord Prior of St. John in Clerkenwell, London, gave the nearby Benedictine Nunnery a water pot from the feast at Cana [Pieter Zwart; à ÃIslington: A History and GuideÄ Ä; Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1973, p. 49]. ÁÁA pitcher, whose water was turned into wine, is at Angers, Maine©et©Loire [Kent, p. 79]. ÁÁAn alabaster urn, venerated as one of those at Cana, was at Port©Royal©de©Paris, and survived the Revolution to repose, neglected, in a museum warehouse [Hare (2), p. 332]. ÁÁOne of the stones which Christ refused to turn into bread was at Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset [Cavendish]. (Surely these are almost everywhere??) ÁÁA well (of Jacob) near Shechem (now Nablus) is supposed to be where Christ met the woman of Samaria [Roberts, III©71]. However, there is a well in the cloisters of S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome, Lazio, Italy, which claims to be the real well, brought from Palestine by St. Helena. [Florence.] ÁÁ[Florence] says a piece of the hem of the garment which healed the woman of Bethesda is preserved in a European church. ÁÁIn the Baptistery of San Marco, Venice, Veneto, is a granite block brought from Tyre in 1126 which is claimed to be the stone from which Christ delivered the Sermon on the Mount [Buckley & Robinson, p. 52]. [Buckley & Robinson, p. 206] say the stone on which Jesus stood to preach to the men of Tyre was brought to Venice by Doge Domenico Michiel in 1125 and is in S. Marco ÀMÀ is this the same stone?? ÁÁAn inventory attributed to the 15C of the relics at the Monastery of Sant Pere de Rodes, Catalonia, lists "the white stone from which Our Lord mounted a donkey ... red soil on which he stepped when he said ÃÃpax vobisÄÄ ...." [Joan Badia i Homs; à ÃMonastery of Sant Pere de Rodes Historic and Architectural GuideÄ Ä; Curial Edicions Catalanes, Barcelona, 1993, p. 28]. Cf Peter for more items. ÁÁThere is a Church of the Lord's Prayer in Jerusalem on the site where Christ first delivered it [à ÃBION©8Ä Ä, p. 85]. ÁÁThere are pieces of crystal containing liquid. "Addison mentions a curiosity of this kind at Milan; and adds 'It is such a rarity as this that I saw at Vendome [Loir©et©Cher] in France, which they there pretend is a tear that our Saviour shed over Lazarus, and was gathered up by an angel, who put it into a little crystal vial, and made a present of it to Mary Magdalen.' Addison's Remarks on several Parts of Italy." [Moore, p. 43.] ÁÁLazarus was raised from the dead at Bethany, or El©ÀÀAziriyeh or El©Azaryeh, which derive from Lazarus. The houses of Martha and Mary and of Simon the Leper are shown, and there is the Sepulchre of Lazarus [Roberts©Crolly, III©19; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 79©80]. ÁÁIn ZamÀÀrdi, Hungary, is SzamÀÀrkÀ£À (Donkey Rock) which archaeologists think was an ancient Magyar sacrificial site, but current mythology claims to bear the hoof©print of Christ's donkey [à ÃHungary ÀMÀ The Rough GuideÄ Ä, 1992, p. 149]. ÁÁThe Mount of Temptation is west of the old city of Jericho. There is a Greek Orthodox monastery with a grotto claimed to be where Christ fasted. [Becker, p. 67.] ÁÁThe Room of the Washing of the Feet is in the Dormition Abbey on Mt. Zion [Becker, pp. 54©55]. ÁÁThe Empress Helena made three crosses from the bronze basin in which Christ washed the Apostles' feet. One of these was in Rhodes. [Durrell (quoting Torr), p. 112.] ÁÁThe Coenaculum is supposed to be the room of the à ÃLAST SUPPERÄ Ä and is in the Dormition Abbey on Mt. Zion. There is a block of stone indicating where Jesus sat. [Becker, p. 55.] [Florence] shows a large block hard chalk which is supposed to be the Table itself, but says the connection with the Last Supper only dates from the 17C. ÁÁThe table top used for the Last Supper is above the altar of the Blessed Sacrament in S. Giovanni Laterano [Curd, p. 46]. A piece of the table was at Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset [Cavendish]. A capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of the Table of the Last Supper [Gauthier, pp. 106-107]. ÁÁA piece of the tablecloth of the Last Supper is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [à ÃBION©24Ä Ä, p. 141; Bauer et al., p. 181]. [Hutton, p. 117] lists, among other relics stolen at the Sack of Constantinople, some of the bread blessed at the Last Supper. ÁÁFor other items from the Last Supper, see under Holy Grail below. ÁÁMark Twain was shown the gaol where Christ was imprisoned, though there is no reference to such an event in the Bible [Kent, p. 76]. Pieces of this prison were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, pp. 74 & 76]. A section of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, is called the Prison of Christ, though Becker notes that it cannot possibly have been here [Becker, p. 39]. ÁÁThe Antonia Fortress where Christ was tried before Pilate is in Jerusalem and the 'lithostrotus' ÀMÀ the Roman pavement on which Christ stood ÀMÀ has been uncovered here and several other places [à ÃJohn Ä Ä19.13; Curd, p. 40; Becker, pp. 29©30; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 30]. ÁÁThe Scala Santa was brought from the Antonia Fortress to Rome by St. Helena in 326. It may have been used by Christ. It is adjacent to S. Giovanni Laterano in Rome, Lazio, Italy. [Curd, p. 46. à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 210.] ÁÁPilate's bowl, "a basin in which Pilate is said to have washed his hands before the Crucifixion", is in S. Stefano, Bologna, Emilia©Romagna. [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 374. à ÃMGG©Italy (1966)Ä Ä, p. 72.] ÁÁPontius Pilate's wife's great grandmother's hat was at Don Saltero's, London [Jackson, loc. cit. under Job]. [Welfare & Fairley, p. 2] say it was Pontius Pilate's wife's chambermaid's sister's hat. ÁÁThe lake at the summit of Mont de Pilate, or Pilatus, south of Lucerne, Switzerland, is said to be where Pilate drowned himself, or to be haunted by his spirit. However, the name is derived from Mons Pileatus ÀMÀ the hatted hill ÀMÀ and there is apparently no lake at the top. [Ackermann, p. 365.] Indeed, it is now a popular tourist spot as there is a rack railway to the top. [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 145.] ÁÁFragments of the column at which Christ was scourged are in Santa Prassede, Rome, Lazio, Italy. They were brought from Jerusalem in 1228. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 197.] Another fragment is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 287]. ÁÁThe column of the flagellation is in St. George (Haghios Georgios), Istanbul [Boulanger, p. 101]. ÁÁThere are two Columns of the Flagellation in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. One is in the 'Franciscan Church', though its origin is unknown and the name is just a memorial [Becker, p. 38]. The other is in the Greek Orthodox Chapel of the Mockery. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 19] say it is to the right in the Chapel of the Apparition, saying it can be seen by permission of the Franciscans. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a Tempietto reliquary containing: drops of Christ's blood; a piece of linen soaked with the blood; hairs from his beard and relics of the crown of thorns, the lance, the column, the scourge and the reed [Bauer et al., pp. 242©243]. ÁÁ[Timbs (2), p. 97] says that Scottish legend is that the dwarf birch was the tree used to make the scourge and it has ever since been stunted in its growth. ÁÁCharles IV of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor from 1348, amassed a collection of relics at Prague, including "part of the whip used in the Passion, two thorns ..., a few drops of milk from the Virgin Mary and one of Mary Magdalene's breasts" [Humphreys, p. 92]. ÁÁ[Hutton, p. 117] lists, among other relics stolen at the Sack of Constantinople, some of Christ's hair and the purple robe. ÁÁThe path of Christ to Calvary is claimed to be the modern Via Dolorosa. It is marked by Stations of the Cross and both annual processions and individual pilgrims have gone along it since the 14C. However, modern archaeologists feel that the Via Dolorosa goes beyond the boundaries of Jerusalem at the time and that Christ went in a different direction. [Christopher Walker; 'Misguided' pilgrims mark Christ's final journey in streets of Jerusalem; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (11 Apr 1998) 14.] ÁÁThe reliquary of the Seamless Tunic in the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, Umbria, contains relics of the pillar of the Flagellation and the rope that bound Christ [Gauthier, pp. 158©160]. ÁÁParts of the sponge, lance and scourge were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThe scourging rope of Christ is in the Treasury of the Cathedral at Aachen, NordrheinªWestfalen, Germany. ÁÁThe seamless à ÃROBEÄ Ä of Christ was at Trier Cathedral, Rheinland©Pfalz [Cavendish], supposedly presented by Helena. It was on display in Apr 1996 and reports and pictures showed it looked little like a robe or like being 2000 years old. It appears to be a medieval(?) liturgical garment, possibly of felt or velvet, but textile historians are unable or unwilling to comment on its age. [Anonymous article from ÃÃSuddeutsche ZeitungÄÄ translated as: Robe still a miracle of faith; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (24 Apr 1996).] ÁÁPart of Christ's undivided garment was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁ[Florence] says the purple robe of Christ is said to be in Moscow. He then says that perhaps the most famous of all relics of Christ is the Holy Coat of TrÀ/Àves, Gard, said to have discovered by St. Helena. It was exhibited in 1810, 1844 and 1891. ÁÁ[Florence] also describes a Holy Robe of Argenteuil, Val©d'Oise, presented to the church there by Charlemagne after receiving it from Empress Irene. Legend says it was bought from one of the soldiers by one of Christ's disciples and taken to Galatia, whence it wandered to Jaffa, Persia, Jerusalem and Constantinople. ÁÁThe reliquary of the Seamless Tunic in the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, Umbria, contains relics of the pillar of the Flagellation, the rope that bound Christ, the seamless garment, other garments of Christ, the Cross and garments of the Virgin [Gauthier, pp. 158-160]. ÁÁRelics of the clothes of Christ are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes sweat, 'caligis' (vapour or breath ??) and clothes of Christ [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the Holy Sepulchre in Santa Maria Cathedral, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain, which also contains some of his sweat [Gauthier, p. 154©155]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a fragment of the reed and relics of SS. Lambert, Peter and Sigismund [Bauer et al., p. 244]. ÁÁ[Florence] says portions of the reed are in: St. Julian, Lungarde; the Convent of Andeschs, Bavaria; the Convent of Vatopedi, Mt. Athos. ÁÁThe slab of porphyry upon which the body of Christ was laid and anointed after being taken down from the Cross used to be in the Church of St. Saviour Pantocrator in Istanbul. It had been brought from Ephesus, Turkey. [Cuddon, p. 69.] ÁÁThe Stone of Unction, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is the stone on which Christ was anointed after being taken down from the cross. [Anon; Easter, 1973 ÀMÀ Big crowds at ceremonies in Jerusalem and Rome; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (23 Apr 1973). La Fay, p. 777. Gascoigne.] However, [Becker, p. 35] says the stone dates from 1810 ÀMÀ but he may be referring to the covering slab?? [Florence] describes it a a red marble slab, about 9 ft long by 4 ft wide. ÁÁThere was (is??) a Sainte Ampoule of holy oil in the Cathedral of Rheims (= Reims, Marne), used for the coronation of kings of France [Isaac D'Israeli; à ÃAmenities of LiteratureÄ Ä; New ed., nd [1894?], Warne, London, vol. 1, p. 244]. The Treasury of the Bishops of Rheims has a reliquary of the Holy Ampula [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 216]. An 'ampul full of chrism' was brought to St. RÀ)Àmi by a snow©white dove for the anointing of Clovis at Rheims. This same ampul was used by St. Boniface to anoint Pepin the Short in the 8C. [Okey, pp. 35©36.] ÁÁAbout 200 m north of the Damascus Gate of Jerusalem, on the Nablus Road, is the à ÃGARDEN TOMBÄ Ä which many Protestant sects believe to be the tomb of Christ [Anon; Easter; 1973; op. cit. above; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 35]. This was discovered by General Gordon in 1882 and is a characteristic tomb of the period, but is actually from Byzantine times. [Becker, pp. 43©44.] Most Christians regard the Holy Sepulchre to be in the Church of that name. The Church also contains the site of the Crucifixion and the Altar of the Crucifixion is over a hole asserted to be where the Cross was erected, and the sites of the thieves's crosses are also marked [Becker, p. 37]. In the Chapel of the Angels is a part of the stone on which the Angel sat at the Resurrection [Becker, p. 38] and a portion of the stone which "was rolled away from the Sepulchre" [Florence]. ÁÁ53 cartloads of earth from à ÃGOLGOTHAÄ Ä were brought to make the Campo Santo in Pisa [Lyall, p. 76]. Ross & Erichsen [pp. 197-201] say it was 53 galley loads from Mt. Calvary, brought by Archbishop Ubaldo Lanfranchi in 1188 or 1192. "Some of this earth had been taken to Rome before, where it was found that in three days corpses buried therein were entirely consumed, which is a most marvellous thing." "I have heard the old men of the city say that before the fleet with its load entered into Pisa, it put in near the church of S. Giovanni al Gaetani and that ... many baskets-full of the said earth were carried ashore and set down outside the door of the church. I have heard too that this spot, which though narrow still serves as a burial place, shares in the miraculous properties of the earth of the Campo Santo." Montaigne repeats the story of the earth in the late 16C, but has one day instead of three days. ÁÁA capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of Calvary [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. ÁÁEarth from Palestine was taken to Rome, Lazio, Italy, for the cemetery at the Cappuccini (= S. M. della Concezione) [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 176]. ÁÁEarth from Jerusalem was brought to S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome [Hare, p. 425]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is an ostensory with a piece of the Shroud, two stones from the Holy Places and relics of four other saints [Bauer et al., p. 298]. ÁÁThe Church of Neuvy©Saint©Sepulchre, Indre, France, was built in 1040 to house a handful of earth from Calvary [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä]. ÁÁThe Sanctuary of the Ascension in Jerusalem marks the spot from which Christ ascended into heaven [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä]. [Becker, pp. 48©49] says the Chapel of the Ascension is on the spot and it is in the village of Et©Tur on the Mount of Olives. ÁÁThree stones from Calvary were presented by General Gordon in 1880 to his friend H. Waller, parson of St. Nicholas, Twywell, Northamptonshire, where they are on display [Gould, pp. 56©57, with photo]. ÁÁIn c1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including stones from the Ascension and Calvary [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁEmmaus is either El©Qureibe or at Amwas or at Abu Ghosh. These are to the north and west of Jerusalem, about 10 to 20 km from Jerusalem. [Becker, p. 64.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a reliquary with several items and an identifying band at the top. This does not have a detailed museum label, but the photo in Bauer et al., aided by my memory, indicates it contains relics of the Three Magi, of the skull of St. Christopher, of the 11,000 Virgins, of St. Stephen, of the Holy Land, of (illegible) and of Pope St. Leo. [Bauer et al., p. 235.] ÁÁ[Florence] says various churches preserve "a tooth of the Saviour, a piece of His beard, and a small phial containing one of the tears which He shed upon hearing of the death of Lazarus. Another curious relic is a leg of the ass upon which Jesus rode in triumph to Jerusalem." There is a pair of Christ's sandals in the Benedictine Abbey of TrÀ/Àves, Gard [Florence]. ÁÁSome hairs from the beard of Christ were at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁAccording to a 'will of Christ' found at a Buddhist temple south of Tokyo in the 1930s (but lost in the War), Christ spent his 20s studying Buddhism in Japan before returning to Palestine. He was not crucified ÀMÀ his brother Iskiri was. Afterward Christ brought his brother's body back to Japan, settling in Shingo in the north of Japan. His descendents live in the town. There are two tombs, surmounted with crosses, containing Christ and either a lock of Iskiri's hair or one of his bones and a lock of Mary Magdalene's hair. [Hugo Gurdon; A Saviour for Shingo; ÃÃThe Daily Telegraph Weekend SectionÄÄ (2 Apr 1994) 1©2.] ÁÁIn 2002, a scholar published a description of an ossuary dated to 63 and inscribed "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus". This raises many questions, particularly why it took 2000 years to be made public. [Mark Ellis; Burial box 'evidence of Jesus'; ÃÃDaily MirrorÄÄ (22 Oct 2002) 7.] ÁÁÁÁà ÃTRUE CROSS, ETC.Ä Ä ÁÁÁÁTRUE CROSS AND NAILS ÁÁSince pieces of the True Cross comprise the largest number of Christian relics, it is appropriate to sketch its story here. The Legend of the True Cross evolved in the 3©8C and covers the period up to Helena's discovery of it on 3 May 326. From that point, the story is basically historical, and the discovery is already mentioned in writings of St. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem and friend of Constantine, dated 348. [Dean] gives a brief outline of the the story. ÁÁWhen Adam was dying, he sent Seth to Eden to beg for the oil of forgiveness. The angel with the flaming sword refused, but let Seth approach the Tree of Life. There was a child sitting in it who gave Seth a seed from it and told him to bury it in Adam's mouth. From this grew a tree. The Monastery of the Cross in the West of Jerusalem marks the site of Adam's grave where the tree grew, with a silver ring by the altar showing where it stood [Becker, pp. 55©56]. The trunk of the tree was taken by the Israelites into Egypt and then back to Israel. In the wilderness, Moses used it as the pole for the Brazen Serpent. In Jerusalem, the origin of the wood was forgotten and it was built into a bridge. The Queen of Sheba had a vision of the wood and its history and identified it. Solomon then removed the wood for use in the Temple, but because it kept miraculously changing its size, it could not be used for building and it was laid in the Pool of Bethesda and later used to make the Cross for Christ's crucifixion. ÁÁ[Timbs (2), p. 97] gives a different background. "The Cross was generally supposed to have been made of four kinds of wood, signifying the four quarters of the globe, ...." However, the four kinds are not agreed upon. He gives: palm, cedar, olive, cypress (four incorruptible woods); pine, cedar, box, cypress. While others say it was made entirely of oak. The cedar was cut down by Solomon and buried by the Pool of Bethesda, then floated to the top for the Crucifixion when it was used for the upright parts of the cross. Another account says the wood was aspen, whose leaves have not ceased trembling since that time. ÁÁWhen the 80 year old Helena came to Jerusalem on pilgrimage and to establish churches at the Holy Places, she heard that the location of the True Cross was known to the local Christians, known as Judaic Christians because they had been Jews rather than Gentiles. (The Judaic Christians were at odds with the other Christians and were eventually condemned as heretical in the 6C.) A Jew (or Judaic Christian), with the apt name of Judas, was said to know the location of the Cross, but refused to tell until he had been put into a well. He eventually revealed that the Cross was buried at Golgotha, currently a rubbish dump. The site is under the Chapel of St. Helena in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Three crosses were found and the true one was detected by laying a dead man (or a sick woman) on them ÀMÀ the True Cross restored him to life (or cured her) ÀMÀ this happened on 3 May 326. Tradition says it was discovered by St. Quiriace, Bishop of Jerusalem [Dunlop, p. 165]. [Gauthier, p. 50] indicates the site was adjacent to the Holy Sepulchre. [Becker, pp. 33 & 39] says there is a Chapel of the Discovery of the Cross attached to the east end of the Church, while [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 20] call it the Grotto of the Finding of the Cross. It was part of an ancient cistern. Constantine built a basilica over it in 335, but it was destroyed in 614. Much of the surrounding rock was carved away to leave just the Sepulchre and the top of Golgotha essentially free©standing [Becker, p. 33]. There is also an adjacent Chapel of St. Helena, with a niche said to have been where she sat watching the excavation and discovery of the Cross [Becker, p. 39; Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 20], encouraging the workmen by sprinkling gold coins into the pit. The Altar of the Crucifixion is over a hole, claimed to be where the Cross was erected, and the sites of the thieves's crosses are also marked [Becker, p. 37; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 20©21]. Tradition also says Helena was inspired in a dream, while on Paros, where the church of Panaghia Hecatonpyliani (or Katapoliani) marks the site ÀMÀ this legend did not appear in the first two biographies of Helena. [Lancaster (2), p. 132. Bradford, pp. 140-141.] ÁÁHelena divided it into three parts ÀMÀ one part went to Constantine in Constantinople; another part went to Rome; the third part stayed in Jerusalem. [Timbs, p. 5] mentions only Constantinople and Jerusalem, saying the greater part was in Jerusalem. ÁÁAt this time Constantine also acquired the Nails, which were sufficient to make a helmet for himself and a bridle for his horse [Timbs, pp. 6©7]. ÁÁThe part in Jerusalem was described already in 348 when St. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem and friend of Constantine, wrote: "the whole world is now full of pieces of the Holy Cross, which exists here with us and from which Christians detach particles by reason of their belief" [Bauer et al., p. 159; Timbs, p. 5]. Cyril asserts it miraculously grows and goes on to compare it with the loaves and fishes [Timbs, p. 5]. In the late 4C, the Spanish nun Egeria spent three years in Jerusalem and related that the Holy Wood was kept in a gold and silver box in a chapel of Constantine's Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The story of the discovery and the connection with Helena first occur in the early 5C. ÁÁ[Runciman-1, pp. 10-11, 17, 49] says the piece of the True Cross and other relics were found by the Persians under Chosroes II after their conquest of Jerusalem in 614 and sent to the Nestorian Christian Queen Meryem of Persia. Heraclius recovered the relics in 628 ÀMÀ still in their cases, with seals unbroken [Florence]) and returned them to Jerusalem, putting the wood on an altar in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Though many fragments were given away, [Dean] says the box and its remaining wood remained in Jerusalem until the Crusades when it was taken out to help the Crusaders. King Guy of Jerusalem had it in his hand when he was captured by Saladin's men after the battle of the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Saladin offered it to Richard I as part of the ransom for some prisoners, but Richard refused and had the prisoners killed, so Saladin tied the box to the tail of his horse and dragged it into fragments. ÁÁOn the other hand, [Runciman©1, pp. 10©11, 17, 49; Timbs, p. 6] say that in 638(?), the relics were removed to Constantinople by Heraclius before the Arab conquest of Jerusalem and preserved at Aghia Sophia. [Timbs] continues the story, saying that during the chaotic deposition of Michael VII in 1078, the Cross and its case were acquired by a citizen of Amalfi and placed in Monte Cassino. It next appears in the Crusades and it was broken in two and half was captured by Saladin and 'most probably destroyed' (though there is an account of its miraculous recovery by a Genoese). The remaining pieces took part in battles in the early 13C and was returned to the (Latin) Emperor in Constantinople, but a 'new' Crown of Thorns had become the most popularly venerated relic there. ÁÁOn the third hand, [Runciman-1, p. 294] says that Orthodox priests had taken 'the major portion of the True Cross' with them when they were expelled from Jerusalem before the siege of 1099. After the Crusader conquest, they were tortured into revealing where the Cross was hidden. From this time on, the Cross (or pieces of it) was frequently taken into battle by the Crusaders. [Runciman-2, pp. 75, 79, 89, 132, 148, 153, 154, 158, 161, 164, 166, 204, 338, 339, 374, 390, 416, 432, 434, 455. Runciman-3, pp. 161, 169.] In 1187, the True Cross was carried by the Bishop of Acre into the Battle of the Horns of Hattin and was captured by Taki ed-Din, nephew of Saladin [Runciman-2, p. 459]. It then became an objective in the struggle between Crusaders and Arabs [Runciman-3, pp. 50, 53, 54 (note 1), 59 & 63]. By 1192, Saladin had returned it to the Holy Sepulchre, but other fragments were recovered and presented to Richard Lionheart [ibid, p. 68]. The Queen of Georgia offered to buy it [ibid, p. 74]. Duke Leopold VI of Austria took a fragment home with him in 1219. When Sultan al-Kamil agreed to return the True Cross in 1221, it could not be found [ibid, p. 170]. ÁÁThe part in Rome, Lazio, Italy, was rediscovered in 1492 ÀMÀ for some reason it had been walled up in Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ÀMÀ see under Rome below. But other sources say the Emperor Theodosius presented the greater part of the Cross to St. Ambrose and it was placed in the main church in Milan, Lombardia. The Huns carried it away and burnt it. [Mackay, p. 696.] ÁÁ[Gauthier, p. 115] says the Cross was in Constantinople in 320(!) and oozed drops of Holy Blood when cut ÀMÀ see under Blood below. In the 11C, the Crown of Thorns, the Seamless Garment, all the other major relics of the Passion and 'Veronica's Veil' from Edessa (modern Urfa, Turkey) were all at Constantinople [Runciman©1, pp. 10©11,17,49]. [Gauthier, pp. 58 & 160.] says many relics of Christ, including pieces of the Cross and some nails, were in the Bucoleon Chapel of the Palace in Constantinople before the Sack of 1204. [Bauer et al., p. 165] says that it was believed that the largest three pieces of the Cross were here, as well as a ring of Solomon and the staff of Moses. But [à ÃEveryman ÀMÀ IstanbulÄ Ä, pp. 148©149] says the relics of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns were in the Treasury of Haghia Sophia (now the Museum Director's Office) built by Justinian. [Dean] says it was kept in the Chapel of the Pharos and quotes a contemporary description: "two pieces of the True Cross, as large as the leg of a man". The part in Constantinople was captured in the Sack of 1204, but the Latin Emperor Baldwin II pawned it and the Crown of Thorns and these were redeemed by St. Louis and moved to Paris about 1238. [Runciman©3, p. 263] says Baldwin sold the relics which had survived the 1204 Sack of Constantinople, before 1249. [Timbs, p. 6] says they were sold to Louis in 1238. [Hare (2), p. 277] says the Crown went from Emperor Jean de Brienne and a great portion of the Cross went from his successor Baudouin to Louis, but gives no other details. See under Paris below. ÁÁGauthier [p. 56] says A. Frolow has traced nearly 1000 cross reliquaries in two major publications. ÁÁW. W. Seymour [à ÃThe Cross in Tradition, History and ArtÄ Ä; 1898, p. 121] lists pieces in the following places. Ð ¤x ÐÐИŒ € thÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤ÐÐParis ÀMÀ Sainte Chapelle. [à ÃHachette-ParisÄ Ä, pp. 31, 34, 35] mentions this, but says it is now in the Treasure of Notre-Dame. Paris ÀMÀ S. Germain. Rome ÀMÀ in the top of the obelisk in Piazza S. Pietro [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 205]. Seville. Malmesbury Abbey. Bromholm Monastery. Tracton (Monastery?), near Dublin, Ireland. Etchmiazin (Etchmiadzyn), Armenia. Jerusalem. Ð °x ÐÐа¤˜Œ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ°ÐÐHe also cites the pieces now at Rheims (= Reims, Marne), in S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, and formerly at Holy Cross, described below. He says the pieces in Etchmiazin, S. Croce and Jerusalem are the three principal pieces. [à ÃBION! © Great and Strange Works of ManÄ Ä; Tor (Tom Doherty Associates), NY, 1992, p. 101] says the Cathedral of Etchmiadzyn, built by Tiridates in 303, was the first building to be topped by a cross. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was reputedly in the golden cross made in 1162 to honour Princess, later Saint, Eufrosina (?©1173), the granddaughter of the founder of Bielarus (formerly Byelorussia). The cross was in a museum in Mahilow (I can't locate this ÀMÀ it may be a new spelling of Mogilev) until 1941 when it disappeared during the Nazi invasion. In 1993, the new country was appealing for it back as a symbol of its national identity, but its location was unknown. [Ian Black; Bielarus seeks return of ancient symbol of unity; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (14 Oct 1993) 11.] ÁÁ [Gauthier, p. 57] says Amaury I of Jerusalem, 12C, acquired a large piece of the True Cross from the church of St. George in Lydda (= Ramleh). ÁÁEmperor Baldwin gave a piece of the Cross to Philip Augustus [Gauthier, p. 74]. ÁÁThe Holy Rood of Scotland was a cross containing a piece of the True Cross. The piece was given by Charlemagne to an ancestor of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland. [Bryan H. Fell; à ÃThe Houses of ParliamentÄ Ä; 8th ed., Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1958, p. 49.] [Dean] says this piece is believed to have come from Waltham Abbey, London. It was kept at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, until the Reformation. ÁÁ[Stein & MacNee, p. 38] say there are fourteen nails ÀMÀ at least sixteen are mentioned below, though some of these may be repetitions. ÁÁMISCELLANEOUS LOCATIONS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER ÀMÀ note that some of the reliquaries may no longer contain the relevant relic. ÁÁThe Imperial Cross of Emperor Conrad II contained the Holy Lance (qv) and small fragments of the True Cross. It is part of the Imperial Crown Jewels, once at Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, but it is now in the Imperial Treasury of the Hofburg, Vienna with a replica in the Rathaus of Aachen. The Holy Lance is also part of this Treasure ÀMÀ at Aachen, the Lance is displayed as a separate item, said to have been purchased by Henry I (c920) from King Rudolph of Burgundy. It is just the blade of a lance, hollowed out with a nail from the True Cross inserted in it. ÁÁIn the early 13C, Bishop William of Beaumont brought a piece of the True Cross to Angers, Maine©et©Loire [Gauthier, p. 140]. ÁÁThe Armenian prince Aplgharib Pahlavuni brought a piece of the Cross in 1034 from Constantinople to Ani, whose ruins are some 50 km east of Kars, Turkey. The relic was installed in the Church of the Holy Redeemer and devotions were to be held nightly until the Second Coming! [Freely, pp. 323©324; Freely (2), p. 500.] ÁÁA fragment of the Cross was in the church at Apamea, north Syria [Kate Dourian; Road from the sands of time leads to Syrian city that was host to Cleopatra; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (13 Jul 1994) 11]. ÁÁThe reliquary of the Seamless Tunic in the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, Umbria, contains relics of the Cross [Gauthier, pp. 158©160]. ÁÁThe cathedral at Astorga, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain, had a cross made from the True Cross which had come from the Knights Templars at Ponferrada, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain [Gauthier, p. 100]. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 54] says there is now a 13C gold filigree Holy Cross reliquary. ÁÁA large piece of the True Cross is in the Church of the Annunciation (or Catholicon) in the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mt. Athos, Greece [Lancaster (2), p. 77 = Lancaster (3), p. 82; de Jongh, p. 272]. ÁÁSplinters of the True Cross are in a cross reliquary in the treasury of the Monastery of Grand Lavra, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 280]. ÁÁThe largest piece on Mt. Athos is in the Church of the Forty Martyrs in the Monastery of Xeropotamou [de Jongh, p. 296]. ÁÁA fragment is in the Church of the Analypsis (Ascension) in the Monastery of Esphigmenou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 297]. ÁÁParts are in the Church of Ayios Stephanos in the Monastery of Kastamonitou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 298]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross and a Holy Thorn in the Sacristy of the Basilica of S. Nicola, Bari, Puglia, given by Charles of Anjou [ENIT, p. 35]. ÁÁThe cathedral in Barletta, Puglia, has a reliquary for a fragment of the True Cross, but it's not clear if the fragment is still there [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 63]. ÁÁThe hÀ=Àpital at BaugÀ)À, Maine©et©Loire, France has a relic of the True Cross. This was given by Thomas, Bishop of Hierapetra, to the crusader Jean d'Alluye in 1241. Upon his return to France in 1244, Jean gave it to the Abbey of la BoissiÀ/Àre. [Rorimer, p. 66.] ÁÁThe Monastery of the Holy Cross, near Thurles, Co. Tipperary, Ireland had a piece of the True Cross, given by Pascal II to King Murtagh O'Brien. Seymour [loc. cit. above] mentions this piece. After many years, it came to the Ursuline nuns in 1809 and is now in their convent in Blackrock, Co. Cork. [Aodhagan Brioscu; à ÃIrish ChurchesÄ Ä; Folens, Dublin, c1976, p. 18. Jim Cantwell; à ÃHoly Places of IrelandÄ Ä; New English Library, London, nd [c1976], p. 58.] ÁÁThe church of Bromholm, Norfolk, had a relic of the True Cross, resulting from the Sack of Constantinople [Hutton, p. 117]. [Rick O'Brien; à ÃEast Anglian CuriositiesÄ Ä; The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset, 1992, p. 14] says Bromholm Priory is in Bacton, Norfolk. In 1223, a wandering monk with his two children gave the Priory a piece of the True Cross in exchange for a place in the Priory, which soon became famous and rich. Henry III visited it in the 1230s and endowed the Priory with lands. Chaucer referred to it in the à ÃCanterbury TalesÄ Ä as 'Holy Crois of Bromeholme'. The relic raised 39 people from the dead and cured 19 of blindness. At the Dissolution in 1535, the relic was lost. ÁÁThere is a splinter of the True Cross in the Jeruzalemkerk (= Church of the Holy Cross) in Brugge (Bruges), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium. It was brought back from Jerusalem by Anselmo Adornes in 1471. The church itself was built by his father and uncle in 1427-28 based on drawings of the original 12C Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which burned down by the 16C. [Jan Sjoby; A Belgian count and his family church; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (3 May 1974) ??] ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross at St. Edmund's College, Cambridge [Conversation with Will Ryan]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross in the church of Santa Cruz in Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia, Spain, but it was stolen in 1934. In 1231, this cross had gone missing and miraculously reappeared when a priest celebrated mass before the Moorish king who had captured him. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 85.] ÁÁThere is a nail in the Benedictine Church (or monastery) at Catania, Sicilia, said to have preserved the monastery from the eruption of Mt. Etna in 1669 [Timbs, pp. 7 & 86]. ÁÁThe Treasury of the former Abbey Church, Charroux, Vienne, has a reliquary containing a small capsule with two pieces of wood, perhaps once thought to be fragments the True Cross, which Charroux is known to have had [Gauthier, p. 134©136]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes sweat, 'caligis' (vapour or breath ??) and clothes of Christ, a spine, a piece of the lance, and relics of Mary (clothes, girdle and hair), Mary Magdalene, Agatha, Anthony, Dionysius, Egidio, George, John the Baptist (pieces of the head and 'carillus'), Lazarus, Luke, Martin, Philip, Simon, Stephen, Theodore, Vincenzio [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁA fragment of the True Cross worked into an initial A was given by Charlemagne to the Abbey of Conques, Alpes©Maritimes, in the 11C [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 114]. ÁÁFor Constantinople, see also the general section above. ÁÁThere was a statue of Constantine, containing a piece of the True Cross and fragments of the nails, at the top of the Column of Constantine (= Burnt Column = À&ÀemberlitaÀ³À) in Constantinople (= Istanbul), but it was demolished by a storm in 1105 [Boulanger, p. 86]. [à ÃInsight City Guide: IstanbulÄ Ä; p. 51] says the statue was originally an Apollo and the nails were used to replace the sun god's rays and it stood from 330 until 1106. ÁÁA cross reliquary was brought from Constantinople by Maurice Brandin in the early 12C and eventually reached CarriÀ;Àn de los Condes in Castile and then Cluny Abbey, SaÀ=Àne©etªLoire, Burgundy, in 1126 [Gauthier, pp. 100©102]. ÁÁThe church of S. Saviour (Pantokrator) in Constantinople had a relic of the True Cross which was pillaged in the 13C and wound up in Alsace [Lancaster (2), p. 91]. Perhaps via S. Louis?? ÁÁBrother Elias (or Elia) of Coppi brought a cross reliquary back from Constantinople to Cortona, Toscana, in c1246 [Gauthier, pp. 98©100; Setteposte & Belardi, pp. 54©56, with photo on p. 54]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in the Cathedral of Cosenza, Calabria [Gauthier, pp. 102 & 104©105]. ÁÁThe Kreuzkirche in Dresden, Saxony, had a fragment of the Cross [Stephen Baister & Chris Patrick; à ÃGuide to East GermanyÄ Ä; Bradt, Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, 1990; p. 83]. ÁÁThe Cross of Cong, now in the National Museum, Dublin, Co. Dublin, Ireland, was made in Roscommon, Co. Roscommon, in 1123 for Turlough O'Connor to enshrine a portion of the Cross [Cantwell; ibid.; à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 99]. The placard in the National Museum adds that the portion was brought from Rome to Ireland in 1119 and that O'Connor was High King at the time. [Florence] makes reference to this piece. ÁÁThere is a Nail at the Escorial, Madrid, Madrid, Spain [Timbs, p. 7]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in the Primatial Basilica at Esztergom, Hungary [Gauthier, p. 122]. ÁÁHenry VI gave many relics to Eton College when he founded it in 1440, including what were claimed to be fragments of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns [N. Goodman; à ÃEton CollegeÄ Ä; Pitkin, London, 1976; Turner, p. 57]. Other lists cite the nails, the scourge and the spear of the Passion, a silver ampoule of 'blode of our Lorde' and some blood and brains of St. Thomas Becket. All this was destroyed at the Reformation. ÃÃ[Observer MagazineÄÄ (16 May 1976) ??.] ÁÁA piece of the True Cross is in the Hopper Ring, given by Richard III to his mistress Joan Hopper. The ring is in Eyam Private Museum, Eyam, Derbyshire. [ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (23 Aug 1981).] ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St.©Etienne, Eymoutiers, Haute©Vienne [Gauthier, pp. 73-74]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the True Cross in the monastery of Farneta, near Lucca, on the Pietrasanta road. ÁÁThere is a bit of the True Cross and a nail in the Opera del Duomo, Florence, Toscana [DBS]. ÁÁA fragment of the True Cross is in Santa Croce, Florence, Toscana [Gustavo Cocci; à ÃSanta Croce ÀMÀ Temple of the "Glories of Italy"Ä Ä; Bonechi, Florence, nd [1980s?], p 34]. ÁÁThe Duomo of Genoa (Genova), Liguria, obtained in 1336 a cross reliquary 'of the Zaccarias' from St. John of Ephesus [Gauthier, p. 98]. ÁÁA cross reliquary was sent to the Grandmont Treasury, Haute©Vienne, by Amaury I of Jerusalem in the 12C. This was distributed to the church of Milhaguet in 1792 which deposited it in the Museum or Cathedral at Limoges, Haute©Vienne, from which it was stolen in 1980. The relic may have been lost in 1792. [Gauthier, pp. 34, 36©37 & 56©57.] ÁÁThere is a piece of the Cross in the church of Guerno, France [à ÃBION©24Ä Ä, p. 44]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in the Cistercian abbey church of Heiligenkreuz, Austria. It was bequeathed to Austria by the King of Jerusalem in the 12C. [Caroles Chester; à ÃEssential ViennaÄ Ä; AA Publishing, Basingstoke, 1992, p. 69.] [à ÃViennaÄ Ä; Verlag Bauer, nd [c1996], p. 123] says it was presented by Leopold V in 1188. ÁÁThere was a large piece of the True Cross at the Abbey(?) of Impruneta, Toscana, south of Florence, presented by Filippo degli Scolari [Hutton, p. 164©165]. ÁÁThere was a relic of the True Cross, brought from the Holy Land in the 10C, at the chapel of the Holy Cross (Kreuzlingen) in St. Ulric's Basilica, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 120]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross in Kruishoutem, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium [Jan Sjoby; 10 million eggs change hands every Tuesday; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (12 Apr 1974)], but it is not mentioned in [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 272]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Georg Cathedral, Limburg an der Lahn, Hessen. It was brought back from the 4th Crusade in 1207 by Heinrich von Ulmen, given to a convent in Stuben, moved to Trier in 1788 and then to Limburg in 1827. [Gauthier, pp. 68©69 & 72.] ÁÁThe capsule reliquary of St. George and St. Demetrius, of c1100 Byzantine work, had a piece of the True Cross inserted in it by the 18C. It is now in the British Museum, London. [Gauthier, pp. 42©44.] ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross in Don Saltero's Coffee House and Museum, a kind of exhibition in London, in 1760 [John O'London [pseud. of Wilfred Whitten]; à ÃMore London StoriesÄ Ä; George Newnes, London, 1928, p. 161]. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was given to St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London in 1285 [Kent, p. 77]. ÁÁThere is a relic of the True Cross in St. Magnus the Martyr, London. [J. Wittich; à ÃDiscovering London CuriositiesÄ Ä; Shire, Aylesbury, 1973; p. 60. Kent, p. 78.] Kent says the church still claims to have the piece. ÁÁThere was a piece of the True Cross at John Tradescant's Ark in South Lambeth, London, according to a description by Georg Christoph Stirn in 1638 [M. Welch; à ÃThe Tradescants ...Ä Ä; 1978, p. 6; Weschler, p. 96]. [Arthur MacGregor; à ÃArk to AshmoleanÄ Ä; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 2nd ed., 1988, p. 11] says Henrietta Maria entrusted the Tradescants with safekeeping of a fragment and part of this 'which casually had been broken from it' was 'deteyned' at the Ark. However, I can't find this in [Tradescant]. ÁÁThere were several pieces of the True Cross in Westminster Abbey, London, including a great part with many other pieces and a great part of one of the nails given by Edward the Confessor [Kent, p. 74]. A piece was in an altar at the foot of the tomb of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey [Judi Culbertson & Tom Randall; à ÃPermanent LondonersÄ Ä; Robson Books, London, 1991, p. 55]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in Westminster Cathedral, London. [à ÃBG-LondonÄ Ä, p. 12. Kent, p. 78.] ÁÁThere was a cross reliquary at the Monastery of Lorsch [Gauthier, p. 185]. (Probably the Lorsch in Hessen, a bit north of Mannheim??) ÁÁLucca ÀMÀ see: Farneta. ÁÁThe Museo Comunale in Lucignano, Toscana, has a massive reliquary called the Tree of Lucignano. It was made during 1350©1471 to hold some splinters of the True Cross and some (unspecified) Franciscan relics. [Susanna Buricchi; à ÃMusei dentro le MuraÄ Ä; Officine della Cultura, Arezzo, nd [obtained in 2001], pp. 25©27.] ÁÁ[Gauthier, p. 57] says Amaury I of Jerusalem, 12C, acquired a large piece of the True Cross from the church of St. George in Lydda (= Ramleh). ÁÁThe Reliquary Chapel of the Royal Convent of the Incarnation (Real Convento de la EncarnaciÀ;Àn) in Madrid, Madrid, Spain, contains 'some 1500 relics'. Of these, the most famous are a bit of the True Cross and the blood of St. Pantaleon. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 146.] ÁÁMalta ÀMÀ see under Rhodes. ÁÁThere is a cross containing six fragments of the True Cross in the Basilica of St. Barbara, Mantua (Mantova), Lombardia. It is 9C work form Constantinople. [Gauthier, pp. 26 & 29.] ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz) [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThere is a 'Holy Nail of the Cross' in a tabernacle near the altar of the Cathedral of Milan, Lombardia [Converso, p. 13]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in the Sacred Heart Convent at Mons (Bergen), Hainaut [Gauthier, p. 149]. ÁÁThe 'Iron Crown of Lombardy' used to crown the King of Lombardy in Monza, Lombardia, in the late 8C, was formed around a nail [Gauthier, p. 138]. [Timbs, pp. 86©87] says it was used to crown Agilulfus at Milan in 591 and Napoleon in 1805. It is kept in the Chapel of Teodolinda in the Cathedral of Monza. ÁÁThe Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, has the 'Stavelot Triptych' which contains two small reliquaries of the True Cross [Gauthier, pp. 48©51]. ÁÁA reliquary tabernacle, with a piece of the Cross(?), made for Queen Elizabeth of Hungary is in New York (where?) [Gauthier, pp. 149©150]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the Cross in a reliquary at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York [Florence]. ÁÁThere was a large piece of the Cross in the main Lutheran church of Nuremberg (NÀGÀrnberg), Bayern, in 1716 [Montagu, p. 9]. ÁÁThere is a fragment of the True Cross and a piece of the rope which tied Christ's hands in the Monastery of the Holy Cross, Omodhos, Cyprus [Nagel, p. 115]. ÁÁA relic of the True Cross was (is?) in St. Cross Church, Oxford, Oxfordshire [Heyworth, p. 119]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the Cross in the Cappella del Tesoro of the Basilica of St. Anthony (and/or in the Cathedral), Padua (Padova), Veneto [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 266; Kent, p. 79; Foligno, p. 198]. ÁÁThe Convent at Pairis (Greece??) had a relic of the Cross which they presented to Philip of Swabia in 1205, apparently to assist in the Crusades [Gauthier, p. 78]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the True Cross in the Treasury Museum of the Cathedral in Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 267]. ÁÁThe Treasury of the Cathedral of Pamplona, Navarre, Spain, has a reliquary of the True Cross. ÁÁThe Treasury of Notre-Dame, Paris, contains a piece of the Cross, part (or all?) of the Crown of Thorns and a nail from the Cross. [Hachette-Paris, p. 34. Cf. under Seymour above.] [Hare (2), p. 306] only mentions the Crown and a nail, the latter from St. Denis. For details about the Crown, see under Crown, below. [Cronin, p. 44] says relics of the Cross and Crown were placed in the ball over the flÀ/Àche of Notre©Dame. The Sainte-Chapelle was built in 1242©1248 to house the relics. The relics and their shrine cost 2ÀÀ times as much as the Sainte-Chapelle. A leaflet from the Sainte©Chapelle says the building cost À À40,000 and that Louis IX (St. Louis) bought the relics from Emperor Baudoin II for the (at the time) outrageous sum of À À135,000. The relics were kept in Notre©Dame until the Sainte©Chapelle was ready. [Timbs, p. 6] says the relic of the Cross disappeared on 20 May 1575 and it was rumoured that Henry II had sold it to Venice. To assuage the upset of the populace, he replaced it with a new cross at Easter "of the same shape, size and appearance, and asserted that in Divine powers, or claim to religious worship, it was but little inferior to its model" and this was gratefully accepted, but no trace of the original was ever found. The shrine in SainteªChapelle was melted down during the Revolution but some of the relics were saved and are now in the treasury of Notre-Dame and the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale. The Crown, a Nail and a piece of the True Cross are exhibited on Good Friday at Notre©Dame. [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, pp. 55, 57 & 60.] [Gauthier, p. 90] says a cross reliquary was brought to Notre©Dame by Canon Ansel in 1108. [Hare (2), p. 306] says there is also a relic of the Cross sent to Galon, Bishop of Paris, in 1109. ÁÁKing Childebert, son of Clovis, brought a piece of the Cross and the tunic of St. Vincent from Spain in 542 and built St-Germain-des-PrÀ)Às, Paris, to house them [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, p. 106]. ÁÁIn the Louvre, Paris, is the 'Floresse Triptych' built to hold a piece of the True Cross presented to Floresse Abbey in 1204 by Philip the Noble, Count of Namur, who had received it from his brother, the Emperor Baldwin I of Flanders. 'The relic distilled drops of blood during the Office of the Invention of the True Cross' on 3 Oct 1254 and the reliquary was then made for it. [Gauthier, pp. 149©151]. ÁÁAlso in the Louvre is a cross reliquary called the Jaucourt Shrine [Gauthier, pp. 177-179]. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was up for auction at the Hotel Drouot, Paris, in 1992 [Josephine Arkill; How to buy a crown of thorns; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ, (11 Apr 1992) 40.] ÁÁIn the Conciergerie, Paris, is a reliquary of the True Cross that belonged to Marie Antoinette. ÁÁParis ÀMÀ see also St. Denis. ÁÁA 1201 inventory of the Treasury of St. John on Patmos lists fragments of the True Cross [Gauthier, p. 58]. ÁÁThere is a Cross reliquary in the Monastery of Fonte Avellan, Pesaro, Marche, but the actual wood seems to have been lost [Gauthier, pp. 54©56]. ÁÁA piece of the Cross was brought to Pisa, Toscana, in 1100 [Ezio Nuti; à ÃPisa e la sua ProvincaÄ Ä; Editrice Felici, Pisa, 1967?, p. 24]. I have a note that it was bestowed on Pisa for their great courage (at the capture of Jerusalem), but I cannot relocate my source. Source?? ÁÁThe cross reliquary of Ottokar II Premysl of Bohemia is in St. Peter's Cathedral, Regensburg, Bayern [Gauthier, pp. 147©148]. ÁÁThe Talisman of Charlemagne was given to him in 807 by Haroun al-Rashid, acknowledging Charlemagne as protector of Jerusalem. It contained a cross fashioned from wood of the True Cross. It was buried with Charlemagne, at Aix©la©Chapelle (= Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany), but Otto III opened the tomb 186 years later and placed it in the Treasury of the Church. Napoleon took it in 1804 and his heirs placed it in the Cathedral at Rheims (= Reims, Marne). [à ÃBION©5Ä Ä, pp. 46-47.] [Seymour, loc. cit. above, mentions this piece.] [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 216.] ÁÁA cross made from the True Cross was in Rhodes. It was taken to Malta and the last Grand Master took it to Russia in 1798. [Durrell (& Torr), pp. 112 & 154.] ÁÁThere are three pieces of the Cross, two (or three) nails, the Title of the Cross, two spines from the Crown of Thorns, the crosspiece of the Good Thief's cross and a finger of St. Thomas, all in S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 211]. The Title (and the other relics?) was rediscovered here in 1492 [Hare, p. 425]. [Florence] says the Title is 3ÀÀ ft long by 1 ft high. ÁÁThere are pieces of the True Cross in St. Peter's, Rome; one piece near the High Altar, collected by St. Helena; and others in the Treasury [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, pp. 261 & 266]. Justinian II and his wife Sophia donated a reliquary with a piece of the True Cross to St. Peter's in the 6C [Bauer et al., p. 159]. ÁÁThere are five pieces and another piece in the Chapel of Pius V in the Vatican, Rome. These were formerly in the Sancta Sanctorum. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 290.] ÁÁOne of the above is probably in the cross reliquary of Pascal I (9C), formerly in the Sancta Sanctorum, Rome, and now in the Museo Sacro Vaticano [Gauthier, pp. 142©144]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard', including relics of many other saints (I can make out 33 names), is now in Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. The later [à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 190] says it is in the Museum of the Royal Collegiate Church. ÁÁRussia ÀMÀ see under Rhodes. ÁÁThere was a piece at St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, in 1654 [Kent, p. 79]. There was a nail in the 12C ÀMÀ see under Crown of Thorns. A nail was included in the relics of St. Denis and his companions and exposed in 1053 ÀMÀ cf St. Denis in Saints list [Okey, p. 56]. ÁÁThere is a fragment of the True Cross in the Abbey Church of St©Guilhem©le©Desert, HÀ)Àrault, France [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 233]. [Rorimer, p. 16] says it was presented by the Patriarch of Jerusalem to Charlemagne in 800 and Charlemagne gave it to St. Guilhem, who was one of his advisers. ÁÁA cross reliquary belonging to the church of Notre©Dame in St.©Omer, Pas©de©Calais, is in the MusÀ)Àe Sandelin [Gauthier, pp. 144©145]. ÁÁA priest carrying a piece of the True Cross found that his ship could not pass Cape Venus until it was renamed Cap de Creus, which is near Sant Pere de Rodes, Catalonia, just S of the French border. The Holy Cross is venerated there, but the legend doesn't state that the described piece was deposited there. [Joan Badia i Homs; à ÃMonastery of Sant Pere de Rodes Historic and Architectural GuideÄ Ä; Curial Edicions Catalanes, Barcelona, 1993, p. 27.] ÁÁThe monastery of Santo Toribio de LiÀ)Àbana, in the Picos de Europa, northern Spain, has the 'largest known piece of the True Cross'. It was brought from Jerusalem by Turbius, Bishop of Astorga, in the 8C. It is in a camarin in the church. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 173.] ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the True Cross in the Diocesan Museum of La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia [Manuel Pal i Casanovas, Albert Vives i Mir & Jaume Tarrago i Farrera; à ÃCathedral and Diocesan Museum of UrgellÄ Ä; Bisbat d'Urgell, La Seu d'Urgell, 1987, pp. 88©89]. ÁÁThere is a nail from the True Cross in S. Domenico, Spoleto, Umbria [Rowdon, p. 269]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in the monastery of Stavrovouni, Cyprus. The monastery was founded in 326 by St. Helena who donated this piece. [Nagel, p. 83.] ÁÁThere is a piece of the True Cross in the Parish Church of San Francesco, Santa Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands [Elizabeth Nicholas; à ÃMadeira and The CanariesÄ Ä; Hamish Hamilton, London, 1953, p. 182]. ÁÁThurles ÀMÀ see under Blackrock. ÁÁThere is a reliquary©triptych of the Holy Cross in the Treasury of Onze©LieveªVrouwebasiliek, Tongeren (Tongres), Limburg, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 301]. ÁÁThere is a 'Casket of the True Cross' in St.©Sernin, Toulouse, Haut©Garonne, holding a fragment received from Jerusalem in the late 12C [Gauthier, pp. 86©88; à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 175]. ÁÁA reliquary of the True Cross is in the Treasury of CathÀ)Àdrale Notre©Dame in Tournai (Doornik), Hainaut, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 307]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Matthias, Trier, Rheinland©Pfalz, made to house a fragment of the True Cross brought back by Heinrich von Ulmen in 1207 [Gauthier, pp. 72-74]. ÁÁVenice, Veneto, acquired a piece of the Cross after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 [Okey (2), p. 82]. [Okey (2), p. 341] mentions a piece brought back by Filippo de' Massari ÀMÀ perhaps the same one, but [à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 139] says Filippo de'Masseri brought it back in 1369 and this piece was the subject of the great series of paintings in the Accademia by Carpaccio, Gentile Bellini and others. [Gauthier, pp. 76©78] shows a reliquary made with five pieces of the Cross for Emperor Henry of Flanders for his coronation in 1206 and soon given to Venice ÀMÀ it is now in the Treasury of San Marco. In 1204, Genoan corsairs captured 'Helena's Cross' from the Venetians [Gauthier, p. 102]. [à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 164] says a Reliquary of the Cross (1379) was brought from Cyprus and is now in the Scuola de San Giovanni Evangelista, Venice. [Buckley & Robinson, p. 130] says the piece in the Scuola de San Giovanni Evangelista was presented in 1369. ÁÁThere is a Nail in the Treasury of St. Mark, Venice [Timbs, p. 86]. ÁÁThe Imperial Cross of Emperor Conrad II (c1025) contained the Holy Lance (qv) and a substantial piece of the True Cross. It is part of the Imperial Crown Jewels, once at Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, but now in the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), Vienna, with replicas in the Rathaus of Aachen. The piece of the True Cross is often described as a fragment or particle, but it is 25.3 cm long, which is one of the largest pieces that I have seen or heard of. Further, this piece contains a hole from one of the Nails, so it is of excessive sanctity and could only have come from the Byzantine Emperor, but its origin is unknown, though the most likely period is during the reign of Konrad II, 1024©1039, since he sent a delegation to the Byzantine Emperor Romanos III Argyros and he commissioned the Imperial Cross which was used to hold the fragment. The Holy Lance, qv, is also part of this Treasure and contains a nail in a hollow. Apparently fragments of True Nails were inset as crosses into the Lance and possibly the inset nail, leading to the nail becoming known as a True Nail. [Bauer et al., pp. 155©166.] An armbone of St. Anne and a tooth of St. John the Baptist were also kept in the Imperial Cross. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has many other fragments of the Cross. A piece was once in the Cross of Allegiance of the Order of the Golden Fleece [Bauer et al., pp. 206©207]. There is a piece in the 14C 'Monile' (pendant) of Charlemagne [Bauer et al., pp. 235©236]. Several pieces are in the reliquary cross of King Ludwig the Great of Hungary [Bauer et al., pp. 238-239]. A piece was once in another reliquary [Bauer et al., pp. 239©240]. There is an ostensory with a piece of the Cross and a Thorn [Bauer et al., p. 246]. There is also a reliquary which had a piece of the Cross and drops of the Blood, but the Blood part is missing [Bauer et al., pp. 276©277]. Another reliquary contains the nail that went through Christ's right hand [Bauer et al., pp. 303©303]. The monstrance of the Star Cross Order contains a piece of the Cross which survived a fire in the Hofburg ÀMÀ though its gold mounting melted [Bauer et al., pp. 304©305]. There are other pieces [Bauer et al., pp. 316, 322©323, 327©328, 340, 340©341 & 341] and a reliquary with a piece of the Cross and relics of Peter and Paul presented by Pius VII to Emperor Franz I in c1823 [Bauer et al., pp. 345©346]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St.©Materne, Walcourt, Namur, Belgium [Gauthier, pp. 146 & 148]. ÁÁThere is a relic of the True Cross at the Anglican Shrine at Walsingham, Norfolk [Clough]. ÁÁA piece of the True Cross was given to King Harold by the Pope. Harold placed it at Waltham Abbey, London. It is believed that a piece from this was given to St. Margaret of Scotland. [Dean.] However, a 12C account of Waltham Abbey says that Harold gave many relics to the Abbey, without specifying a piece of the Cross. ÁÁRelics of the Holy Rood were at Wiblingen Abbey, Baden©WÀGÀrttemberg, Germany, 5 km S of Ulm [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 286]. ÁÁThere was a piece of the Cross at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁA portion of the True Cross was in the Cross Neyt, brought to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, from Wales in 1283 by Edward I [Hill, p. 57]. ÁÁÁÁCROWN OF THORNS ÁÁ[Florence] says 105 churches claim parts of the Crown of Thorns. ÁÁ[à ÃEveryman ÀMÀ IstanbulÄ Ä, pp. 148©149] says the relics of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns were in the Treasury of Haghia Sophia (now the Museum Director's Office) built by Justinian, and were looted in 1204. [Timbs, p. 6] says there was a 'new' Crown of Thorns at Constantinople, c1230. ÁÁIn the 11C (or 12C) there was a Crown of Thorns and other relics at St. Denis, Seine St-Denis. c1124, the monks forged a 'Descriptio' asserting that Charlemagne had led an armed crusade and brought back the relics. [Norman Cohn; à ÃThe Pursuit of the MillenniumÄ Ä; (1957); revised, Mercury Books, London, 1962, p. 390.] [Gauthier, p. 56] says the 'Descriptio' refers to the Crown of Thorns and a nail, which were brought to Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, and then taken to St. Denis by Charles the Bald. [Okey, p. 56] gives a different story ÀMÀ cf St. Denis in Saints list. ÁÁThe Treasury of Notre-Dame, Paris, contains a piece of the Cross, part (or all?) of the Crown of Thorns and a nail from the cross. [Hachette-Paris, p. 34. Cf. under Seymour in True Cross above.] [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, p. 57] says it is THE Crown of Thorns. It had been pledged by Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople with the Venetians and he was unable to redeem it. St. Louis redeemed it in 1239 [one source erroneously has 1293] and brought it to Notre-Dame, then to the chapel of St. Nicholas in the palace, which was replaced by the Sainte-Chapelle, specifically built to house the relics. [Timbs, p. 6 and Hutton, p. 120] say Baldwin sold it to Louis. A leaflet from the Sainte©Chapelle says the building cost À À40,000 and that Louis IX (St. Louis) bought the relics from Emperor Baudoin II for the (at the time) outrageous sum of À À135,000. [Hare (2), p. 277] says the Crown came from Jean de Brienne, (Baldwin's predecessor as Emperor of Constantinople), and that a duplicate is in Vicenza. About a year later, a bit of the True Cross, the blade of the Lance and the Sponge were added to the Crown. [Hare (2), p. 277] says it was a great portion of the Cross and came from Emperor Baudouin (Baldwin). ÁÁ[Cronin, p. 45] and [à ÃEBÄ Ä] date the Sainte-Chapelle to 1245-1248. Gauthier [p. 160] says 1239©1248, though p. 162 only indicates that work was in progress in 1244, but adds that it was consecrated in 1248. [Hare (2), p. 277] says it was built in 1242©1247 and consecrated on 25 Apr 1248. The Sainte©Chapelle leaflet says it was built in 1242©1248 and dedicated on 26 Apr 1248. à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 178 dates it to 1246 and says it contains the relics of the Passion. It also says Louis put the Crown and other relics in Notre©Dame in 1245, pending completion of the Sainte©Chapelle, which took a record time of 33 months [pp. 191-192]. Okey, pp. 71©72 & 86 says it took three years to build. ÁÁThe relics and their shrine [picture in Gauthier, p. 164] cost 2ÀÀ times as much as the Sainte-Chapelle. In 1360?, four English barons came to Paris to sign the Peace of Paris. They were shown the relics and each was given a spine from the Crown of Thorns. [Okey, p. 125.] The shrine was melted down in 1793 during the Revolution but some of the relics were saved and are now in the treasury of Notre-Dame and the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale. The Crown, a Nail and a piece of the True Cross are exhibited on Good Friday at Notre©Dame. [à ÃMGG-ParisÄ Ä, pp. 55, 57 & 60.] [Cronin, p. 44] says relics of the Cross and Crown were placed in the ball over the flÀ/Àche of Notre©Dame. The last window on the right of the Sainte Chapelle shows Louis receiving the relics at Sens, Yonne, and other episodes in the translation of the relics [Cronin, p. 46]. ÁÁMany relics of Christ were in the Bucoleon Chapel of the Palace in Constantinople before the Sack of 1204. These included pieces of the Crown of Thorns. [Gauthier, pp. 58 & 160.] But [à ÃEveryman ÀMÀ IstanbulÄ Ä, pp. 148©149] says the relics of the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns were in the Treasury of Haghia Sophia (now the Museum Director's Office) built by Justinian, and were looted in 1204. ÁÁ[Okey (2), pp. 90©91] says the Crown was allocated to the Latin Eastern Emperor after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204. The Emperor pledged it and the Lance of St. Longinus to the Venetians and it was sent to Venice in 1238. Louis IX redeemed it and it went to Paris in 1238 or 1239. ÁÁLegendarily, the Crown of Thorns was made from the hawthorn tree which has led to various legends about the hawthorn. In southern Europe, it was considered to bring good luck, as having touched the blood of Christ, though the good luck aspects of the hawthorn were believed by the early Romans before Christ. In northern Europe, the plant that had caused pain to Christ was considered unlucky and it was bad luck to bring it into the house. [John Dunn & Colin Martin; à ÃJohn Dunn's Answers PleaseÄ Ä; (BBC, 1994); revised and expanded, Penguin, 1995, p. 129.] ÁÁÁÁMiscellaneous Sites, in Alphabetical Order. ÁÁThere is a thorn in the Basilica of San Francesco, Assisi, Umbria, presented by St. Louis [Gauthier, pp. 109©110]. ÁÁThere was a thorn at Bologna, Emilia©Romagna [Kent, p. 79]. ÁÁThere is a Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA spine from the Crown of Thorns is in the church of Chalandry, France (not on my map) [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä]. It was brought by a crusader in 1185 [à ÃBION©21Ä Ä, p. 62]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes a spine [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁIn the 14C, the King and Dauphin of France presented two thorns to Charles IV of Bohemia. He probably kept them in KarlÀ±Àtejn Castle, 20 km SW of Prague, which he had built partly to house his collection of relics. There is a mural depicting this gift in the Chapel of St. Mary in the Castle. [à ÃBlue GuideÄ Ä, p. 212.] ÁÁRoom 45 of the British Museum, London, has a Holy Thorn reliquary made for the Duc de Berri in Paris, c1400. There is a thorn in it. ÁÁThere was a thorn in Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThere is a thorn in St©Pieter©en©Pauluskerk, Mol, Antwerpen, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 212]. ÁÁIn 1473, Carlo Fortebraccio brought a thorn to Montone, Toscana, where it is processed twice a year, one Easter Monday and the Sunday after 15 Aug [Sergio Conti; à ÃOspitalitÀ!À e Cortesia nei Territori dell'Alto TevereÄ Ä; no publisher or place given, 2001, p. 26; local guidebook]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary crown of the Holy Thorn in the Diocesan Museum, Namur, Namur, Belgium, possibly made for the coronation of Henry of Flanders. This is somewhat confused by the fact that Henry sent two pieces of the Crown of Thorns to his brother Philip the Noble, Marquis of Namur, in 1205 & 1207. [Gauthier, pp. 136©137.] ÁÁThere is a thorn at Neudorf, Czechoslovakia [à ÃBION©13Ä Ä]. (There are two villages of Neudorf, now NovÀÀ Ves, in Czechoslovakia.) ÁÁ[Foligno, p. 198] describes the following in the Cappella del Tesoro in the Basilica of St. Anthony, Padua, Veneto: the tongue and chin of St. Anthony; a piece of the True Cross; some thorns from the Crown of Thorns; a stone from Gethsemane; the relics of the Apostles (no further specification given!). ÁÁThe Louvre, Paris, has a reliquary containing two thorns which St. Louis had given to the Dominicans at LiÀ/Àge [Gauthier, p. 138]. ÁÁ[Florence] says there is a small part of a thorn mounted in a ring at the Hotel de Cluny in Paris. ÁÁA thorn from the Crown of Thorns was in S. Maria della Spina, Pisa, Toscana. It is now in the Chiesa degli Spedali de Santa Chiara, in Pisa. [Marcello Jacorossi; à ÃPisaÄ Ä (English Ed.); Bonechi, Firenze, nd [c1970], pp. 146-147.] [Ross & Erichsen, pp. 250 & 253] describe it as a small piece of of the Crown, preserved in a little urn. It was brought by a Pisan merchant, who left it with his family when he went on a voyage. He never returned and a descendent, a Longhi, presented it to the church. ÁÁThere is a thorn at Port©Royal©des©Champs, Yvelines [Mackay, p. 697]. ÁÁCharles IV of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor from 1348, amassed a collection of relics at Prague, including "part of the whip used in the Passion, two thorns ..., a few drops of milk from the Virgin Mary and one of Mary Magdalene's breasts" [Humphreys, p. 92]. ÁÁA Holy Thorn is kept at the church of S. S. TrinitÀ!À in San Francesco, apparently part of Preggio, Umbria, about 12km SW of Umbertide [à ÃUmbertide Landscape © History © Monuments © Art © Itineraries © Tourist InformationÄ Ä; Comune di Umbertide, 2000, p. 12.] ÁÁThe Treasury of the Bishops of Rheims (= Reims, Marne) has a 11C reliquary of the Holy Thorn [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 216]. ÁÁThere was a fragment of the Crown of Thorns, which budded yearly on Good Friday, in Rhodes [Durrell (quoting Torr), p. 112]. ÁÁA spine from the Crown was given to the Cathedral of Spoleto, Umbria, by Frederick II [Gauthier, p. 100]. ÁÁA part of the Crown was included in the relics of St. Denis and his companions at St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, and was exposed in 1053 ÀMÀ cf St. Denis in Saints list [Okey, p. 56]. ÁÁThere are two pieces of a Thorn in the Abbey of St.©Maurice, St.©Maurice d'Agaune, Valais (or St.©Maurice©en©Valais), Switzerland, presented by St. Louis in 1262 [Gauthier, pp. 108 & 110]. ÁÁThere is a Thorn in St.©Sernin, Toulouse, Haut©Garonne [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 175]. ÁÁThere is a Thorn from the Crown of Thorns in Santa Corona, Vicenza, Veneto [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 260]. It was presented by St. Louis [à ÃMGG©Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 253; Buckley & Robinson, p. 308]. [Hare (2), p. 277] says the Dominican monastery in Vicenza has a duplicate of the Crown that is in the Sainte Chapelle, Paris. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a Tempietto reliquary containing: drops of Christ's blood; a piece of linen soaked with the blood; hairs from his beard and relics of the Crown of Thorns, the lance, the column, the scourge and the reed [Bauer et al., pp. 242©243]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a Thorn and relics of SS. Fabian and Sebastian [Bauer et al., pp. 243©244]. There is an ostensory with a piece of the Cross and a Thorn [Bauer et al., p. 246] and a reliquary with a thorn [Bauer et al., pp. 278©279]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with a Thorn and relics of SS. Andrew, Eustace, George and Stephan [Bauer et al., pp. 305©306]. ÁÁSee also under True Cross at S. Croce in Gerusalemme, at Eton, in Paris and at Bari. ÁÁÁÁLANCE OF ST. LONGINUS ÁÁPilgrimages to the Holy Land began in the mid 6C. Early reports state that the Lance was placed in a reliquary in the Basilica of Constantine. [Bauer et al., p. 158.] ÁÁThe Lance of St. Longinus is in St. Peter's, Rome, Lazio, Italy. It was presented to Innocent VIII by Bajazet II. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 261 & 265.] [Florence] concurs that it is in St. Peter's, but says that it is just the shaft and that the head was in Paris and was lost during the Revolution. ÁÁDuring the First Crusade, in June 1098, the Crusaders were besieged after capturing Antioch. Peter Barthelemy (or Bartholomew), a priest (or peasant), had visions in which St. Andrew revealed where the Holy Lance was buried in St. Peter, Antioch. The Lance was duly discovered and its presence led to a major victory for the Crusaders on 28 June, attended by visions of St. George and others. Peter was later challenged to prove the truth of his visions through ordeal by fire. He was so badly burned that he died a few days later. [Mackay, pp. 393-401.] [Runciman-1, pp. 241-248, 253-254, 273-274] gives a fuller story and notes that there was already a Lance at Constantinople! [Runciman-2, p. 20, note 2] indicates that the Lance was with Raymond of Toulouse at Constantinople in 1100-1101. ÁÁMany relics of Christ were in the Bucoleon Chapel of the Palace in Constantinople before the Sack of 1204. These included the Lance. [Gauthier, pp. 58 & 160.] ÁÁThe Lance and the Crown of Thorns were pledged to the Venetians by the Latin Emperor and he was unable to redeem them in 1237, but it is not clear what happened to the Lance ÀMÀ see under Crown of Thorns above [Okey (2), pp. 90©91]. [Okey, p. 72] says it was obtained by St. Louis in c1239 and translated to Paris and eventually placed in the SainteªChapelle. See Paris under Crown of Thorns for more details. ÁÁThe Holy Lance is part of the Treasure of the Holy Roman Empire, formerly in Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, but now preserved in the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), Vienna, with facsimiles in the Rathaus of Aachen [à ÃMGG-AustriaÄ Ä, p. 155]. The Imperial Cross of Emperor Conrad II (c1025) contained the Holy Lance and a substantial piece of the True Cross. At Aachen and at Vienna, the Lance is displayed as a separate item. It is said to have been purchased by Henry I (c920) from King Rudolph of Burgundy. It is part of the blade of a lance, hollowed out to hold a nail and lengthened by two further blades, probably assembled in the 8C. Apparently fragments of True Nails were imbedded as crosses in the edges of the lance and possibly the nail and their sanctity was extended to claiming the nail was one of the True Nails and the lance was that of St. Longinus (though the real lance was known to be in Constantinople, where it had a particle of the Cross attached) or that of St. Maurice, patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire. [Bauer et al., pp. 160©164.] ÁÁThe Vienna lance was known as the Spear of Destiny and legend asserted that the man who controlled the Spear could control the world. Consequently, after the Anschluss in 1938, Hitler went and spent several hours alone with the Spear and then had it secretly removed to to a vault underneath Nuremberg. [David Fisher; à ÃThe War MagicianÄ Ä; Coward©McCann, 1983 & Berkley, NY, 1983, p. 57.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a Tempietto reliquary containing: drops of Christ's blood; a piece of linen soaked with the blood; hairs from his beard and relics of the crown of thorns, the lance, the column, the scourge and the reed [Bauer et al., pp. 242©243]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes a piece of the lance [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁPart of the lance was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThe point of the spear was in the main Lutheran church of Nuremberg (NÀGÀrnberg), Bayern, in 1716 [Montagu, p. 9]. ÁÁÁÁTEETH ÁÁThere was a Tooth of Christ at St. Medard de Soissons, Aisne [D'Israeli, p. 90]. ÁÁ[Florence] says a tooth is preserved in a European church. ÁÁ[Hutton, p. 117] lists, among other relics stolen at the Sack of Constantinople, one of Christ's teeth. ÁÁÁÁBLOOD & SPONGE ÁÁThe blood of Christ was believed to be the ultimate symbol of his Passion and the other symbols acquired their virtue through their association with the blood. E.g. the Cross was venerated because it was soaked with the Blood, especially the parts of the Cross near the Nails. [Bauer et al., p. 164.] However, the doctrine of the Resurrection maintained that bodies had to be reintegrated and since Christ had already been resurrected, this implied that all his blood must have been regathered and taken up into heaven! [Robert Bartlett; The power and the gory; ÃÃTLSÄÄ (9 Aug 2002) 23 (Review of: Nicholas Vincent; à ÃThe Holy Blood King Henry II and the Westminster blood relicÄ Ä; CUP, 2002).] ÁÁIt was believed that drops of the Holy Blood had been collected during his agony and that they had permeated his loincloth and filled the Holy Grail! Vincent (op. cit. above) reports several calculations of the number of drops of blood shed in the Passion ÀMÀ numbers vary from 28,000 to 547,000. Some drops were miraculously exuded by the piece of the True Cross in Constantinople in 320 when it was desecrated with a knife by some Jews. Drops of this were preserved at San Marco, Venice. [Gauthier, pp. 115©117.] ÁÁRon Wyatt, from Tennessee, claims that droplets of Christ's blood have been found [Richard Colby; The Ark gets into deep water; ÃÃThe Guardian OnlineÄÄ (12 Dec 1996) 7]. ÁÁThere was a sample of Holy Blood at a monastery in Ashridge, Hertfordshire. At the Dissolution, it was reported to be clarified honey coloured with saffron. [à ÃVictoria Glendinning's HertfordshireÄ Ä; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1989, p. 119.] ÁÁThere were relics of the Blood at Boulogne (©sur©Mer), Pas©de©Calais [Gauthier, p. 115]. ÁÁA vial of Holy Blood is in the Basilican Church of the Holy Blood in Brugge (Bruges), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium. It is processed on Ascension Day at 15:00. [Sjoby; A Belgian count and his family church; op. cit. under True Cross.] The relic is a wodge of wool soaked in blood, in a rock crystal tube held by gold crowns held by gold angels. It is in an upper chapel of the church. Tradition says it was a present from Fucher, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, to Thierry of Alsace, Count of Flanders and brother©in©law of Baldwin, on Christmas Day, 1148. Thierry brought it back to Brugge (Bruges) and donated it to the town. [à ÃBruges and Its BeautiesÄ Ä; Editions Thill, Bruxelles, nd [1990s?]; pp. 12©20, p. 16 has photos of the vial and reliquary.] [à ÃAll BruggeÄ Ä; Editorial Escudo de Oro, Barcelona, 2001, pp. 17©18, p. 18 is a photo of the vial] says it was brought to Brugge (Bruges) from Constantinople at the time of the Second Crusade. [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 120] has a photo of the procession. ÁÁThere is a relic of Christ's blood at the À(Àglise de la TrinitÀ)À, the abbey of Fecamp, SeineªMaritime, said to have floated here in a fig tree dispatched by Joseph of Arimathea [G. Every; à ÃChristian MythologyÄ Ä; Hamlyn, London, 1970, p. 98. Ward, p. 66]. ÁÁCruets of Christ's blood and sweat were buried at Glastonbury, Somerset [G. Every; à ÃChristian MythologyÄ Ä; Hamlyn, London, 1970, p. 98]. ÁÁThere was a relic of the blood of Christ at Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire, two miles outside Winchcombe and about 8 miles NW of Cheltenham. It was presented by Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, son of the founder of the Abbey, in 1270. (Vincent [op. cit. above] says it was presented in 1267 by the nephew of King Henry III.) Its authenticity had been guaranteed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, later by Pope Urban IV. [W. St. Clair Baddeley; à ÃHailes AbbeyÄ Ä; Country Life for the National Trust, nd [c1964]. James Lees©Milne; à ÃA Guide to Britain's Historic Buildings Preserved by the National TrustÄ Ä; Batsford, 1948, pp. 48©49.] At the Dissolution, this was revealed to be duck's blood, renewed weekly. [D'Israeli, p. 91. à ÃBG-EnglandÄ Ä, p. 286]. Other sources spell it Hayles or Hales. It is mentioned in Chaucer's "Pardoner's Tale" [M. Marshall; à ÃBozzimacooÄ Ä; M. & J. Hobbs & Michael Joseph, London, 1975, p. 57]. Another source (??) says it was brought by King Edmund, and that it was destroyed in 1537 by Bishop Rochester. Another source (??) says that it was destroyed at St. Paul's Cross, London. under Henry VIII. ÁÁAn English Heritage tourist leaflet says the phial of Holy Blood was a gift of Henry III and that it was destroyed at the Reformation. ÁÁKent [pp. 74©75] quotes some 18C descriptions of the Hayles (or Hales) blood. It was brought by Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, who obtained it as part of the blood sent to Charlemagne from Greece. Edmund placed it at Hayles, but put part in his monastery at Ashbridge, Bucks. At the Dissolution, the Hayles blood "is said to have been discovered to be the blood of a duck or perhaps some other animal which was weekly renewed." The blood was exhibited in a crystal cabinet, whose two sides were of different thicknesses, but otherwise identical, so the blood could be seen from one side but not the other and a little manipulation allowed the priest to make the blood visible once a sufficient offering had been made. ÁÁThere is a relic of the Holy Blood in the church of Heiligenblut, south Austria, said to have been brought by one Briccius from Byzantium in the 10C [à ÃMGG-AustriaÄ Ä, p. 82]. ÁÁA phial of the Blood of Christ shed on the Cross was given to Henry III by the master of the Knights Templars. He presented it to Westminster Abbey, London, in 1247. [D'Israeli, p. 91. Ash. Kent, p. 75.] Kent says that a niche near the tomb of Henry III may have been where the phial was kept. Vincent [op. cit. above] notes that the cult of the Holy Blood did not take off at all, perhaps because Henry III was a rather feeble monarch. Kent says there was also a "great part of the Blood ÃÃde MiraculoÄÄ." ?? ÁÁThe blood of Christ, preserved by St. Longinus, is in S. Andrea, in Mantua (Mantova), Lombardia [à ÃMGG©Italy (1966)Ä Ä, p. 137]. ÁÁA rag dipped in the Blood was at Padua (Padova), Veneto [Kent, p. 79]. ÁÁWhen Princess Theophanu, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor, was married to Henry the Fowler, the second Holy Roman Emperor, she brought crystal reliquaries containing some of Christ's blood, a hair and some milk of the Virgin. These were preserved in the church founded by Henry at Quedlinburg, Sachsen©Anhalt, Germany. During the fall of Germany in 1945, these reliquaries were found and shipped back to Texas by a Lt. Joseph Meador. After his death in 1990, their existence became known and they have been reacquired for Quedlinburg Church. [Martin Walker; American Diary; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (16 Mar 1992) 27. Gauthier, p. 115.] ÁÁSome drops of blood were at St. Denis, Seine St©Denis in 1654 [Kent, p. 79]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some Blood [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁA relic of the precious blood is in S. Maria Assunta, Sarzana, Liguria [Roberto De Gasperis; à ÃLiguriaÄ Ä Series of Regional Publications No. 2, printed by ENIT, Rome, nd [c1950?], p. 36]. [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 82] says there is a phial said to have contained the blood. ÁÁA bottle of blood from the Holy Image of Christ was among the relics supposedly taken to Sant Pere de Rodes in c610 ÀMÀ cf Peter. ÁÁThere were relics of the Blood at Savona, Liguria [Gauthier, p. 115]. ÁÁThe Precious Blood of Christ is a small quantity of balm taken by Mary Magdalen from the body of Christ. It was in St. Catherine's in Constantinople and was brought to the Basilica of the Frari in Venice, Veneto, in 1479 by Melchiorre Trevisan. It is processed every Passion Sunday. [Luciano Marini; à ÃThe Frari's BasilicaÄ Ä; Ardo/Edizioni d'Arte, Venice, 1982, p. 42.] ÁÁVenice, Veneto, acquired some of the Holy Blood after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 [Okey (2), p. 82]. Some of the blood was at S. Marco, Venice [Kent, p. 79]. Doge Dandolo sent a reliquary containing a thread stained with Holy Blood from Constantinople in 1204 [Gauthier, p. 115]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a Monstrance of the Sacred Blood, supposed to contain some [Bauer et al., pp. 237©238]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a Tempietto reliquary containing: drops of Christ's blood; a piece of linen soaked with the blood; hairs from his beard and relics of the crown of thorns, the lance, the column, the scourge and the reed [Bauer et al., pp. 242©243]. There is also a reliquary which had a piece of the Cross and drops of the Blood, but the Blood part is missing [Bauer et al., pp. 276©277]. ÁÁSee also under True Cross at Eton and under Holy Grail below. ÁÁCatholic theology really believes in the cannibalistic doctrine of Transubstantiation which asserts that the consecrated bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ. (If true, no vegetarian can take Catholic communion.) In 1263, a priest who had doubts about the doctrine discovered that the Host began to bleed profusely. This happened in what is now the Chapel of the Miracle in the church of S. Cristina, Bolsena, Lazio, Italy, and it is called the Miracle of Bolsena. The pavement of the chapel is stained with the blood! [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 72.] Cynics note that the miracle conveniently occurred when the Pope was trying to convince the Church of the doctrine. The Cathedral of Orvieto, Umbria, was built to house the relics of the miracle, primarily the cloth in which the bleeding Host was wrapped, and they are now in the Corporal Chapel [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, pp. 161-162]. [Alix Kirsta; The crying game; ÃÃThe Guardian WeekendÄÄ (9 Dec 2000) 26©34] reports that in 1993, Johanna Cullen, an American researcher, showed that the fungus ÃÃSerratia marcescensÄÄ could produce blood©like stains on starchy foods. ÁÁA similar miracle took place near Daroca, Aragon, Spain, in 1239. A priest was celebrating mass on the occasion of troops from three towns setting off to fight when the Moors attacked and the priest concealed the consecrated hosts between two altarclothes which were later found to be bloodstained. Each of the towns claimed the relics and they were placed on a mule which was released and carried them to Daroca. The relics are in the Chapel of the Holy Relics in the Church of Santa Maria in Daroca. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 104.] ÁÁAnother miracle of the Holy Eucharist took place in c1300 at the church in Cebreiro, Galicia?, Spain, where the bread and wine turned into flesh and blood. The relics and the chalice and paten are preserved there. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, pp. 205©206.] ÁÁYet another such miracle occurred in 1405 at Bois©Seigneur©Isaac, 12 km S of Nivelles, Brabant©Wallon, Belgium. The blood©stained altarcloth is in the vestry of the Chapelle du St-Sang in the Abbey there. [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 266]. ÁÁ[Florence] says there was a second reed, used to raise the sponge to the dying Christ's lips, but no body claims to have any piece of it. However, pieces of the sponge are at: St. Jacques de Compiege; S. Silvestro, S. Giovanni Laterano, S. Maria Maggiore, S. Maria in TrastÀ)Àvere, S. Marco and S. Maria in Campitelli (he has Compitelli). He says these are all in Rome, Lazio, Italy, but he tends to give French forms of the names. [Jacques is the French form of the Italian Giacomo. There are several S. Giacomos in Rome, but none have titles which can be related to any French word anything like 'Compiege', which doesn't seem to be a French word at all. Perhaps it's a version of the French word for Compostela?? But then that doesn't really specify which of the S. Giacomos it might be.] ÁÁMany relics of Christ were in the Bucoleon Chapel of the Palace in Constantinople before the Sack of 1204. These included the sponge. [Gauthier, pp. 58 & 160.] ÁÁ[Okey, p. 72] says the Sponge was obtained by St. Louis in c1239 and translated to Paris and eventually placed in the Sainte©Chapelle. See Paris under Crown of Thorns for more details. ÁÁParts of the sponge, lance and scourge were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁA capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of the sponge [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. ÁÁÁÁHOLY GRAIL ÁÁVarious legends describe this as: the chalice used at the Last Supper; "the dish on which the Paschal Lamb was served at the Last Supper; a blood©filled crystal vase; a magic food©providing dish or even just a stone" [Wheeler, p. 69]. ÁÁIt has been asserted that the name comes from the French 'Saint GrÀ)Àel' which is an elision(?) of 'sang rÀ)Àel' meaning 'true blood'. ÁÁ[J. J. N. McGurk; à ÃA Dictionary of Medieval TermsÄ Ä; St. Mary's College of Education, Strawberry Hill, 1970, p. 18] says the legend is of Celtic origin and first occurs in à ÃPercevalÄ Ä by Chrestein de Trayes in the 1180s. Originally it was a sacred vessel with spiritual powers, but it was later identified as the cup of the Last Supper. "The entire legend was never recognised by any ecclesiastical authority." ÁÁ[G. J. Monson©Fitzjohn; à ÃDrinking Vessels of Bygone DaysÄ Ä; Herbert Jenkins, London, 1927, p. 91] says it was a cup or chalice of emerald used at the Last Supper and then Joseph of Arimathea caught the last drops of Christ's blood in it. He says the French called it Saint Greal, which became Sang Real. ÁÁThe church of Golgotha was built, close to the Holy Sepulchre, for the Chalice [Gauthier, p. 50]. ÁÁAn purple agate chalice in the Chapel of the Holy Grail in the Cathedral of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, since 1437, is claimed to be the Holy Grail (Santo CÀÀliz). Legend says it was given by St. Lawrence to a follower, who was a Spanish legionary and took it to his parents in Huesca, Aragon, Spain, in the 3C. They passed it to the Benedictine monastery of San Juan de la PeÀ9Àa, Aragon, (then to the king of Aragon), where it remained until its transfer to Valencia in 1430. [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä. Adela Gooch; Spanish police furnish escort for Holy Grail's sacred bus tour; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (20 Jun 1994) 1. à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 249.] ÁÁA dish, the Sacro Catino, from the Last Supper, of 1C Roman glass, is in the Cathedral of Genoa (Genova), Liguria [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 97]. [à ÃThe Wonders of Nature and ArtÄ Ä; William Milner, Halifax, 1839, p. 330] says it is fine green©coloured fluorspar. [Runciman-2, p. 74, note 2] says that the Genoese took, from the capture of Caesarea in 1101, a green cup believed to be made of solid emerald. It is now in the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Genoa and was long considered as the Holy Grail. [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä] says the Grail was found by Guglielmo Embriacci. As a mark of respect, the Embriacci Tower was the only one left standing in the city after 1197. ÁÁ[Florence] mentions both the Valencia and Genoa examples, but says the Genoese version was taken to Paris in 1816 and broken in the process. ÁÁThe Nanteos Cup is claimed to be the Holy Grail, but has been identified as a fragment of a medieval wooden mazer bowl. It is in the possession of the Powell family, who had it at their house, Nanteos, near Aberystwyth, in the 19C. It was believed to have come from the Cistercian Abbey of Strata Florida, Dyfed. [Howell & Beazley, p. 64.] On 19 Feb 1997, the Fortean TV program featured this cup. They asserted that it came from Glastonbury, Somerset, to Strata Florida and then to Nanteos house, where the monks who brought the cup died and are buried in the cellar. The last of the Powells died in the 1950s and the cup disappeared, but it went to another family which still has it and allows people to drink from it. It was actually shown on the program and is clearly only a fragment kept in a glass bowl ÀMÀ apparently pilgrims used to gnaw off bits of it. The program noted that there are over a dozen reputed Grails in Europe. [O'Neil, p. 423] says it was displayed at Nanteos until a fire at the house led to its being placed in Lloyd's Bank, Aberystwyth, for safe©keeping. ÁÁA c4C agate dish in the Schatzkammer, Vienna was long considered to be the Holy Grail. It is c58 cm across the bowl, 76 cm including the handles, weighs 10.6 kg and is made from a single stone, making it the largest cut gemstone bowl in the world. From the 17C, various viewers claim to have read words such as KRISTO in the lines of the stone when the light was just right. One of the current post cards says it was made by a Flabius Aristo in Trier in the 4C, but Bauer et al. [p. 112] says this is based on a fanciful reading of 1953 and the dish probably came from Constantinople. Unconfirmed legend says the bowl was taken during the Sack of Constantinople in 1204. [Bauer et al., pp. 111©114.] ÁÁLegend says St. Joseph of Arimathea and eleven (or 12) companions brought the chalice of the Last Supper (or phials holding the blood of the Crucifixion) to Glastonbury, Somerset [à ÃBG©EnglandÄ Ä, p. 239]. A variation says he even brought the Christ child with him! [Bailey, p. 46]. It is sometimes claimed that they established the world's first Christian church here [John Michell; à ÃEccentric Lives and Peculiar NotionsÄ Ä; (Thames & Hudson, 1984); Cardinal (Sphere), 1989, p. 164; Bailey, p. 46] or at least the first in Britain [Timbs, p. 112]. [Timbs, p. 112] reports that Joseph and his eleven companions, St. Patrick and St. Edward the Martyr are buried in Glastonbury. ÁÁSt. Illtyd, qv, was a cousin of King Arthur and one of the knights in charge of the Holy Grail [Howell & Beazley, p. 321]. ÁÁThe Glastonbury Grail was hidden in a well when the area was threatened by barbarians. The area is called Chalice Well Garden and the water has a reddish tinge (undoubtedly due to iron), leading to its other name of Blood Spring. [Bailey, p. 47. Timpson (3), pp. 77©78 with photo.] ÁÁBreton legend asserts that Joseph landed in Brittany and lived for some time in the Forest of BrocÀ)Àliande (now the Forest of Paimpont, Ille©et©Vilaine), but then both he and the Grail vanished without trace [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 26]. ÁÁPoetic tradition holds that the Grail was once at Trifels Castle, Rheinland©Pfalz, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 242]. ÁÁSpanish legend asserts Parsifal found the Holy Grail in the same cave at Montserrat where St. Peter had hidden the statue of the Virgin carved by St. Luke ÀMÀ cf Montserrat under Statues of the Virgin [Brown, p. 119]. ÁÁThe Chalice of Antioch is a 4 (or 5) C chalice in The Cloisters of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. It is perhaps the oldest surviving Christian chalice and was at one time claimed to be the Holy Grail. [Rorimer, pp. 102©104.] ÁÁThe Glastonbury Thorn is said to have sprung from Joseph of Arimathea's staff at Glastonbury, Somerset [Michell & Rickard, p. 85; Bailey, p. 47]. The original, identified as ÃÃCrataegus praecoxÄÄ, was on Wyrral (or Wearyall) Hill, west of the town, but was hacked down by the Puritans. Offshoots survive in the Abbey and St. John's churchyard. [à ÃBG©EnglandÄ Ä, p. 240]. [Bailey, p. 47] says a flowering sprig from the plant at St. John's is sent to the Monarch and this custom started in Stuart times. He also says the plant is a sport of the common thorn which has been perpetuated by grafting. ÁÁ[Vince, pp. 29©30] says the staff was cut from the thorn©bush used to make the Crown of Thorns. ÁÁActually, there are several Holy Thorns at Glastonbury, all derived from Joseph's staff. The one behind St. Patrick's Chapel is the best known. Horticultural opinion is that it is a common British hawthorn. It is supposed to bloom on Christmas Day, more precisely at midnight of Christmas Eve. The original was destroyed by the Puritans but was replanted from cuttings made from trees which had been grown from cuttings of the original. [Alexander Frater; Holy Grail Country; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (16 Oct 1988) 44.] When 11 days were dropped from the calendar in 1752, there were claims that the Thorn did not bloom until 5 Jan, but someone then wrote to the vicar of Glastonbury, who replied that the Thorn reached full bloom at the new Christmas Day, or slightly before! ÁÁThere are thorn bushes at Orcop and Kingsthorne, Herefordshire, said to be descended from the Thorn brought to Glastonbury by Joseph of Arimathea. They are said to bloom on Twelfth Night. [Timpson (2), p. 81] says there are several Herefordshire villages claiming to have a thorn grown from a cutting of the Holy Thorn, and cites Colwall in particular. ÁÁAppleton Thorn, Cheshire, is named for a cutting of the Glastonbury Thorn brought back from the Crusades by Adam de Dutton in the 12C. At various times, the locals have decorated it. The current tree was planted in 1967 but claims to be a direct descendent. It stands in a railed enclosure by Appleton Thorn church. [David Packer; à ÃCheshireÄ Ä; Shire County Guide 17; Shire, 1988, p. 46.] [Hole, p. 26] says it is an offshoot of the Glastonbury thorn planted by Adam de Dutton in 1125. She also says the previous tree was blown down in 1965 and the present one was planted on 25 Oct 1967. She describes the decorating ceremony of 'bawming the thorn' in some detail, but it had more or less died out, despite revivals in 1906 and 1930. ÁÁThere is a Glastonbury Cup, made from the wood of the thorn tree, at Wardour, near Ansty, Wiltshire. The source is unclear, but it may be in the chapel of the school in New Wardour Castle. [Pepin, p. 62.] ÁÁHowever, [C. A. Ralegh Radford; à ÃGlastonbury AbbeyÄ Ä; Pitkin, 1973, pp. 3©4] says the basic source for the history of the Abbey is a work of William of Malmesbury in c1120, compiled at the invitation of the monks. Though lost, much of the material occurs in other writings, both by William and by others. He records a legend, also given by Bede, that the first church at Glastonbury was established by missionaries brought back by King Lucius when he made a trip to Rome in the 2C. William also records a legend that the church was founded by some of Christ's disciples, but he clearly dismisses these legends and finds the earliest reasonably historic records date from the 5C ÀMÀ most of the early records were destroyed in a fire in 1184. William makes no mention of Joseph of Arimathea, showing that the legend is a medieval creation. Radford [p. 24] states that the thorn blooms twice a year, at Christmas and in the spring! ÁÁÁÁVERONICA'S VEIL ÁÁThis is sometimes confused with the Shroud ÀMÀ see below. See also Veronica in the list of Saints. ÁÁThe episode of Veronica's veil is not in the Bible and is not mentioned until c1000, but has been incorporated as the 6th Station of the Cross in Catholic mythology. Her name seems to be a conflation of ÃÃveraÄÄ and ÃÃikonÄÄ, meaning 'true image' and the story seems to have been invented to justify the medieval change of the image of Christ from beardless, blond and curlyªhaired to bearded, dark and long©haired. [Wlademar Januszczak; Lifting the veil on Veronica; ÃÃThe Sunday TimesÄÄ (12 Apr 1998) section 10, pp. 6©7.] ÁÁVeronica's Veil is in St. Peter's, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 261]. [Becker, p. 31] says it has been there since 707. This may be the 'mandilion' of kerchief bearing the likeness of Christ's face which is in the Pope's study [Peter Watson; New mystery shrouds holy handkerchief; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (16 Oct 1988)]. See under Shroud. ÁÁWatson [loc. cit.] says there is another mandilion in S. Bartolommeo degli Armeni in Genoa (Genova), Liguria, which is displayed once a year. It is claimed to date from 544 when it was in Edessa (modern Urfa, Turkey). Tradition says Christ sent it to Abgarus, Prince of Edessa, who was healed at the sight of it. [Van Biema] says it was at Constantinople for 350 years and a 13C description refers to it as a shroud. It disappeared in 1204 at the Sack of Constantinople. Three kerchiefs now claim to be it. One was at the Sainte Chappelle, Paris, and was destroyed in 1789. One was at S. Silvestro in Capite, Rome, from whence it went to the Vatican in 1870. The third is the one in Genoa. Cf Shroud, below. ÁÁMarco Polo [Book I, Chap. XXXIX], describing asbestos, says: "It is said that they preserve at Rome a napkin woven from this material, in which was wrapped the sudarium of our Lord, sent as a gift from one the Tartar princes to the Roman Pontiff." ÁÁThe Santo Rostro, one of Veronica's veils, is behind the altar in the Cathedral of JaÀ)Àn, Andalusia, Spain [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 130]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a version, claimed to be one of the three authentic ones. Tradition says Veronica gave it to Valusian Savelli, an official at the court of Tiberias. Savelli brought it from Palestine to Rome and it remained in the Savelli family until the line died out in the early 18C, when the widow of Giulio Savelli, the Princess Catarina Giustiniana Savelli, presented it to the Holy Roman Emperor Karl V in 1720. However, there already existed several versions, so it was decided that Veronica had folded her cloth into three parts and all three had been affected by the blood (I thought it was just sweat ??), giving three authentic versions. Unfortunately Bauer et al. doesn't say where the others are. [Bauer et al., p. 295.] A Short Guide to the Collections says there are four authentic sudaria. ÁÁMedieval legend said Veronica and her husband Zaccheus fled to France, where he was identified with St. Amador or Amadour, qv. However, her tomb is in St. Veronica, Jerusalem [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 30]. ÁÁThere is a blood©stained napkin, which had covered the head of Christ, at the Cathedral of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. It was taken from Jerusalem at the time of the Persian attack, c614, and reached Oviedo in 614. It does not bear any image. [Van Biema.] Cf under Shroud. ÁÁÁÁSHROUD (of Turin, with Other Shrouds later) ÁÁSee also Veronica's Veil above. ÁÁThe Gospels refer to Christ's burial shroud. Legend says the shroud was obtained by Nicodemus, who gave it to his uncle Gamaliel [Florence]. ÁÁCecil Adams [à ÃMore of the Straight DopeÄ Ä; Ballantine, NY, 1988, p. 277] says there have been about 40 "authentic" shrouds. He gives a good survey [pp. 275-281] of the state of belief and knowledge in 1988. [Stein & MacNee, pp. 38 say there are 'some forty' examples. ÁÁ[Stein & MacNee, pp. 39©40] say the Shroud is first mentioned c570 by a pilgrim who saw it in a monastery near the River Jordan. In the 7C, the French Bishop Arculph reported seeing it in a monastery on the Scottish island of Iona. There are occasional references to a shroud over the next centuries. ÁÁThe purported Shroud at Turin is in the Cathedral of Turin (Torino), Piemonte, and has been since 1578. It measures 4.4 x 1.2 m. It was first reported about 1357 at Lirey in France (could this be LirÀ)À in Maine©et©Loire ??), where it was being displayed by Geoffrey de Charny for an admission charge. De Charny would not say where it came from. Bishop Henri de Poitiers suppressed it as a hoax. A generation later, it was put on display again at Lirey and Pierre d'Arcis, Bishop of Troyes, condemned it in a letter to Pope Clement VII in 1389, which reported that "the image is cunningly painted ... a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed" and was being used "to attract the multitude so that money might cunningly be wrung from them. ... pretended miracles were worked, certain men being hired to represent themselves as healed at the moment of the exhibition of the Shroud" and that Bishop Henri had "discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it." [Magnus Pyke; à ÃRed Rag to a BullÄ Ä; Willow Books (Collins), London, 1983, pp. 120-122. Kenneth F. Weaver; The mystery of the Shroud; ÃÃNat. Geog.ÄÄ 157:6 (Jun 1980) 730©756, esp. p. 734. Stein & MacNee, pp. 39©40.] In 1453, one of de Charny's granddaughters, Margherita de Charny, toured with the relic. She sold it to Duke Ludovico the second of Savoy. The Church claims she gave it to the Duke, but she received a castle and an estate in exchange and the Church of the time excommunicated her for her dealings with the relic. It then belonged to the Savoys, later the kings of Italy, until 1983 when ex-King Umberto left it to the Church. Amadeus VIII of Savoy built a SainteªChapelle to house the Shroud in his ChÀÀteau of ChambÀ)Àry, Savoie, France. In 1532, the Chapel burnt down, but the Shroud was rescued. Bits of molten silver from its reliquary burned the holes which can still be seen. The Shroud was kept at ChambÀ)Àry until 1860 when Savoy became part of France and the relic was moved to Turin [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 101]. Another report claims it has been in Turin since 1578. Other reports say it passed to the Savoys in 1578 (or 1453) and that it has been in Turin since 1694. John Calvin remarked about the 1532 fire: "When one shroud burns they find another one. They say it was saved from the flames, but the paint is still fresh." A modern journalist has attributed the painting to Leonardo da Vinci! ÁÁWhen the Shroud was first photographed in 1898, negative versions of it were made and thought to resemble a negative picture of Christ ÀMÀ however the hair and beard are positive! A number of features of the image are distorted beyond natural ranges, but in the artistic style of the 14C. It was also noted that the 'blood' stains were still red, while real blood stains darken with time. In 1969©1976, a committee examined the Shroud, but the Church initially denied its existence and suppressed its report which had heavily doubted its authenticity. Forensic blood specialists analysed the 'blood' and it failed all known tests for blood and behaved like a red paint. A Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) was started in 1978, but many of its members had already pronounced the authenticity of the Shroud before the project started! Only one impartial scientist was on the committee, Walter McCrone, a renowned microanalyst. His studies revealed the image was painted with red ochre and vermillion, but STURP refused to accept his report and enforced its secrecy terms on it. When the secrecy period expired, McCrone published his results, despite death threats. STURP replaced McCrone with two 'experts' who had no expertise in analysing either blood or paint, nor any experience with forgery. They reported finding blood, but a later review by John F. Fischer showed that none of their tests could distinguish blood from paint. ÁÁ(McCrone (1916?©2002) was genuinely distinguished in his field, having demonstrated the innocence of a man accused of murder and authenticating paintings, including a da Vinci. He demonstrated that the Vinland Map was a 20C forgery on medieval parchment. He showed the levels of arsenic in Napoleon's hair were too low for the theory that he had been poisoned. On the other hand, Beethoven's hair showed he was suffering from lead poisoning. [Obituary] Walter McCrone, scientist; ÃÃThe Guardian: The EditorÄÄ (3 Aug 2002) 11.]) ÁÁIn 1988, three independent carbon dating tests (at Oxford, ZÀGÀrich and Tucson) of the fabric dated it to 1260©1390, nicely bracketing the date of its earliest known appearance. But in 1998 and 2000, it was displayed to the public. [Richard Owen; Miracle or just a false impression?; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (11 Apr 1998), Weekend section, pp. 1-2. Numerous other articles from Apr 1998. Stein & MacNee, pp. 38-43.] Believers feel the carbon©14 tests were faulty, but have generally given reasons which the testers say did not occur or are unlikely. [Van Biema.] Like Veronica's Veil, the Shroud seems to have occurred to support the medieval change in the image of Christ from beardless, blond and curly©haired to bearded, dark and long©haired. ÁÁIn 1996, there was a report that two scientists at Turin University, Pierluigi Bollone and Nello Balossino, had detected the imprint of a coin from the 16th year of the reign of Tiberius, i.e. +29, on the Shroud at Turin [John Glover; Turin Shroud old as Christ; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (8 Jul 1996)]. ÁÁOn 11/12 Apr 1997, there was a fire in the Guarini Chapel, where the Shroud is kept. Fireman Mario Trematore smashed through four layers of bulletproof glass and carried the silver casket holding the Shroud to safety as parts of the Chapel collapsed. The Cardinal of Turin called it a miracle, but if the Shroud was so miraculous, why was there a fire?? [Andrew Hurst; 'Miracle' as fireman saves Turin Shroud; ÃÃIndependent on SundayÄÄ (13 Apr 1997) 14.] ÁÁIn 1998, the idea of cloning Christ from the blood stains on the shroud was advanced as the theme for a movie like ÃÃJurassic ParkÄÄ [Ruth Gledhill; Christ in remake of Jurassic Park; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (10 Apr 1998) 10]. ÁÁPierluigi Baima Bollone, a Turin professor of forensic medicine, claimed that his tests of the Shroud showed that Christ's blood group was AB [Richard Owen; Jesus had AB blood, says shroud expert; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (11 Apr 1998) 14]. ÁÁA recent theory is that the shroud bears the image of Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Templars, who was crucified in the massacre of the Templars on 13 Oct 1307. ÁÁA 1999 report asserts that Avinoam Danin has identified pollen and plant imprints on the Shroud as being from plants (Gundelia tournefortii, Zygothyllum dumosum (bean caper) and Cistus creticus (rock rose)) that are indigenous to a small region of the Holy Land, between Jerusalem and Hebron, during March and April. It was also claimed that the pollen and bloodstains matched those on the Sudarium of Oviedo, believed to have covered Christ's face. Cf under Veronica's Veil. [Holy Land link to Turin Shroud; ÃÃMetroÄÄ (16 Jun 1999) 14. Julian Borger; Scientist says Turin Shroud is genuine; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (4 Aug 1999) 12.] ÁÁÁÁOTHER SHROUDS ÁÁThe Holy Shroud was in the treasure of the Abbey of St.-Corneille at Compiegne, Oise, since 1079. The Abbey was largely destroyed in the Revolution and the Restoration and the source doesn't indicate what happened to the relic. [J.-Cl. Malsy; à ÃCompiegneÄ Ä; Art et Tourisme, Paris, nd [1980s?], pp. 3 & 11.] ÁÁCadouin, Dordogne, acquired in 1117 a linen cloth ornamented with an embroidered band, brought from Antioch and thought to be the shroud which had enveloped the head of Christ. Richard Lion-Heart, St. Louis and Charles V all came to pray to it. In 1934, it was declared non-authentic, the embroidery bearing an 11C Koufic inscription. [à ÃMGG-PÀ)Àrigord-QuercyÄ Ä, p. 56. à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 71.] ÁÁRobert de Clari wrote of seeing a Shroud at St. Mary Blachernae in Constantinople in 1203, which disappeared in the 1204 Sack of Constantinople. There is a 1205 reference to its having being carried off to Athens by the Venetians after the Sack. [Noel Currer-Briggs; Letter: Silver lining to the shroud; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (15 Oct 1988).] [Weaver, loc. cit. at Turin above.] This may have been the Mandylion which is said to have been lost in the Sack of Constantinople ÀMÀ but see under Veronica's Veil. In the 1990s, there were attempts to identify the Shroud with the Mandylion of Edessa [Van Biema]. ÁÁThere is a late 12C Sainte Face de Laon, Aisne, with a slavic (?) inscription [Currer-Briggs, op. cit. above]. ÁÁPart of the cloth which bound his head was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including a piece of the Holy Shroud [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is an ostensory with a piece of the Shroud, two stones from the Holy Places and relics of four other saints [Bauer et al., p. 298]. Another reliquary has a piece of the Shroud and relics of SS. Andrew, Eustace, George and Stephan [Bauer et al., p. 306]. ÁÁÁÁHOLY SEPULCHRE ÁÁNorth of the old city of Jerusalem is the garden tomb which many Protestant sects believe to be the tomb of Christ [Anon; Easter; 1973; op. cit. above]. This was discovered by General Gordon in 1882 and is a characteristic tomb of the period, but is actually from Byzantine times. [Becker, pp. 43©44.] Most Christians regard the Holy Sepulchre to be in the Church of that name. The Church also contains the site of the Crucifixion and the Altar of the Crucifixion is over a hole asserted to be where the Cross was erected, and the sites of the thieves's crosses are also marked [Becker, p. 37]. In the Chapel of the Angels is a part of the stone on which the Angel sat at the Resurrection [Becker, p. 38]. ÁÁSanti Apostoli, Florence, Toscana, has three splinters from a stone of the Holy Sepulchre, given by Goffredo da Buglione to Pazzo de'Pazzi when he entered Jerusalem with his troops [ÃÃFirenze OggiÄÄ (Mar/Apr 1978) 6]. These flints are used to strike fire for the 'Scoppio del Carro' on Easter Day [R. Bartolini; à ÃFlorenceÄ Ä; Bartolini Publications, Florence, nd [1960s], pp. 76 & 176]. ÁÁ[Baring©Gould (2), pp. 123©128 describes the whole ceremony of the 'Scoppio del Carro', including several legends about its foundation. ÁÁThe first legend is that a Florentine named Pazzino went to Jerusalem and kindled a torch at the Holy Sepulchre on Easter Eve and decided to bring this sacred flame back to Florence. To prevent it blowing out, he rode backward on his horse, whereupon spectators called out 'Pazzi! Pazzi!', leading to his adoption of this as his family name. ÁÁThe second legend is that Pazzino broke off as much of the Holy Sepulchre as he could carry. He was pursued by the Saracens, but reversed his horse's shoes and escaped. When he reached Florence, they resolved to use the stone(s) to strike the new Easter fire each year and the 'Scoppio del Carro' developed from this. For many years the Pazzi family paid for it. ÁÁThe third legend is that Pazzino was a knight in the First Crusade and was the first to scale the walls of Jerusalem and erect the banner of the cross. He sent the news home by carrier pigeon and apparently Florence decided to celebrate the pigeon's arrival with the ceremony. ÁÁThere is a fragment from the Holy Sepulchre in the Cathedral of Pamplona, Navarre, Spain, said to have come from St. Louis. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 170] says there is a 13C reliquary of the Holy Sepulchre donated by St. Louis and it is in the Diocesan Museum. ÁÁThere are relics of the Holy Sepulchre in an oratory at (Borgo) San Sepolcro, Toscana [Lyall, p. 221]. These were brought back by two pilgrims from the Holy Land who took refuge in a monastery near the town and the town eventually was renamed for the relics [local guidebook]. [R. Emmett Taylor; à ÃNo Royal Road Luca Pacioli and His TimesÄ Ä; Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1942, p. 7] says the pilgrims came in the 10C and they established the oratory for the relics. ÁÁThere were several parts of the Sepulchre at Westminster Abbey, London, including its seal [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including pieces of the Holy Sepulchre [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁA capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of the Holy Sepulchre [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the Holy Sepulchre in Santa Maria Cathedral, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain, which also contains some of his sweat [Gauthier, p. 154©155]. ÁÁThere is a 12C copy of the Holy Sepulchre at the Capuchin Church (Kapuzinerkirche) in EichstÀÀtt, Bayern, Germany. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 119]. ÁÁÁÁFOOTPRINTS ÁÁIn the church of Domine Quo Vadis, on the Appian Way, Rome, Lazio, Italy, are Footprints of Christ ÀMÀ well, a marble copy, made in 1830, of PURPORTED footprints [James Cerruti; Down the Ancient Appian Way; ÃÃNat. Geog.ÄÄ 159:6 (Jun 1981) 719]. The REAL footprints are in S. Sebastiano, nearby. The ones in Domine Quo Vadis are a reproduction. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 227.] ÁÁWestminster Abbey, London, had a footprint in stone [Ash]. Kent [p. 75] says "the stone with the impression of his feet, left on it at his Ascension". ÁÁIn Samos, Greece, an impression in the shape of a footprint has become known as Christ's Foot [Tassos N. Petris; à ÃSamos History © Art © Folklore © Modern LifeÄ Ä; Toubis, Athens, 1983, pp. 30©31.] ÁÁÁÁGETHSEMANE ÁÁGethsemane derives from the Hebrew 'Gat©sheman', meaning 'oil press'. The Church of All Nations is built over the place where Jesus prayed and in front of the altar is a part of the actual rock where he prayed. In the adjacent garden are 8 olive trees, said to have been here when Jesus came (or at least to be descended from those, or at least to be very old). [Becker, p. 47; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 43©44.] [Timbs, p. 7] refers to these eight trees as supposedly dating from the time of Christ, but notes that Josephus relates that Titus had cut down all trees within 100 furlongs of the city. ÁÁThe Santissimo Bambino is a image of the baby Christ carved from olive wood from the Garden of Gethsemane, now in the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, pp. 66-67]. According to [Mrs. Herbert Vivian; Miraculous images; ÃÃThe Royal MagazineÄÄ 6:3 (Jul 1901) 240©244], the image was painted by St. Luke. ÁÁ[Foligno, p. 198] describes the following in the Cappella del Tesoro in the Basilica of St. Anthony, Padua, Veneto: the tongue and chin of St. Anthony; a piece of the True Cross; some thorns from the Crown of Thorns; a stone from Gethsemane; the relics of the Apostles (no further specification given!). ÁÁA replica of the tomb of Christ is in the Jeruzalemkerk, Brugge (Bruges), WestªVlaanderen, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 131]. ÁÁThe village church of Preston, Lancashire, has yew trees said to have been brought from Gethsemane [Timpson (2), p. 191]. ÁÁÁÁSTIGMATA. ÁÁ[John Hooper; From charlatan to saint in 30 years; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (22 Sep 1998) 17.], reporting on Padre Pio, states that there are some 300 recorded cases of Stigmata. ÁÁSee: Catherine of Siena; Francis of Assisi; Padre Pio; ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS ÁÁ[O'Neil, pp. 445©446] says that three navels of Christ were displayed at Lucques, Rome and Chalons©sur©Marne. He adds that there are a number of Christ's umbilici at various places. (To me navel and umbilicus are identical ÀMÀ perhaps the later is being used for umbilical cord??) ÁÁÁÁà ÃMARYÄ Ä (Including Mary Magdalene & Martha) ÁÁThe entire story of Mary's parents, Anne and Joachim, is apocryphal, based on the à ÃGospel of JamesÄ Ä, à ÃThe Gospel of the Nativity of the Blessed MaryÄ Ä and à ÃPseudo©MatthewÄ Ä = à ÃBook of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and of the Childhood of the SaviourÄ Ä, all of which are pretty dubious. Tradition says Anne and Joachim came from Galilee to Jerusalem and Mary was born at their house, on the site of St. Anne's Church, Jerusalem, adjacent to the Pool of Bethesda [Becker, p. 28; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 27©28]. The church has has other names at various times: St. Mary; St. Mary ubi nata est; St. Mary in Probatica; Holy Probatica, but it is a 4C church, probably built by St. Helena. This source says Anne and Joachim were buried there, but the church was converted into a Moslem school, c900. The crypt which formerly contained the tombs was rediscovered in 1889. [à ÃCatholic EncyclopediaÄ Ä, sent by Joachim Miller, 23 Dec 2001.] Another source says Anne, Joachim, Joseph and Mary were buried in the Church of the Tomb of Mary, in the Kedron Valley on the left side of the road (Jericho Road) leading to Gethsemane, though the oldest part of this seems to be 5C [Becker, p. 48; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 41©42]. Mary is said to have died on Mt. Zion, which has an Abbey of the Dormition, but the site of her death is in the nearby Church of St. Mary. [Becker, pp. 54©55.] ÁÁAnother story says she went to Ephesus and died there ÀMÀ see under Houses of Mary, below. ÁÁIn 2002, Dan Cruickshank asserted there was a medieval cult of veneration of the vagina of the Virgin Mary, as the portal of Christ's entrance into the world. This was symbolized by the pointed oval shape variously known as the vesica piscis (the fish©shaped vessel) or the mandorla (the almond©shape which often surrounds images of the Virgin). Cruickshank claimed further that this cult underlies the founding of the Order of the Garter and its veneration of the Virgin and he finds many examples of the shape in its chapel of St. George's in Windsor Castle. Others point out that there is no historical evidence of such a connection and the chapel has never been a centre of the Marian cult and doesn't even have a Lady Chapel. Further, the shape is quite basic and easily seen in almost any structure. [Maev Kennedy; Virgin Mary's clue to royal order mystery; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (23 Nov 2002) 15 (a preview of Cruickshank's BBC2 program, Windsor: Britain's Best Buildings, broadcast that evening, but I didn't see it).] ÁÁThe Cave of the MILK of the Virgin, made white by her milk, was a popular pilgrimage spot in Palestine [Horton; op. cit. under foreskin, p. 56]. [Becker, p. 61] describes a Grotto of the Milk as being 400 m south of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and says Mary and her baby hid there before they fled into Egypt. ÁÁSome of Mary's milk was at the following. ÁÁÁÁErasmus reported seeing milk of the Virgin at Canterbury [Kent, p. 77]. ÁÁÁÁSt. Paul's Cathedral, London [Kent, p. 77]. ÁÁÁÁWestminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁÁÁCount Guido Guerra presented a relic of the Sacro Latto (Holy Milk) to the Collegiata of San Lorenzo, Montevarchi, Toscana, by the 15C. A chapel in the church was intended to display the relic and includes a della Robbia relief showing the presentation. [Laura Cecinato; à ÃMusei del ValdarnoÄ Ä; Officine della Cultura, Arezzo, nd [obtained in 2001], p. 20.] ÁÁÁÁPadua (Padova) [Kent, p. 79]. ÁÁÁÁCharles IV of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor from 1348, amassed a collection of relics at Prague, including "part of the whip used in the Passion, two thorns ..., a few drops of milk from the Virgin Mary and one of Mary Magdalene's breasts" [Humphreys, p. 92]. ÁÁÁÁQuedlinburg, Sachsen©Anhalt, Germany ÀMÀ see under Blood of Christ. ÁÁÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some Milk [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁÁÁSt. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire [Hill, p. 42; Dutton, p. 133]. ÁÁ[O'Neil, p. 446] says there are 69 sanctuaries with Milk of the Virgin. Calvin said: "Had the Virgin been a wet©nurse for all of her life, she could not have produced more milk than you see in various parts of the land." ÁÁThe hair of the Virgin was given by the Duke of Apulia to the Count of Flanders in 1096. It was sent to the Abbey of Watten, Nord or Pas©de©Calais, France. [Runciman-1, p. 166.] Some of her hair was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. Some of her hair, and some more relics, were at St. Paul's Cathedral, London [Kent, p. 77]. Some hair was at Padua (Padova) [Kent, p. 79]. A hair was at Quedlinburg, Sachsen©Anhalt, Germany ÀMÀ see under Blood of Christ. c1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including hair from the tomb of the Virgin [Gauthier, p. 56]. A cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes some hair of Mary [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe wedding ring of Mary was found by Pope Gregory (reigned 996©999) in Italy. The fact that Jewish people did not wear wedding rings at the time of Christ didn't seem to worry him. [Stein & MacNee, p. 41.] ÁÁThe wedding ring of the Virgin is in the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Perugia, Umbria. It was brought by Winterio di Magonza, who "piously stole it" from Chiusi in 1472 ÀMÀ I don't know if this is the same ring found by Gregory, above. It is 'probably some rare form of agate'. It is displayed on five of the Virgin's feast days each year and about 1895, it could even be handled. [Rowdon, p. 30. Margaret Symonds & Lina Duff Gordon; à ÃThe Story of PerugiaÄ Ä; MediÀ%Àval Towns series, Dent, London, 1904 (but preface dated 1897), pp. 139©141.] [Timbs, p. 236] says it is 'green jasper, or a plasma'. ÁÁThere is a thigh bone of Mary in Halle, Sachsen©Anhalt, Germany [Mackay, p. 698]. ÁÁThere is a 13C reliquary of Mary in the Treasury of the CollÀ)Àgiale Notre©Dame in Huy (Hoei), LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 213]. ÁÁThere is a doubtful Tomb of Mary in Jerusalem [Anon: Where were those feats in ancient times?; ÃÃTimes Saturday ReviewÄÄ (24 Oct 1992) 44©45]. [Becker, p. 48] says Anne, Joachim, Joseph and Mary are said to be buried in the Church of the Tomb of Mary, near Gethsemane, but he notes that Mary is also said to be buried in Ephesus, Turkey. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary including relics of the Virgin in St. Georg Cathedral, Limburg an der Lahn, Hessen [Gauthier, pp. 68©69 & 72]. ÁÁPart of the window of the Annunciation was at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of the Virgin [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁRelics of the Virgin are in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 294©295]. ÁÁA candle end of the Virgin was in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire [Hill, p. 42; Dutton, p. 133]. ÁÁIn the church of St. James (sv. Jakub), MalÀÀ À°ÀtupartskÀÀ, Prague, is a 400©year old decomposed forearm. According to legend, a thief broke in and attempted to steal the jewels from a statue of the Virgin, but she grabbed hold and would not release him, so the arm had to be cut off. [à ÃBG©PragueÄ Ä, pp. 84©85. Humphreys, p. 102.] ÁÁThe Holy Stole, a white episcopal stole woven with gold by the Virgin, was presented to St. Hubert by an angel to persuade him to accept a bishopric © cf Hubert. ÁÁThe Pillar of Saragossa, Aragon, Spain, is said to have been brought by angels accompanying Mary and she instructed St. James from the top of it [Michell & Rickard, p. 18]. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, pp. 211 & 213] says the apparition was on 2 Jan 40 and the Pilar Basilica was built around the pillar in the 3C. It is presently in a niche in the Lady Chapel of the cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar (Nuestra SeÀ9Àora del Pilar). There is a Pilar Museum nearby. ÁÁÁÁÁÁCLOTHES OF MARY ÁÁAbout 620, the clothing of Mary was discovered in Thrace. No details were reported. [Stein & MacNee, pp. 41.] ÁÁAt the Dissolution, 11 girdles of Mary were found in English monasteries. In 1502, one of these was brought to Elizabeth of York, presumably to promote fertility. [Reynolds, p. 19.] ÁÁÁÁMiscellaneous Sites, in Alphabetical Order. ÁÁA gown of the Virgin was brought to Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, by Charlemagne and is in the Treasury of the Cathedral at Aachen. [Rorimer, p. 99] says it is the Virgin's robe and is or was in the Shrine of the Virgin. A girdle is also there in a different reliquary. ÁÁThe reliquary of the Seamless Tunic in the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, Umbria, contains relics of garments of the Virgin [Gauthier, pp. 158©160]. ÁÁA fragment of the girdle is in the Church of the Annunciation (or Catholicon) in the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mt. Athos, Greece. It was presented to the monastery in the 14C. [de Jongh, p. 272.] But [Lancaster (2), p. 77 = Lancaster (3), p. 82] says it is the girdle of the Virgin. ÁÁRelics of the girdle, veil and other clothes of the Virgin are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThe robe of the Virgin was at Capernaum, Palestine (now Israel). In the 5C, under Leo I, two senators stole it, leaving a substitute, and brought it to Constantinople. It was placed in SS Peter and Mark, but then in St. Mary of Blachernae. [Cuddon, p. 128.] ÁÁThe veil (or chemise) of the Virgin is in the Cathedral at Chartres, Eure©et©Loir. It was received from Charles the Bald, who reigned 840-877. "During the Revolution the Holy Relic was desecrated and partly lost." [E. Houvet et al.; à ÃChartres CathedralÄ Ä; Editions Houvet, Chartres, 1972. Pp. 11-12.] Another guide says only "as early as the reign of Charles the Bald ..., there was preserved ..." [à ÃChartres ÀMÀ Ville d'ArtÄ Ä; Syndicat d'Initiative of Chartres, Chartres, nd [c1970].] Another guide says it was donated in 876. [Office de Tourisme de Chartres; à ÃChartresÄ Ä; nd [1980s?], p. 6.] [Dunlop, p. 112] says it was the chemise worn by Mary at the Annunciation, donated by Charles the Bald in 878. ÁÁLawrence Wright [à ÃWarm and Snug ÀMÀ The History of the BedÄ Ä; Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1962, pp. 174-175] says it was the chemise worn by the Virgin throughout her pregnancy. Royal couples seeking pregnancy would walk from Paris to Chartres to receive the original and a replica. The King wore the replica until conception was clear and the king wore the original until delivery. ÁÁReynolds [p. 19] says Mary wore two chemises, according to Nicephorus Calistus. One or both of these were given to Charlemagne by the Empress Irene and both wound up with Henri III. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Mary's clothes and girdle [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe church of SS. Peter and Mark, Constantinople, was founded in 458 to house the tunic of the Virgin, brought from Jerusalem by the Emperor Justin. The building is now Koca Mustafa Camii. [Boulanger, pp. 111©112.] ÁÁA part of the girdle of the Virgin is in the monastery of Leimonos, in the centre of north Lesbos [Eleftheriadis, p. 81]. ÁÁMany pieces of her vestments, her linen, her shoes and her bed were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. The girdle given by the Madonna to Thomas was at Westminster Abbey. It was used to ease childbirth and was taken to Edward III's queen in 1337 and 1354, among others. [Kent, pp. 74©75]. There was a girdle (yet another ?) at Westminster Abbey [Ash]. ÁÁThere was a veil of Mary at Westminster Abbey, London, from c925 [Kent, p. 74]. There was a vest at St. Paul's Cathedral, London [Kent, p. 77]. ÁÁThere is a girdle of the Virgin in the Duomo at Prato, Toscana. It was given by the Madonna, from Heaven, to the Apostle Thomas, to remove his doubts about her Assumption which he had not seen. It was brought from the Holy Land by Michele Dagomari in 1141. [Lyall, p. 54.] ÁÁThere is another girdle of the Virgin in Le Puy-Notre-Dame, near Angers, Maine©etªLoire, brought from Jerusalem in the 12C. Pilgrimages are still made to it on the Sunday after 7 Sep. [à ÃMGG-LoireÄ Ä, p. 82.] [Reynolds, p. 19] refers to this as being at Notre Dame du Puy and says Anne of Austria had recourse to it after 20 years barrenness and then produced Louis XIV. ÁÁA fragment of the Virgin's girdle was brought to Quintin, CÀ=Àtes©d'Armor, from Jerusalem by Geoffroy Botrel (or Botherel), lord of Quintin, in the 13C and is in the basilica there [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 200]. ÁÁA fragment 'De veste V. M.' is in S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome, Lazio, Italy [DBS]. ÁÁThere is another girdle, at Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain, which was brought down from heaven in 1178 [Lyall, p. 54]. It is in the Chapel of Our Lady of the Belt (Nuestra SeÀ9Àora de la Cinta) in the Cathedral [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, pp. 241©242]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a piece of Mary's veil and a relic of St. George [Bauer et al., p. 266]. Other ostensory has a piece of veil [Bauer et al., p. 267]. ÁÁÁÁÁÁHOUSES OF MARY ÁÁSee under Anne & Joachim at the beginning of the Section on Mary, above. ÁÁMt. Athos was sanctified by a visit from Mary who was on her way from Palestine to Cyprus to visit Lazarus and was blown off course [Lancaster (2), p. 66 = Lancaster (3), p. 73; de Jongh, pp. 253©254]. ÁÁThe Virgin and John the Evangelist are supposed to have gone to Ephesus, Turkey, c+53, and lived in the House of the Virgin Mary (Meryemana) which is preserved there at the location called Panayia Kapulu some 8 km south of the modern town of SelÀ'Àuk. [Turkish Ministry of Tourism and Information; à ÃTurkey: Aegean RegionÄ Ä; 1968. Freely, pp. 152©153 & 160; Freely (2), pp. 260 & 273.] [Freely (2), p. 273] adds that the site of the house was revealed in a dream in the early 19C to Catherine Emmerich, an invalid German nun who never left Germany. The vision was sufficiently detailed to lead a local priest to this house and the Church adopted it in 1896. ÁÁIn 1061, the Lady of the Manor of Walsingham Parva, Richeldis de Faverches, had a vision of the Virgin who took her to Nazareth and instructed her to build an exact copy of the Holy House (where the Annunciation was made) at Walsingham, Norfolk. (Another version says it was Jesus's childhood home [Damian Thompson; Pilgrims' punch-up; ÃÃDaily TelegraphÄÄ (28 May 1988) 13].) During building, the house moved 'two hundred fote and more in dystaunce'. The house was destroyed at the Dissolution, but recreated in 1931-1938 by the local vicar, Arthur Hope Patten. [E. R. Chamberlin; Pilgrims making progress; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (27 Aug 1982) 14. Ena Kendal; Holy land of Walsingham; ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (18 April 1976) 17-18. Clough.] ÁÁThe Holy House of Loreto (31 ft by 13 ft) is first(?) mentioned in records of 1472, which say it moved to Tersatto, near Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia), on 10 May 1291 and then moved three more times, arriving at Loreto, Marche, 20 km SSE of Ancona, on 2 Dec 1295 [Curd, p. 52]. Brewer [à ÃBrewer's Dictionary of Phrase and FableÄ Ä; Centenary Edition, Cassell, London, 1970, p. 660] cites only one intermediate move, to Recanati, Marche, in 1294. It is claimed to be the house of Mary at Nazareth where she was conceived, born and annunciated and to have been moved by angels to save it from the Seljuk Turks in the 12C. [Ena Kendal; op. cit. above under Walsingham.] There was a 13C statue of the Virgin here, but it burned in 1921. According to [Mrs. Herbert Vivian; Miraculous images; ÃÃThe Royal MagazineÄÄ 6:3 (Jul 1901) 240©244], the image was carved by St. Luke in Lebanese wood. She implies the house came direct from Palestine to Loreto. ÁÁAt least 50 other copies have been made [à ÃBG©PragueÄ Ä, p. 153], the most famous being the Loreta or Santa Casa in Prague, on LoretÀÀnskÀ)À nÀÀmÀkÀstÀ1À in the HradÀcÀany district, a bit W of the Castle. This was founded in 1626. [Humphreys, p. 68] says there are 50 examples in Czech lands. ÁÁOn the other hand, Joseph's workshop, Mary's kitchen and two sites of the Annunciation are still in Nazareth [MacLeish, p. 836], while [La Fay, p. 748] says two houses of the Holy Family are there. ÁÁThe virgin appeared to five children at Beauraing, Namur, Belgium, in 1932©1933 and it has become a place of pilgrimage. A statue of Mary has been erected under the hawthorn tree where the vision appeared. Some of the stones the children kneeled on have been set in a nearby pavement. [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 110.] ÁÁThe Virgin appeared eight times to 11©year old Mariette Beco at Banneaux©Notre Dame, N of SougnÀ)À©Remouchamps, LiÀ/Àge, Belgium, in 1933. There is a Miraculous Spring there. [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 293.] ÁÁÁÁÁÁMARY MAGDALENE, MARTHA, ETC. ÁÁLazarus, the brother of Mary Magdalene, was raised from the dead at Bethany, or El-ÀÀAziriyeh or El©Azaryeh, which derive from Lazarus. The houses of Martha and Mary and of Simon the Leper are shown, and there is the Sepulchre of Lazarus [Roberts©Crolly, III©19; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 79©80]. After the Crucifixion, Mary Magdalene lived 13 years with Mary. Then Mary Magdalene, Mary JacobÀ)À (the sister of the Virgin), Mary SalomÀ)À (the mother of the Apostles James and John), Lazarus (the Resurrected), Martha (the sister of Lazarus), Maximinus, Sidonius (the man born blind) and Sara (their black (or Egyptian) servant) were placed in a boat, without sails or oars, and set adrift from the Holy Land. This landed at Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne. All of the passengers are saints, except Sara. Mary Jacobe, Mary Salome and Sara remained and are buried at Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer. Relics of the two Marys and the tomb of Sara are in the church. Sara is the patroness of gypsies, who make a pilgrimage here every 24 May. [Lyall (2), p. 164.] ÁÁAfter preaching the Gospel with Maximinus, Mary Magdalene decided to retire from the world and was guided by angels to a cave at La Sainte Baume, Var, and died 33 years later after descending to the plain and taking Last Communion from Maximinus. The site of the Last Communion is a few hundred yards before St©Maximin and is marked by a monument called Petit Pilon. The cave has been venerated since the 5C and is in the Sainte©Baume Massif near St. Pilon, a bit south of St Maximin©la Sainte Baume. St. Maximinus was martyred at Aix. Maximinus was buried in the same crypt as Mary Magdalene and the Basilica of St. Maximin©la Sainte Baume was built over the site after the bones were discovered in 1279. The crypt is actually the burial vault of a late 4C or early 5C Roman villa and the sarcophagi are among the oldest Christian tombs in France. There is a skull (complete cranium) of Mary Magdalene. [G. Edwards; à ÃUncumber and PantaloonÄ Ä; Geoffrey Bles, London, 1968, p. 125. Lyall (2), pp. 103©105. à ÃMGG©RivieraÄ Ä, pp. 128©129 & 134©136.] ÁÁLyall [Lyall (2), p. 104] adds that VÀ)Àzelay, Yonne, also has the bones of Mary Magdalene. [à ÃMGG-BourgogneÄ Ä, pp. 157 & 160] says the bones have been in VÀ)Àzelay since the 12C. [Paul Webster; Cash crusaders' plan stirs the shrine of a penitent's bones; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (3 Sep 1991) 20] says VÀ)Àzelay was a major stop on the pilgrim route to Compostela. Richard Lionheart and Philippe Auguste met here to lead the Third Crusade in 1190. But in the 13C, rumour spread that the bones were phoney and the pilgrimages stopped. [à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 272] says that the 1279 discovery of the bones in Provence and their authentication caused the decline of pilgrimages to VÀ)Àzelay. [à ÃMGG©RivieraÄ Ä, p. 134] says that there was an 11C rumour that the relics had been stolen and taken to VÀ)Àzelay, but that Charles of Anjou found the remains at St©Maximin and they were authenticated and the pilgrim trade returned to St©Maximin. Actually the relics have been returned to her cave near St©Pilon. At St©Pilon itself, there was a column, now replaced by a chapel, on the site where angels brought the Magdalene seven times each day to hear concerts from Paradise [à ÃMGG©RivieraÄ Ä, p. 136]. ÁÁMedieval accounts say that the grave of Mary Magdalene was believed to be near the Grotto of the Seven Sleepers, Ephesus, Turkey [Freely (2), p. 271]. ÁÁRelics (hair, clothes, cradle and bones) of Mary Magdalen were in the Grandmont Treasury, Haute©Vienne, then distributed to the church of Milhaguet in 1792 which deposited it in the Museum or Cathedral at Limoges, Haute©Vienne, from which it was stolen in 1980 [Gauthier, pp. 34, 36©37 & 56©57]. ÁÁWestminster Abbey, London, had a great part of the hair and the black girdle of Mary Magdalene. [Ash. Kent, pp. 74©75.] St. Paul's Cathedral, London, had hair of Mary Magdalene [Kent, p. 77]. Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV, hoarded some relics of Mary Magdalene [Reynolds, p. 20]. ÁÁSt. Hugh of Lincoln bit off bits from the arm bone of Mary Magdalen at Fecamp, SeineªMaritime [Contemporary biographers of St. Hugh, quoted in: Guy Philipps; à ÃBad BehaviourÄ Ä; Elm Tree Books, London, 1988, p. 33]. ÁÁCharles IV of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor from 1348, amassed a collection of relics at Prague, including "part of the whip used in the Passion, two thorns ..., a few drops of milk from the Virgin Mary and one of Mary Magdalene's breasts" [Humphreys, p. 92]. ÁÁThere is a tomb of Martha at Tarascon, Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne [G. Edwards; loc. cit. above]. [Hare (2), p. 377] says the MusÀ)Àe de Cluny, Paris, has "The head of S. Martha, given by Louis XI. to the church of S. Martha at Tarascon. 1478." ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Mary Magdalene [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of clothes, sepulchre and hair of the Magdalen [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁA lock of Mary Magdalene's hair is claimed to be at Shingo, north Japan ÀMÀ see last entry before True Cross. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. Mary Magdalene and Boniface [Bauer et al., p. 263]. ÁÁÁÁIMAGES ÁÁPAINTINGS OF THE MADONNA, in alphabetic order of location ÁÁKeshishian [p. 171] says there are 70 icons painted by St. Luke. à ÃNagel's CyprusÄ Ä [p. 118] and Thurston [p. 134] say just three. The Greek word 'acheiropoietos' means 'not made by human hands'. ÁÁSee under St. Luke for some unidentified items. ÁÁThere is a miraculous Virgin (not clear whether painting or statue) at AltÀ?Àtting, near Burghausen, Bayern, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 92]. ÁÁThere is a miraculous icon of the Virgin which arrived in a boat at Amorgos on the Cycladic island of Amorgos [Bradford, p. 158]. ÁÁMt. Athos, Greece, is dedicated to the Virgin and has numerous icons of more or less miraculousness ÀMÀ I will only detail the more interesting ones. [de Jongh, pp. 259©298.] ÁÁÁÁIn the Chapel of the Portaitissa, in the Monastery of Iviron, on the site where she commanded the peninsula to be dedicated to her, is the icon of the Portaitissa, claimed to be painted by Luke. It was cast into the sea during the Iconoclast controversy and appeared seventy years later and instructed that one Gabriel was the only monk worthy to recover it. It moved several times until it said where it wanted to be. [de Jongh, p. 274.] ÁÁÁÁAn icon attributed to Luke is in the Church of the Evanghelistria in the Monastery of Philotheou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 298]. ÁÁIn Ayiasos, in the centre of south Lesbos, the church or the monastery contains a miraculous icon of the Virgin and Child, said to be by St. Luke. It was brought from Jerusalem in 803 by a priest, Agathon the Ephesian, who founded a monastery for it. [Eleftheriadis, p. 67.] ÁÁThere is a Madonna attributed to St. Luke in the Basilica of Our Lady (= Madonna di San Luca) outside Bologna, Emilia©Romagna [Curd, pp. 40-41]. It was brought from Constantinople in the 12C. [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 382. à ÃMGG©Italy (1966)Ä Ä, p. 74.] à ÃMGGÄ Ä says it is a 13C work. ÁÁIn Brugge (Bruges), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium, [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 132] refers to 'the miraculous Virgin known as Our Lady of Pottery', but it is not clear if this is a painting or a statues, or indeed a ceramic, nor whether it is still extant. ÁÁThe Monastery of Chrysorroyiatissa, Cyprus, was built to house a miraculous luminous icon of the Madonna, painted by St. Luke. It had been in Isauria, in Asia Minor, and was cast into the sea to prevent its destruction in the Iconoclastic Wars. [Thurston, p. 257.] ÁÁThere used to be a picture of the Virgin by St. Luke in the church of St. Saviour Pantocrator in Constantinople. It was painted on stone. [Runciman-1, p. 40] says it was sent by the Empress Eudocia in the mid 5C. Pero Tafur describes the ceremonies surrounding it in the early 15C. It was destroyed in the Conquest of 1453. [Cuddon, pp. 123-124.] [Runciman-4, p. 146] says it was in the Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora when it was destroyed. [Hutton, pp. 263, 266 & 276], says the painting was originally at the Church of Theotokos Hodegetria, but was later shared between the Church of the Chora and the Church of the Pantokrator and that it was cut into pieces for charms, by the Janissaries at the capture of Constantinople in 1453. ÁÁOur Lady of Czestochowa in southern Poland was said to have been painted by St. Luke, but is now attributed to an unknown Italian artist in 1383. During the Swedish invasion of 1655, it is said that the Swedes tried to move it but it would not budge. Two Swedish soldiers then slashed it with their swords and fell down dead. The scar on the Virgin's cheek is still there! [à ÃOld Codgers Little Black Book No. 3Ä Ä; Mirror Books, London, 1977, p. 13.] ÁÁThere is a 14C miraculous painting of the Annunciation by Bartolomeo Fiorentino, completed with angelic assistance, in Santissima Annunziata, Florence, Toscana [Bartolini; op. cit. under Holy Sepulchre, p. 166; Hutton, p. 314]. ÁÁOur Lady of Good Counsel appeared, hanging in air, on 25 April 1467 in a church in Genazzano, Italy [Curd, pp. 40-41]. ÁÁThe Virgin of Guadalupe is an image believed to have miraculously appeared on a cloth which wrapped flowers which the Virgin had commanded to be sent to the Bishop of Mexico in 1531. It was apparently painted by an Indian painter called Marcos, based on some 16C European picture. [Joe Nickell & John F. Fischer; The image of Guadalupe: A folkloristic and iconographic investigation; ÃÃThe Skeptical InquirerÄÄ 9:3 (Spring 1983) 243©255.] [Rory Carroll; Madonna of Guadalupe 'fake'; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (21 Dec 1999) 12] says the story is that the vision of a dark Madonna appeared to the Aztec Juan Diego on his cloak in 1531 and she has since become the patron saint of Mexico. John Paul II beatified Juan Diego in 1990 and has announced plans to canonise him in 2002. However, the guardians of the shrine have warned the Pope that Juan Diego never existed and was purely an invention to aid the conversion of the natives. Nonetheless, the local bishop is determined to hold a canonization celebration on 30 Jul 2002 [Stephen Bates; Priest linked to Franco to be canonised; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (21 Dec 2001) 15; Rory Carroll; Mystery saint may have millions at his service; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (16 Mar 2002) 17]. ÁÁThere is a miraculous painting of the Madonna by St. Luke in the church of Santa Maria, Impruneta, Toscana, outside Florence. It is said to have been uncovered by a labourer and to have cried out when struck by his spade. The church was built to house it. It is a Byzantine work. [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä (1960), p. 429.] It is said to have been brought by one of the messengers that S. Peter sent to Tuscany. After being adored for years, it vanished and the village tried to build a church but found the work demolished every night. They released a pair of bullocks with a load of building stone which stopped where the church now stands. While building, they heard a cry and discovered the picture. "The picture seems never to have been uncovered in public." [Hutton, pp. 166©170.] ÁÁAbout 1540, Lucas Cranach the Elder painted a picture of the Virgin which soon was attributed with miraculous powers. Elector Johann Georg of Saxony presented it to Archduke Leopold V of Austria and it was then kept at Passau, Bayern. In 1650, it was moved to Innsbruck, Austria, where it is in St. Jacob's church and is known as the Mariahilf©Bild. [Bauer et al., p. 290.] ÁÁThere is a painting of the Virgin and Child by St. Luke in the Monastery of Kykko, Cyprus. It was brought from Constantinople c1080 and "is one of the three reputed to have been painted by St. Luke." [Thurston, p. 134.] "The icon has not been subjected to the sacrilege of being looked at by a human since the 16th century." [Nagel, p. 118.] ÁÁAn icon of Mary in the Orthodox Church of MÀÀriapÀ;Àcs, Hungary, has been seen to shed tears since 1696 [à ÃHungary ÀMÀ The Rough GuideÄ Ä, 1992, p. 306]. ÁÁThe Monastery of Mega Spileo (or Megaspileon), some 60 km east of Patras, Greece, has a waxed wooden icon of the Virgin, Panayia Chrysospiliotissa (The Virgin of the Golden Cave), attributed to St. Luke, discovered in a cave by SS. Theodore and Simeon with the aid of S. Euphrosyne in 362. It immediately proved its authenticity by zapping a dragon. It talked and wept frequently during the Greek War of Independence. [Dana Facaros; Hidden Greece ÀMÀ Part 1; ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (1990??) 31©45. de Jongh (2), pp. 300©301.] ÁÁThere is a miraculous fresco of the Madonna and Child in the presbytry of the Basilica of S. Maria dei Miracoli by ('presso') S. Celso, Milan, Lombardia [Converso, p. 46]. ÁÁMirtidia Monastery on Kithira (Kythera), Greece, was founded where a miraculous icon of the Virgin was discovered in a myrtle tree by a shepherd boy in the 14C [Young, p. 317]. ÁÁThe Church of Chrysaphiotissa in Monemvasia, in the Greek Peloponnese, has a 'flying icon' of the Virgin. It flew of its own volition from Chrysapha ÀMÀ at least that's what the Monemvasians claimed, but the Chrysaphians had their doubts and came to Monemvasia and carried it back. However, it 'flew' back to Monemvasia again and Chrysapha accepted a substitute from the Monemvasians. [de Jongh (2), pp. 225©226.] See under St. Luke for a quite different story about an icon at Monemvasia. ÁÁA painting of the Madonna, from the island of Eubea (presumably Euboea, modern Evvoia, Greece), appeared miraculously at the foot of Montenero, just south of Livorno, Tuscany, on 15 May 1345. The discovering shepherd carried it up the hill until it suddenly became too heavy and he set up the shrine of the Madonna of Montenero on that spot. She was proclaimed the patron Madonna of Tuscany in 1947. [Lorna Sage; Our Lady of the Accident; ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (23 Nov 1980) 44-49.] ÁÁThere is a Byzantine painting of the Virgin in S. Giustina, Padua, Veneto, which emerged undamaged from a bonfire of Constantine IV in 741 [Foligno, p. 234]. ÁÁThere is a miraculous icon of Our Lady in the chapel of Our Lady (Glykofilousa) in Petra, on the north coast of Lesbos. It was on a ship which anchored below the rock and the icon disappeared in the night. The next evening, the captain saw light coming from the peak and found the icon there. But the next night it again removed itself to the top of the rock and the captain realised this was a sign to build a church for it there. [Eleftheriadis, p. 83.] ÁÁThe Monastery of Proussos, Greece, has an icon of the Virgin Proussiotissa claimed to be painted by Luke. There are various legends about how the icon flew off to the site and was found. [de Jongh, pp. 136©137.] ÁÁOne of the most venerated relics of Rhodes was the picture of Our Lady of Phileremo. It was taken to Malta and the last Grand Master took it to Russia in 1798. [Durrell, p. 154.] ÁÁThere is a miraculous Virgin, possibly 9C, in the Chapelle Miraculeuse at Rocamadour, Haute©Vienne [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 151©152] ÁÁOur Lady of the Portal is a miraculous picture which 'appeared' in air before the 6C in Rome. It is now in S. Maria in Campitelli, Rome, Lazio, Italy. [Curd, p. 41.] ÁÁSanta Maria in Campitelli, Rome, was rebuilt in 1662-67 in honour of a miraculous Madonna which halted a pestilence. It is over the High Altar and is 13C pietra dura work. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 80.] ÁÁThe Acheiropoeta, in the Sancta Sanctorum near S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome, is a painting started by St. Luke and finished by angels. It was reputed to be the icon of the Bronze Gate of Constantinople, saved from Iconoclasm by being set afloat. It landed near Pope Gregory II who placed it in the Lateran. [Curd, p. 47. Gauthier, pp. 120 & 124.] ÁÁIn S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, is the icon Salus Populi Romani painted by St. Luke [Curd, p. 48]. This is a Madonna, which has been attributed to Cellini?? [DBS??] Masson [pp. 329-330] calls it an 'acheiropoieton' picture in Byzantine style, long considered to be 12C or 13C but now dated four centuries earlier. ÁÁThere is a miraculous Madonna which bled upon being struck by a stone in S. Maria della Pace, Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 98]. ÁÁThe Madonna which gave victory in the Battle of the White Mountain, in the Thirty Years War, was in Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, but it was burned in 1833 [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 177]. ÁÁThere is an early 13C Madonna by St. Luke in Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome [Masson, p. 216]. ÁÁThe Madonna di Aracoeli, in Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome, is attributed to St. Luke, though it is probably 11C. It is the Madonna that spoke to S. Francesca Romana. [Ferdinando de Anglis; à ÃSanta Maria in AracoeliÄ Ä; Piccola Guida Storico-Artistica, Rome?, 1958, pp. 35-37.] ÁÁIn Salonica, Greece, the Basilica of the Mother of God had a miraculous icon of the Virgin Acheiropoietos (Not made by human hands) [de Jongh, p. 190]. ÁÁThere is a miraculous picture of the Blessed Virgin by Saint Luke in the Convent of Seydnaya, Lebanon (or Syria? or Jordan?) [Elinor A. Moore; à ÃSome Soldier Martyrs of the Early Christian Church in East Jordan & SyriaÄ Ä; Khayats, Beirut, 1964, p. 39]. ÁÁIn Selivrea, on the Sea of Marmara outside Istanbul, Turkey, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was shown "a picture of the Virgin Mary drawn by the hand of St Luke, very little to the credit of his painting" [Montagu, p. 98]. ÁÁThe Monastery of Sumela, about 40 km south of Trabzon (Trebizond), Turkey, was founded by two Greek monks, Barnabas and his nephew Sophronius. In 385, Barnabas had a vision of the Virgin directing him to take her icon, painted by St. Luke, into these mountains. They obtained the icon in Istanbul (apparently there was no problem in obtaining such paintings at that time!) and took it to Trebizond and into the mountains where they found an appropriate cave and set up the shrine of Panaghia tou Melas (Virgin of the Black Rock), corrupted into Soumelas, then Sumela. Presumably the icon, if it still existed, was taken away in 1923 when the Greeks were expelled. [Freely, pp. 312©313.] [Freely (2), p. 490] simply says that the Virgin directed Barnabas to build a shrine for her icon and that the icon preceded them to the cave where they found it. It is called Panayia Atheniotissa. ÁÁThessalonika ÀMÀ see Salonica. ÁÁThe icon of Panaghia Teniotissa (or Panayia Evangelistria or Tiniotissa) is the most revered icon in Greece and the object of a massive pilgrimage. The icon was discovered in 1822 and is housed in a large basilica on Tenos (or Tinos), in the Cyclades. [Lancaster (2), p. 133. Bradford, pp. 105©106. Maev Kennedy; Island icon draws pilgrims to faith, hope and gaiety; à ÃThe GuardianÄ Ä (23 Mar 1991) 28.] ÁÁThere is a miraculous Madonna supposed to have been painted by St. Luke in S. Marco, Venice, Veneto. It was captured from the Eastern Roman Emperor at the Sack of Constantinople in 1204. [Okey (2), pp. 82 & 306.] This is presumably the Madonna of Nicopeia [Buckley & Robinson, p. 53]. ÁÁThe 1409 image of the Madonna in S. Maria dei Miracoli, Venice, began working miracles c1480 and a new, present, church was built for it in 1481©1489 [Buckley & Robinson, p. 153]. ÁÁThe Maria PÀ?Àtsch altar in the Stephansdom, Vienna, was brought from Pocs in northern Hungary when it was observed to cry tears in 1696. It was also credited with the victory over the Turks in 1683. [Anon; à ÃSt. Stephan's Cathedral ViennaÄ Ä; Kellner, Vienna, nd [current in 1996].] ÁÁThe Church of the Faneromeni [= manifestation] in Zakinthos Town on Zakinthos (Zante), Greece, was named for an icon of the Virgin found hanging in the seaside rushes in the 13 or 14C. Zante was devastated by an earthquake in 1953. [Young, p. 288] is not clear whether the icon had survived to 1953 nor whether it survived the earthquake. ÁÁIn the north of Zakinthos (Zante), Greece, the Monastery of Anafonitria has a miracle-working icon of the Virgin discovered on the coast after the wreck of a Byzantine galley. The icon may be as early as late 15C. [Young, p. 303.] ÁÁÁÁSTATUES OF THE VIRGIN ÁÁThere is a miraculous statuette of the Virgin, from the 12C, in the À(Àglise Notre©Dame in the commune of Alsemberg, part of Beersel, a bit SW of Brussel (Bruxelles), Brabant, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 167]. ÁÁThere is a miraculous 14C Virgin and Child in the Abbaye de Bonne©EspÀ)Àrance, a few miles S of Binche, Hainaut, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 114]. ÁÁIn 1348, a statue of the Virgin was revealed in a dream to Baet Soetkens. She took it from Antwerpen to Brussel (Bruxelles), Brabant, Belgium, and presented it to the guild of crossbowmen and it remains in their chapel in Notre©Dame©du©Sablon [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 142]. ÁÁThere is a statue of the Virgin, found in a thicket by plough-men in 1280, at Clery-St.-Andre, Loiret, on the Loire [à ÃMGG-LoireÄ Ä, p. 65]; ÁÁOur Lady of Grace is a miraculous statue of the Virgin, given by Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella to Marie de Medici. It is on the altar of the À(Àglise des Capucins in Enghien (Edingen), Hainaut, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 185]. ÁÁThere is a miraculous statue of the Virgin, found in an old oak tree in 1609, in the church built to house it, at Foy©Notre©Dame, E of Dinant, Namur, Belgium [à ÃMGGªBelgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 183]. ÁÁA small cloaked statue, Our Lady of the Mountain, was found in the 15C where a vision of the Virgin had appeared to a young shepherdess. It is now in a church named for her a bit north of Funchal, Madeira. [à ÃMGG©PortugalÄ Ä, p. 152.] ÁÁThere is a small, nearly black statue of the Virgin, said to have been carved by St. Luke, known as the Black Madonna or the Virgin of Guadelupe, in Guadelupe, Extremadura, Spain. It was hastily buried during the Moorish conquest in the 8C and rediscovered in 1325 by a cowherd searching for a stray calf. [Laurence Cherry; Pilgrims still flock to Guadelupe, Spain; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (30/31 Aug 1980).] [Michael Church; In the land of the Black Virgin; ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (13 Dec 19912) 72©74] says it was found in the 13C. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, pp. 124©125] says it was found in 1300 and that it was carved in the 12C. It is in a chapel©like room called Camarin in the church of the Monastery. The statue "stands in the middle of the altarpiece" of the church, "but may be seen more clearly from the Camarin." Adjacent to the Camarin is a Reliquary Cabinet with a collection of the robes and crowns presented to the statue. However, the monastery was abandoned in 1835 and not revived until 1906, so I wonder what happened to the statue in this period. ÁÁIn GyÀ?Àr, Hungary, is a statue of Mary of the Foam, said to have prevented a flood in the 18C [à ÃHungary ÀMÀ The Rough GuideÄ Ä, 1992, p. 180]. ÁÁThere is a late 13C miraculous statue of the virgin in St. Janskathedraal, s' Hertogenbosch, Noord©Brabant, Netherlands [à ÃMGG©NetherlandsÄ Ä, p. 156]. ÁÁIn the 9C, a peasant found a statue of the Virgin in a bramble bush near Josselin, Morbihan, and the basilica of Notre©Dame©du©Roncier was built to house it. The statue was burnt during the Revolution. [Ward, p. 266.] ÁÁThere was a statue of the Virgin and Child by St. Luke at Loreto, Marche, 20 km SSE of Ancona, but it was destroyed in 1921 [Curd, p. 53]. ÁÁThere is a miraculous Comforter of the Afflicted in the CathÀ)Àdrale Notre©Dame, Luxembourg, Luxembourg [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 337]. ÁÁWhen Alfonso VI conquered Madrid, Madrid, Spain, in 1083, he discovered a statue of the Virgin by a granary (almudin) and he dedicated the town's church to the Virgin of the Almudena [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 139]. ÁÁLa Moreneta is a Black Madonna at Montserrat Monastery, Catalonia, Spain. Legend says it was made by St. Luke and deposited in a cave by St. Peter in c50. Further legend says Parsifal found the Holy Grail here. It dates from the 12C and is supposed to have been found in a cave by shepherds. [Brown, p. 119] says it resembles 6C Byzantine work and that legend says it was lost after being hidden from the Moorish invasion, then rediscovered in 880. He relates further that it refused to move when the local bishop tried to move it, so a chapel was built around it. She is the patron saint of Catalonia. One can get a closer view from a 'Camarin' behind the main altar. [Brown, p. 120] is a photo of the statue. About 45 min. walk away (or a short funicular ride) is the Santa Cova on the site where the statue was found. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 157. Brown, pp. 119©123.] ÁÁIn Najera, Rioja, Spain, is Santa Maria la Real Monastery, founded by Don Garcia III, King of Navarre, in 1032, where he discovered a statue of the Virgin in a cave while following a vulture and a partridge. The present statue was made in the 13C and is in the church of the monastery, which encloses the actual cave. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 159.] ÁÁNazarÀ)À, Portugal, is named for a statue of the Virgin brought from Nazareth in the 4C. In 1182, the local lord was chasing a deer which leaped from a cliff. He prayed to Our Lady of NazarÀ)À and his horse stopped before the cliff. In a chapel on the site, one can see the footprint of the deer on the rock face. [à ÃMGG©PortugalÄ Ä, pp. 108©109]. ÁÁThe Monastery of Nuestra SeÀ9Àora de Lluc, in the north of the island of Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain, was built where a shepherd found a statue of the Virgin in the 13C. She is called the Moreneta and is a Patron of the island. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 270.] ÁÁIn the church of S. Agostino, in Pantano, a suburb of Civitavecchia, Lazio, Italy(?), a 16in high statue of the Madonna, a souvenir from the shrine of Our Lady at Medjugorge, Bosnia, allegedly wept tears and blood in front of thousands of witnesses in Feb 1995, but has remained dry©eyed since. Indeed the local prosecutor has brought charges of 'pious fraud' against the owner and his family. The reporter notes that nine crying madonnas were reported in just two months in Italy ÀMÀ but only one weeping Madonna has been authenticated by the Vatican since 1830, an example in Syracuse, Sicily, in 1954. The blood was tested and found to be human, but male! The local bishop conjectures it is the blood of Christ!! [Alix Kirsta; The crying game; ÃÃThe Guardian WeekendÄÄ (9 Dec 2000) 26©34.] ÁÁNotre-Dame-TrouvÀ)À is a miraculously discovered statue in an eponymous church in Pouilly-en-Auxois, CÀ=Àte©d'Or [à ÃMGG-BourgogneÄ Ä, p. 130]. ÁÁThe Monastery of Santa Maria, Puig, near Valencia, Valencia, Spain, was built after the 1237 discovery of an 8C Byzantine style low relief of the Virgin concealed under a bell during the Barbarian invasions [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 252]. ÁÁAt Rochefort©en©Terre, Morbihan, the church of Notre©Dame©de©la©Tronchaye has a statue of the Virgin, a Black Virgin, found in a hollow tree in the 12C. It apparently was hidden at the time of the Norse invasions. [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 211. Ward, p. 272.] ÁÁThere is a miraculous statue of Our Lady of Tongeren, carved in 1479, in the north transept of Onze©Lieve©Vrouwebasiliek, Tongeren (Tongres), Limburg, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 300]. ÁÁOur Lady of Walcourt, in the Basilique St©Materne, Namur, Namur, Belgium, is a 10C Virgin in Majesty which fled the basilica when it burned down in the 13C and was found in a tree [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 318]. ÁÁThere was a miracle©working statue of Our Lady of Trim at St. Mary's Abbey, Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland, but it vanished during the Cromwellian period [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 167]. ÁÁ[Timbs (2), p. 111] mentions "the weeping virgin of modern times, whose tears were uncourteously stopped by Peter the Great when he discovered the trick". ÁÁÁÁPAINTINGS OF CHRIST ÁÁThere is a miraculous painting of Christ bearing the Cross by Lo Spagno in Perugia, Umbria [Rowdon, p. 56]. ÁÁIn S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome, Lazio, Italy, there is a copy of the miraculous mosaic of the head of Christ which appeared at the consecration of the church [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 209]. ÁÁA miraculous painting of Christ by St. Luke and an angel is in the Sancta Sanctorum, near S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 210]. ÁÁÁÁSTATUES OF CHRIST ÁÁThe Santa Cristo of Burgos, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain, is said to have been found in the Bay of Biscay and to have twice returned by itself to the Augustine Monastery after being stolen. It is claimed to have real skin and hair and beard. The hair is said to still be growing and the image sweats every Friday! [Mrs. Herbert Vivian; Miraculous images; ÃÃThe Royal MagazineÄÄ 6:3 (Jul 1901) 240©244.] ÁÁIn Limpias, Cantabria, Spain, is a crucifix which shed tears of blood in 1919 [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 84]. ÁÁThere is a crucifix carved from a cedar of Lebanon by Nicodemus, with the face carved by an angel, called the Volto Santo, in the Duomo at Lucca, Toscana. It is described: as a 'Byzantine crucifix brought from the Levant in the eighth century' [Lyall, p. 35]; as Romanesque of the 11C or 12C, probably a copy of a Syrian work [Anon; à ÃLuccaÄ Ä; Grafica Lucchese, Lucca, 1971, p. 21]; as an 11th century work [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 467]; as a 12C work, said to be a copy of the legendary one [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, pp. 131©132]. The last cited reference says that Nicodemus saw the image of Christ's face on the wood and that it was located by Bishop Gualfredo when on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Supposedly it (and Gualfredo) was placed in a boat without crew or sails and set adrift. It landed at Luni, near La Spezia, Liguria, and was put in a cart driven by untamed calves (or two oxen) who carried it to Lucca, c8C. [Anon; à ÃLuccaÄ Ä; op. cit., p. 21.] ÁÁA 12C? statue of Christ was discovered buried in 1830 and is now much venerated at TancrÀ)Àmont, 11 km N of SougnÀ)À©Remouchamps, LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 293]. ÁÁIn Il Capitello, in San Marco, Venice, Veneto, is a crucifix acquired at the Sack of Constantinople and which spouted blood when attacked in 1290 [Buckley & Robinson, p. 53]. ÁÁLady Mary Wortley Montagu was shown a wooden head of Christ in the convent of St. Lawrence in Vienna in 1716. This had spoken during the Siege of Vienna ÀMÀ the proof being that the mouth was still open. [Montagu, p. 27.] ÁÁIn 1030, a carpenter (the village sexton) in Montacute, Somerset, had a dream telling the village to dig on the nearby hill, where they found a life©size black flint crucifix or Holy Rood. They put it into a cart to take it to a holy place, but the cart would not move until Waltham was mentioned when the cart pushed the oxen and went to Waltham ÀMÀ until recently known as Waltham Holy Cross. [Coster, p. 82] says the Holy Rood is lost. [Malcolm Rogers; à ÃMontacute HouseÄ Ä; National Trust, (1991; revised, 1997); revised, 2000, p. 6] says the local lord, Tofig, standard bearer to King Cnut, had recently founded a church at Waltham and gave the relic to the church. King Harold especially venerated this relic and used 'Holy Cross' as his war©cry at Hastings ÀMÀ much good it did him! ÁÁAt the Wieskirche (or Wallfahrtskirche in der Wies), outside Munich, is a miraculous image of Christ which wept tears and performed miracles [E. Steinkopf; à ÃMunich A New GuideÄ Ä; 8th enlarged ed., Verlag Karl M. Lipp, nd [1972?], p. 138]. ÁÁSee also: Santissimo Bambino under Christ ÀMÀ Gethsemane. ÁÁÁÁà ÃSAINTS in alphabetic orderÄ Ä ÁÁA few of the following saints may only be venerable. A number of them have recently been 'defrocked' due to lack of any evidence of their existence. Most ancient saints became such by popular opinion. The current elaborate process was adopted in 1917. ÁÁPope John Paul II has created 457 saints (as of 22 Jun 2002) and this is claimed to be more than all his predecessors combined. However, I recall one guide book quoting a medieval source saying that Umbria alone had produced over 40,000 saints. However, almost all of these would have been before the present formalities and would not have involved papal confirmation, the modern reports could be right. Another source refers to 'all his predecessors combined going back some four centuries' and says the Church only began formal counting of saints in the 16C and there are estimated to be some 6000 'official' saints. There are currently some 1300 'Blesseds'. ÁÁGuide books often describe reliquaries, but it is rarely clear if any relics are still in them. ÁÁIn western Christianity, the bodies of saints often did not decay, but remained 'miraculously uncorrupted', which was considered a proof of the holiness of the person. However, in eastern Christianity, 'miraculous uncorruption' was a sign of God's displeasure and was usually reserved for those who had been anathematized! ÁÁ[Hutton, pp. 115©117] mentions a multi©volume work on the relics plundered at the Sack of Constantinople, by a Comte Riant, à ÃExuviÀ%À SacrÀ%À ConstantinopolitanÀ%ÀÄ Ä, but he gives no more details of it. Hutton notes that prior to this time, there were almost no early relics in the west. Supposedly, the relics were to be pooled and divided like other booty, "but the relics were regarded as too sacred for anything but direct robbery". Many more relics were uncovered during the Latin Empire and were sent abroad, more or less legitimately. Hutton lists, among other relics: many fragments of the True Cross, drops of Christ's blood, one of his teeth, some of his hair, the purple robe and some of the bread blessed at the Last Supper. ÁÁIt is generally believed that the Romans fed early Christians to the lions at the Colosseum in Rome and I recall a monument to the early martyrs by the Colosseum. However, there is no evidence for this and the tradition only dates to c1750. The name Colosseum was given to the place by Bede in the 8C ÀMÀ the Romans called it the Flavian Amphitheatre. [McGow, pp. 10©11.] ÁÁSOME MULTIPLE ITEMS. ÁÁInishmore (Arainn), the largest of the Aran Islands, Co. Galway, Ireland, is said to have 227 saints buried on it and was known as Aran of the Saints [à ÃMGG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 41]. ÁÁIn 2002, I visited the Cathedral of St. Trophime, Arles, Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne, which has a whole chapel packed with reliquaries. I noticed bits of SS. Anne, Trophime and Ursula, but I didn't have time to record the hundred or so others. ÁÁIn 2002, I visited the Cathedral of Barcelona, Catalonia, and there seemed to be a saint buried in each chapel. I only had time to record SS Oleguer and Ramon de Penyafort. ÁÁSt. Andrieskerk (St. Andrew's Church), Brugge (Bruges), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium, has a reliquary of 36 saints in the west corner of the church [Piet Kimzeke; à ÃAll about AntwerpÄ Ä; Editorial Escudo de Oro, Barcelona & Van Mieghem A., Oostende; translated by Patricia Bennett; c1992, pp. 65©67]. ÁÁ[à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 260] says there are remains of 292 martyrs in the crypt of the Cathedral of Cagliari, Sardegna. ÁÁIn 1520, an inventory of reliquaries was made at Halle, Sachsen©Anhalt, Germany, for the treasury of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg and 350 reliquaries were illustrated. (The phrasing seems to indicate that these were in the Cardinal's Treasury.) [Rorimer, p. 107.] ÁÁThe Reliquary Chapel of the Royal Convent of the Incarnation (Real Convento de la EncarnaciÀ;Àn) in Madrid, Madrid, Spain, contains 'some 1500 relics'. Of these, the most famous are a bit of the True Cross and the blood of St. Pantaleon. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 146.] ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁIn the Cathedral of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain, is a CÀÀmara Santa, built in the 9C to house a coffer of relics brought from Toledo when that fell to the Arabs. It was destroyed in an explosion in 1934. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 165.] ÁÁ[Foligno, p. 198] describes the following in the Cappella del Tesoro in the Basilica of St. Anthony, Padua, Veneto: the tongue and chin of St. Anthony; a piece of the True Cross; some thorns from the Crown of Thorns; a stone from Gethsemane; the relics of the Apostles (no further specification given!). ÁÁThe Welsh town of Pumsaint or Pumpsaint derives its name from a stone in which five saints left their footprints. It is probably a crude quern. [Howell & Beazley, p. 148.] ÁÁThe Treasure of the Basilica of St.©Sernin, Toulouse, Haut©Garonne contains relics of 128 saints, including six apostles, and a piece of the Cross and a Thorn [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 175]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁIn 1445©1446, Hermann Leicht, a young shepherd from the Cistercian Monastery of Langheim, had four visions which included a vision of the Christ Child among the 'Fourteen Intercessors' or 'Fourteen Helpers in Need': Achatius, Barbara, Blaise, Catherine of Alexandria, Christopher, Cyriacus, Dionysius, Erasmus, Eustace, George, Giles, Guy, Margaret, Pantaleon. (But Morper has Vitus instead of Guy ÀMÀ ah!, I've now seen that the French version of Vitus is Guy.) The cult of the Fourteen Helpers in Need had begun in south Germany in the early 14C. A chapel and then a church were built on the site of the visions, now called Vierzehnheiligen Church, Bayern, Germany. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 286-287. J. J. Morper; à ÃVierzehnheiligenÄ Ä [English edition]; Verlag Schnell & Steiner, Munich, 1978.] ÁÁSt. ABIBA (or Abibo), one of the seventy disciples of our Lord Jesus Christ ÀMÀ see under St. Nicodemus. ÁÁSt. ACCA ( ©742). bishop of Hexham, is buried in the Cathedral of Hexham, Northumberland [Vince, p. 5]. ÁÁThe remains of St. ADJUTOR and a phial of his blood are at the convent by the Franciscan Friary in Wexford, Co. Wexford, Ireland . He was a boy martyr of Rome. [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 177.] ÁÁRelics of St. ADRIAN are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThere is an arm©reliquary (c1238) in the MusÀ)Àe DiocÀ)Àsain et TrÀ)Àsor de la CathÀ)Àdrale (St©Aubain) in Namur, Namur, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 262]. ÁÁThere are relics in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 268]. ÁÁThe skull of St. AGATHA (= Agata) is in a reliquary in S. Paolo a Ripa d'Arno, Pisa, Toscana [Ross & Erichsen, pp. 248-249]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of St. Agatha [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Agatha [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Agatha [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁPart of the thigh of Agatha was at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁThere are relics of St. AGNES & St. EMERENTIANA in S. Agnese fuori le Mura, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 179]. ÁÁ[Monica Furlong; Review of: Margaret Visser; à ÃThe Geometry of LoveÄ Ä; Viking, 2001; ÃÃThe Time Literary SupplementÄÄ (7 Dec 2001) 26] says the church was built over the bones of the 12©year old St. Agnes, killed in 305 because she would not marry an unbeliever. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Agnes [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is an ostensory with relics of Agnes, Maximilian and Regina [Bauer et al., p. 249]. ÁÁSt. AIDAN came from Iona and founded the monastery at Holy Island (Lindisfarne), Northumberland, in 635. The wooden beam against which St. Aidan was leaning when he died has been preserved through two fires in the church of St. Aidan to the west of Bamburgh, Northumberland. His relics are in Durham, Co. Durham, and perhaps some were at Glastonbury, Somerset. Some went to Iona, Strathclyde. [Proud, pp. 22, 25 & 60. Wade, pp. 90 & 92.] ÁÁSt. ALBAN (d. 293 or 304) was a Roman soldier martyred on the hill above present day St. Alban's. He was the first English martyr, killed for helping a priest to escape. His burial place was lost, but King Offa of Mercia relocated it through a vision. By 793, his remains had been moved to the new Abbey and his tomb is in the present St. Alban's Abbey, St. Albans, Hertfordshire. Though broken into pieces at the Reformation, the pieces were rediscovered in 1872 when a wall was demolished and a reconstruction of the tomb/shrine has been made, from over 2000 fragments. [Coster, pp. 65 & 68. Vince, pp. 5©6.] ÁÁSt. ALDHELM (c640©709), first Bishop of Sherborne from 705, was buried at Malmesbury Abbey (or St. Michael the Archangel, Malmesbury) and his tomb became a shrine [[Mark Child; à ÃWiltshireÄ Ä; Shire County Guide 5; Shire, (1984), 3rd ed., 1995, p. 143; Vince, pp. 6©7]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. ALÀ.ÀNE, 12C, is in the À(Àglise St©Denis, in the southern Brussel (Bruxelles), Brabant, Belgium, suburb of Forest [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 161]. ÁÁThe well preserved body of Blessed ALESSIO DI JACOPO STROZZI ( ©1383) is in a crystal urn in the little chapel under the staircase to the Old Strozzi Chapel in Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy [P. Stefano Orlandi, revised by P. Isnardo P. Grossi; à ÃHistorical ÀMÀ Artistic Guide of Santa Maria Novella and her Monumental CloistersÄ Ä; Edition S. Becocci, Florence, 1984, p. 28]. ÁÁThere is a portion of the wooden staircase under which St. ALEXIS lived and died in Sant'Alessio, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 86]. St. Alexius (= Alexis??) has been deleted from the list of Saints as being 'completely fictitious' [Wheen]. ÁÁSt. ALKMUND (774©819) was killed by the Danes. He was buried at Lilleshall, Shropshire, then translated to Derby, Derbyshire, where he is the patron saint. [Vince, p. 7.] ÁÁSt. ALPHEGE (or Alphage) (952©1012) was murdered at Greenwich in the 11C. His body was translated to Canterbury. [Pepin, p. 14. Vince, p. 7.] ÁÁMedieval legend said that the intact body discovered at Rocamadour (or Roc©Amadour), Lot, France, in 1166, was St. Zachary(?), or Zaccheus, husband of St. Veronica. They had travelled to somewhere near Limoges, Haute©Vienne, where she died and he then retired to Rocamadour. Other legends said it was an Egyptian hermit, St. À(ÀvangÀ)Àlique or St. Sylvain. The body was later called St. AMADOR or AMADOUR. Henry III of England enjoyed a miraculous cure here. SS Dominic, Bernard and Louis worshipped here, as did Philippe IV Le Bel, Philip VI and Louis XI. The body was burnt during the Wars of Religion, though supposedly it did not burn and the Protestant Captain had to hack it to pieces. [à ÃMGG-PÀ)Àrigord-QuercyÄ Ä, p. 121. à ÃMGG-FranceÄ Ä, p. 218.] ÁÁThe clothed skeleton of St. AMBROGIO (Ambrose) (d. 397) is in the crypt of the Basilica of St. Ambrogio, Milan, Lombardia. This Basilica was built by St. Augustine. [Eastman, p. 321.] But [Converso, p. 74] says the Basilica was founded by St. Ambrose in 379 and he was buried in it in 397. Converso says the relics are in an urn and [Vincitore, p. 42] refers to the bones being in a reliquary. ÁÁSt. AMPHIBALUS was the priest who converted St. Alban, c304. He and some followers were caught and stoned to death in a field at Redbourn, Hertfordshire. In about the 12C, the remains were translated to a Shrine in St. Albans Abbey. [Vince, p. 7.] ÁÁThe relics of S. ANASTASIA are reputed to be in Sant'Anastasia in Rome, Lazio, Italy [Cuddon (2), p. 48]. ÁÁ[Gauthier, p. 58©61] says St. ANASTASIUS the Persian was throttled and beheaded in 628 and his remains were divided between Rome and Constantinople, but that a reliquary with his skull is in the Cathedral of Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany. An Aachen guidebook says the Anastasius Reliquary is from Antioch, c1000, and is in the Treasury of the Cathedral. ÁÁBeato ANDREA DI SCOZIA (8C) founded the monastery? at S. Martino a Mensola, in the hamlet of Mensola, near Settignano, on the outskirts of Florence, and his tomb is there. ÁÁSt. à ÃANDREWÄ Ä was crucified and initially buried at Patras, Greece, in c64. His remains were removed to Constantinople and his relics were widely dispersed. ÁÁSt. Andrew's head was in an elaborate shrine in Amalfi, Campania, but was returned to Patras, Greece by Paul VI in 1964. [Curd, p. 39. Young, p. 159 says 1965.] Another guide says Amalfi had the body of St. Andrew a bit after 1964? [ENIT, p. 23]. [de Jongh (2), p. 294] just says some relics went to Amalfi. Lyall [p. 186] says there were relics in Pienza, Toscana, and that the body had been in Patras, but that Patras exchanged it to the Tsar for a new water supply. The BG says the head was in St. Peter's, Rome, having been presented to Pius II by Thomas Paliaologos in 1462. This agrees with [Runciman-4, p. 182], who says Thomas Palaelogus fled with the head, which had been at Patras, and presented it to the Pope in March 1460, and this agrees with [de Jongh (2), p. 294]. [Young, p. 159] says Paleologus swapped the head for a Papal pension in c1463. It was returned to Patras after 1964 since the return is not mentioned in the 1964 edition of the BG [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 261]. [de Jongh (2), p. 294], writing in 1972, has a footnote that the head is now back in Patras, in Ayios Andreas, but will soon be removed to the adjacent Cathedral, now nearing completion. [à ÃMGG©Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 45] says Amalfi has those relics which had been transferred from Patras to Constantinople from whence they went to Amalfi in 1206. [Hole, pp. 174©175] says the remains were removed to Amalfi in 1210. ÁÁ[Vince, pp. 7©8] says the story of his being crucified on an X©shaped cross seems to have started in the Middle Ages. ÁÁPart of the forehead is in the church of St. Andrew, Karyes, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 263]. ÁÁRelics of St. Andrew, said to exude a delicious smell, are in the Church of Ayios Stephanos in the Monastery of Kastamonitou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 298]. ÁÁRelics of Andrew are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA shoulder blade was presented by Pope John Paul II to St. Mary's Catholic Cathedral in Edinburgh [Welfare & Fairley, p. 119]. See Varlaam for another shoulder blade. ÁÁThe actual cross on which he was crucified was given by St. Stephan of Burgundy to the convent of St. Victor, near Marseilles (Marseille), Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne [Timbs, p. 193]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁRelics of St. Andrew, probably received from Constantinople, were in the church built by St. Ambrose in Milan, now St. Nazarius [Gauthier, p. 58]. ÁÁThere was a rib of St. Andrew at the Hospital of St. Bartholomew, outside Oxford, in 1329 [BMA, p. 48; Headlam, p. 126]. ÁÁPatras ÀMÀ see under Amalfi. ÁÁPienza ÀMÀ see under Amalfi. ÁÁRome ÀMÀ see under Amalfi. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Andrew [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁTradition asserts that a monk brought some relics of St. Andrew from Constantinople to St. Andrews, Scotland, in 368 [Brasch, op. cit. under Jacob, p. 205]. [de Jongh (2), p. 294] says a tooth, a knee©bone and three fingers went to St. Andrews. [Christopher Lambton; The road to St Andrews; ÃÃThe Daily TelegraphÄÄ Arts & Books section (9 Jan 1999) A5] says a tooth, a kneecap, three fingers and an arm bone were brought by a monk called Regulus from Patras. Lancaster [p. 147] asserts that all the remains went at this time, so there could be none in Rome or Patras. [Johnson, p. 25] says St. Regulus was shipwrecked at St. Andrew's with the relics. [Hole, pp. 174©175] says some relics were brought in the 4C by St. Regulus (or Rule), supposedly a Greek abbott whom an angel instructed to sail westward with the relics and to build a shrine where he landed. ÁÁ[David Pepin; à ÃDiscovering Shrines and Holy PlacesÄ Ä; Shire, 1980; p. 12] says it is believed that some relics of St. Andrew got to Hexham, Northumbria, where the abbey is dedicated to him and that a king of the Picts later carried them north and founded St. Andrews. [Lambton, op. cit. above; Hole, pp. 174©175] says the relics were probably brought in 732 by Bishop Acca of Hexham when he fell out with his king. On the other hand, St. Augustine had been prior of a St. Andrew's monastery in Rome before coming to England [Pepin. above, p. 12], so perhaps all the dedications to St. Andrew stem from this. ÁÁA casket reliquary of St. Andrew's Sandal was made into a portable altar at Trier, Rheinland©Pfalz [Gauthier, pp. 44 & 192]. According to [Welfare & Fairley, p. 124], this is actually a foot of St. Andrew. ÁÁA shoulder blade is (was?) in the Monastery of Varlaam in the Meteora region of Greece [de Jongh, p. 171]. See Edinburgh for another shoulder blade. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. Andrew, Britius, Mary of Egypt, Maximus and Stephen [Bauer et al., pp. 249©250]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with a Thorn and relics of SS. Andrew, Eustace, George and Stephan and another reliquary with a piece of the Shroud and relics of the same four saints [Bauer et al., pp. 305©306]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁBreton legend asserts that St. ANNE was a Breton of royal blood who was taken to Nazareth by angels to protect her from her brutal husband. After giving birth to the Virgin Mary, she was returned to Brittany and lived out her life there. Jesus visited her and called forth the spring of Sainte©Anne©la©Palud, FinistÀ/Àre. [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, pp. 27 & 146.] ÁÁSt. Anne appeared to a ploughman in 1623, telling him to rebuild a chapel. In 1625 or 1623, he found a statue of her. This was burnt in 1796, but a fragment is preserved in the late 19C basilica at Ste.©Anne©d'Auray, Morbihan. The treasury contains a relic of Anne presented by Anne of Austria in thanks for the birth of the future Louis XIV. The ploughman's house, where he saw his vision, is preserved. [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 233. Ward, pp. 299©300.] ÁÁThere are relics of SS. Anne, Trophime and Ursula, among many others, in the Chapel of St. Anne in the Cathedral of St. Trophime, Arles, Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne. ÁÁThe head of St. Anne was sent from Constantinople to Chartres, Eure©et©Loir, by the Comte de Blois in 1204 [Dunlop, p. 120]. ÁÁThe skull of St. Anne is in the Cathedral of Bologna, Emilia©Romagna, presented by Henry VI of England in 1435 [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 380]. It is not clear if these are the same head?? ÁÁAn arm of St. Anne is in the Cathedral of Genoa (Genova), Liguria. It was brought from Istanbul in 1461. [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 97.] ÁÁThe left foot of St. Anne is in St. Anne's, an outpost of the Monastery of Grand Lavra, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 282]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Anne [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. Anne in the MusÀ)Àe de Cluny, Paris [Hare (2), p. 378]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an armbone of St. Anne. However, a 1350 inventory says it was kept in the Imperial Cross reliquary and the present piece is too large to fit, so it is believed there was another, smaller, piece. [Bauer et al., pp. 180©181.] Another reliquary had now lost relics of Anne [Bauer et al., p. 258] while another has a piece of her robe [Bauer et al., p. 280]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of: Anne; Anthony of Padua; Donatus; Francis Xavier; John Nepomuk ÀMÀ these being the patron saints of the Habsburgs [Bauer et al., pp. 331©332]. There is another relic [Bauer et al., p. 337]. ÁÁSt. ANSELM (c1033©1109), known for his fallacious ontological 'proof' of the existence of God, was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093. [Coster (2), p. 121] says he originated in Aosta and came over with the Normans. Canonised in the 18C. There is a St. Anselm's chapel at the SE corner of the Cathedral. He is buried behind the altar of this chapel and there is a memorial window to him. There is a St. Anselm's Tower to the SE of the Cathedral. [à ÃBlue GuideÄ Ä. Vince, p. 8.] ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of St. ANTHONY (which??) [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe hand of St. Anthony was in Lucca, Tuscany [Gauthier, p. 102]. ÁÁThe bones of St. ANTHONY of Egypt (251©356 (?)) were discovered in 561 and enshrined at Vienne, IsÀ/Àre [Charles Earle Funk and Charles Earle Funk Jr.; à ÃHorsefeathers & Other Curious WordsÄ Ä; Harper & Row, NY, 1958, p. 110]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Anthony the Hermit [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁSt. ANTHONY (or Antony) of Padua (1195©1231) was born Fernand Martins de Bulhom in Lisbon, Portugal, where a church of Santo AntÀ;Ànio stands on the site [à ÃMGG-PortugalÄ Ä, p. 92.]. He joined the Franciscans and became Friar Anthony in 1220. He settled at Padua, Veneto, in 1230? and died (at Arcella?) while travelling back to Padua. He was canonised on 30 May 1232, less than a year after his death. He was buried in Santa Maria Mater Domini, but work began in 1232 on a new basilica to house the body. S. Maria was demolished in 1263 and the body was translated to the new church. S. Bonaventura was present and relates that the tongue was miraculously preserved from corruption. [Foligno, p. 185©188.] ÁÁPetrarch witnessed the translation of the saint's body to a new shrine in S. Antonio, Padua, in 1349 [Foligno, p. 119]. ÁÁ[Foligno, p. 198] describes the following in the Cappella del Tesoro in the Basilica of St. Anthony, Padua: the tongue and chin of St. Anthony; a piece of the True Cross; some thorns from the Crown of Thorns; a stone from Gethsemane; the relics of the Apostles (no further specification given!). [Buckley & Robinson, p. 288] mention only the tongue and chin of St. Anthony. ÁÁThe tomb of St. Anthony of Padua, in the Basilica at Padua (Padova), was opened in 1981. The skeleton was complete except for the left forearm and hand, which are in caskets elsewhere, together with his tongue and chin. The many other bones in France & Italy are forgeries. [George Armstrong; Bones of St. Anthony uncovered; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (31 Jan 1981) ??]. His robe and his rope girdle were identified [Gauthier, p. 180]. ÁÁ"A set of beads made from the bones of St. Antony of Padua" was at Don Saltero's Coffee House and Museum, London, c1720 [Philippa Bernard; à ÃChelsea ÀMÀ A Visitor's GuideÄ Ä; Chelsea Rare Books, London, 1983, p. 17]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of: Anne; Anthony of Padua; Donatus; Francis Xavier; John Nepomuk ÀMÀ these being the patron saints of the Habsburgs [Bauer et al., pp. 331©332]. ÁÁSant'ANTIOCO is the patron saint of Sardinia (Sardegna). The church in the town of Sant'Antioco, Sardinia, is supposed to be over the catacombs where he was buried. [à ÃBGªSouthern ItalyÄ Ä, p. 288.] ÁÁS. ANTOLIN was a Visigothic saint whose relics were enshrined in a 7C chapel in Palencia, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain. It was forgotten during the Moorish occupation and until King Sancho the Great of Navarre came across it while hunting wild boar. He built a chapel over it in 1034 and this is the crypt of the modern cathedral. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 167.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. APOLLINAIRE and Sebastian [Bauer et al., p. 263]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. APOLLONIA at the Abbey of St.©Maurice d'Agaune, Valais, Switzerland. It contained a bit of skull and three teeth in the late 16C, and two teeth in the 17C. [Gauthier, pp. 123 & 126]. ÁÁThe teeth of St. Apollonia were remedies for the toothache and "were by a fortunate dispensation almost as numerous as the complaint ... was common." Henry VI was disgusted at this superstition and ordered all the teeth to be given in ÀMÀ a ton was collected! [Headlam, pp. 126©127.] ÁÁThe sarcophagus of S. AQUILINUS is in the chapel of S. Aquilinus in the Basilica of S. Lorenzo Maggiore, Milan, Lombardia [Converso, pp. 40©41]. ÁÁThe Pieve di Santa Maria, Arezzo, Toscana has relics of SS. ASTERIO, Ermenio, Giusto, Ranieri, 'and others'. ÁÁThe relics of St. ATHANASIUS, the 1C disciple of St. James the Greater, are in the crypt of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, along with those of St. James and another disciple, St. Theodore [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 202]. ÁÁThe relics of St. ATHANASIUS, a 4C Patriarch of Alexandria, were returned to Patriarch Shenouda III, head of the Coptic Church, in 1973 [Anon; Coptic church head arrives in Rome for talks with Pope; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (5/6 May 1973)]. There was a tooth in Westminster Abbey, London [Ash]. This is presumably St. Athanasius the Great (c296©373), who wrote against Arianism. His right, writing, hand is preserved in a casket in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 285©286]. ÁÁSt. ATHANASIUS, the 9C(?) founder of Mt. Athos, is entombed in the Chapel of the Forty Martyrs in the Church of the Koimesis in his Monastery of Grand Lavra, Mt. Athos. He was working on the dome when he fell and died. [de Jongh, p. 279.] ÁÁCanute once commissioned his Roman agent to buy St. AUGUSTINE's arm [D'Israeli, p. 90]. ÁÁOn the ruined wall of the Church of St. Pancras, near the monastery of St. Augustine at Canterbury, there are hoof marks said to have been made by the Devil when he was driven out of the chapel by the Mass read by St. Augustine [T. B. Hyslop; à ÃThe Great AbnormalsÄ Ä; Philip Allan & Co., London, 1925, p. xviii]. ÁÁThere is a Cross at Ebbsfleet, Kent, marking the place where Augustine landed and a St. Augustine's Well on a nearby golf course [English Heritage; Pepin, p. 10]. ÁÁThere are relics of St. AUGUSTINE (of Hippo?) in the Cathedral of Dubrovnik, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 129]. ÁÁThe reliquary of San Galgano, belonging to the church of Frosini, Umbria, now on loan to the Opera del Duomo, Orvieto, Umbria, contains relics of St. Augustine [Gauthier, pp. 169 & 172]. ÁÁIn c1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including some of St. BACCHUS [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁThe Romanesque sarcophagus, of 1179, of SS Sergius and Bacchus is in the Castelvecchio Museum, Verona, Veneto [Zuffi, p. 40]. ÁÁThe relics of S. BARBARA are in the Cathedral of Ravello, Campania [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 190]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. BARNABAS is at Ayios (= Saint) Varanavas, near Salamis, Cyprus. Its location was revealed to the Archbishop in a dream in 478. [Keshishian, pp. 172-175.] A copy of the Gospel of Matthew, in Matthew's own writing, was found with the miraculously preserved body. This discovery led to the Cypriot church being recognised as coequal with the Byzantine church. [Lancaster (2), p. 150.] ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Barnabas [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁRelics of Barnabas are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁKing Andrew II of Hungary obtained the right hand of St. BARTHOLOMEW on the Fifth Crusade, 1217-1218 [Runciman-3, p. 149, note 2] ÀMÀ where is it ?? ÁÁThere are relics of St. Bartholomew in the Treasury of the Basilica of S. Nicola in Bari, Puglia [ENIT, p. 35]. ÁÁA relic of St. Bartholomew was presented by Benevento, Campania, to the monastery which then renamed itself BÀ)ÀnÀ)Àvent©L'Abbaye, Creuse [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 55]. ÁÁThere is a Reliquary of St. Bartholomew in the Treasury of the Cathedral of CÀ;Àrdoba, Andalusia, Spain [Manuel Nieto Cumplido; à ÃLa Mezquita©Catedral de CordobaÄ Ä; Editorial Escudo de Oro, Barcelona, 1995, p. 74]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe skin of St. Bartholomew was given by Edward III to Oriel College, Oxford, in 1329 (or 1328) [BMA, p. 48]. This was kept at the leper hospital of St. Bartholomew about half a mile east of Oxford, and the skin was incidental to the gift of the entire hospital. It (later?) also had the comb of St. Edmund the Confessor, a much revered image of Bartholomew, the bones of Stephen and a rib of Andrew. The relics were removed to Oriel College's church, c16C. [Headlam, pp. 125©127.] ÁÁA porphyry urn in S. Bartolomeo (or Bartolommeo), Rome, Lazio, Italy, is thought to contain his relics, brought from Benevento in 983 by Otto III [Curd, p. 39; Masson, p. 119 just says late 10C, cf Paulinus]. Kent [p. 81], describing Rahere's visit to Rome c1120 says the purported body 'had recently been buried' in the church. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Bartholomew [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including some of St. Bartholomew [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁThe tomb of S. BARTOLO is in the church of Sant' Agostino, San Gimignano, Toscana [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 212]. ÁÁThe relics of St. BASIL (the Great) are in the chapel of St. Basil, in the lower part of the Basilican Church of the Holy Blood, Brugge (Bruges), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium [à ÃBruges and Its BeautiesÄ Ä; Editions Thill, Bruxelles, nd [1990s?]; p. 12]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary bust of St. BAUDIME in the church of St. Nectaire, Puy©de©DÀ=Àme [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 236]. ÁÁSt. BEDE (676? (or 673) © 735) was born at Monkton, near DURHAM, Co. Durham (I can't locate this) [Timbs (2), p. 113]. He came to the monastery and church of St. Paul, Jarrow, Tyne & Wear, in 685 and remained until his death. He was the first prose writer in the vernacular. The church survives and contains a chair said to have been his, though it has been dated to the 14C. Other sources say the church (or chapel) partly survives as the chancel of the present church. He was buried in Jarrow, but the body was translated to Durham Cathedral, c1022, and placed by the remains of St. Cuthbert, but moved to a separate tomb/shrine in the Galilee Porch of the Cathedral in 1370. This shrine was destroyed in the Reformation and the bones were reburied on the site. The tomb was opened in 1831 and some bones and an iron finger ring were found. The ring is now in the Cathedral museum, but [Durham Cathedral Museum; à ÃA Guide to the Collections on Display in The Monks DormitoryÄ Ä; 1972, p. 8] says it is 16C work and has no connection with Bede. The museum also displays a tombstone found in Bede's tomb, but it is decorated with a leaf pattern and has no known association with Bede. The tomb was rebuilt in 1831 but incorporates the older inscription. [Greenwood (2), p. 133 with photo on p. 134. Picture in Proud, p. 42. C. J. Stranks; à ÃA Walk around Durham CathedralÄ Ä; The Cathedral, nd [1970s?].] There is a 1973 memorial window in the Galilee Porch. Venerated already in the 9C, canonised in 1899. St. Cuthbert's College, Durham, had a piece of finger or rib of St. Bede in their Oratory of the Holy Family. In 1979, this was halved with a new St. Bede's Church in La Canada, near Los Angeles. [Dennis Barker; Sharing out the bare bones of a saint; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (16 Oct 1979) ??. Russell Chandler; St. Bede has bone-splitting operation; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (17 Oct 1979).] There is now a Bede's World Museum in Jarrow. ÁÁ[Proud, pp. 56©57. Wade, p. 76. Timpson, p. 147 with picture of the chair. Vince, pp. 9©10.] ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. BEGGA, Charlemagne's great©great©great©grandmother, in the CollÀ)Àgiale Ste©Begge, which she founded, in Andenne, Namur, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 253]. ÁÁSt. BENEDETTO MANASSERI ( ©1589) was the son of an African slave who worked as a menial in a monastery in Sicily, but was venerated for his holiness and his healing abilities. Elected co©protector of Palermo in 1652. Canonised in 1807. His body is preserved in a church in Palermo. In recent years, his cult has been revived. [John Hooper; Palermo awakes to its black saint; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (2 Mar 1998) 12.[ ÁÁSt. BENEDICT and his sister St. SCHOLASTICA were buried at the monastery of Monte Cassino, Lazio, Italy. When the monastery was destroyed by the barbarians in the 7C, the remains were found and transferred in 675 to an abbey soon renamed St.-BenoÀ3Àt-sur-Loire, near Orleans, Loiret. The central pillar of the Basilica contains his relics. [à ÃMGG-LoireÄ Ä, pp. 82-83. à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 230.] Westminster Abbey, London, had the head [Ash]. Benedict was a hermit at Subiaco, Lazio, for three years, where the cave is part of the Monastery and there is an adjacent rose garden where he once threw himself to resist temptation [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 220] ÁÁBERNADETTE Soubirous of Lourdes (1844©1879) began having her visions of Mary in a cave near the town in 1858. Mary told Bernadette that she was the Immaculate Conception. The visions conveniently occurred just four years after Pius IX had promulgated the Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary in his Bull ÃÃIneffabilis DeusÄÄ, so he declared the visions authentic in 1862. Bernadette soon retired to a convent. Her uncorrupted body is at the Convent of St. Gildard, Nevers, NiÀ/Àvre [Welfare & Fairley, pp. 99©100]. [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 171] says it was exhumed three times to confirm this fact and is displayed in the Convent Chapel. She was canonized in 1933. ÁÁOver 6000 people claim to have been cured by visiting Lourdes, though several million people visit it each year (5.5 million in 1992). A medical bureau was set up to examine such claims in 1882 and has carefully reviewed 2000 of these cases. Only 65 cases have been deemed miraculous. The last two were cancer cures occurring in 1963 and 1976. A further case was being considered in 1993. [Youngson, pp. 288©290.] ÁÁRelics of St. BERNARD are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁS. BERNARDINO ( ©1444) of Siena died in L'Aquila, Abruzzo, and his mausoleum is in the basilica named for him [à ÃMGG©Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 54.] There are two relics in Santa Maria delle Grazie, Arezzo, Toscana, probably in the S. Bernardino Chapel [à ÃArezzo A City GuideÄ Ä, p. 56]. ÁÁThe remains of Beata BERTA are in the church of Santa Maria in Cavriglia, Toscana, which she founded in the 11C [Laura Cecinato; à ÃMusei del ValdarnoÄ Ä; Officine della Cultura, Arezzo, nd [obtained in 2001], pp. 4©5]. ÁÁThere is a shrine of St. BERTRAM at Ilam, Staffordshire [Vince, p. 57, with photo]. ÁÁSt. BEUNO's tomb (or shrine) (7C) was in St. Beuno's Chapel, Clynnog Fawr, about 5m south of Caernarvon, Gwynedd, Wales, though it was destroyed by fire in 1856. St. Beuno's stone is in the chapel. St. Beuno's Well is south of the village. He was the uncle of St. Winefred, qv. There is a St. Beuno's stone at St. Winefred's well, supposedly the stone on which he sat when instructing her. [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 177. Beazley & Howell, p. 175. Vince, p. 10. Christopher David; à ÃSt Winefride's Well a history & guideÄ Ä; no publisher shown, (1971), 3rd ptg, 1990, p. 14.] ÁÁThe tomb of SS. BIAGIO and Giuliana (from 1508) is in SS. Nazaro & Celso, Verona, Veneto, but the source then says they are entombed at a nearby votive chapel [Zuffi, pp. 67-68]. ÁÁSt. BIRINUS (= Berin) came to England in 633. He founded a church, later his Cathedral, at Dorchester©on©Thames, Oxfordshire. In the 13C, his remains were translated to Winchester. That shrine was destroyed in the Reformation, but the fragments were reassembled in 1964. [Vince, p. 11.] ÁÁSt. BLAISE (= Sv. Vlaho) ( ©c303 (or c316)) was Bishop of Sebaste (or Sebastea) in Armenia. His skull and hand of are in the Cathedral of Our Lady in Dubrovnik, Croatia. A hand of St. Blaise (or of St. Sergius) is in the Franciscan Church in Dubrovnik. Blaise is the patron saint of Dubrovnik, so there are lots of his relics about. [Cuddon (2), pp. 125, 127, 129. Vince, pp. 11©13.] ÁÁRelics of Blaise are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁRichard F. Mould [à ÃMould's Medical AnecdotesÄ Ä; Adam Hilger, 1984, p. 97] shows a caricature at the Wellcome Institute Library: 'Les Reliques Authentiques' of St. Blaise. This shows heads at Orbitello, Montpellier, Naples and St. Maximen in Provence. There are arms at Rome, Marseilles, Notre©Dame in Paris, Milan, Capoue (= Capua??) and Basse©Fontaine, as well as a body at S. Marcel in Rome. There are other fragments in Brindisi, Malines, Lisbon, Ragusa, Volterra and Antwerpen. ÁÁThere is an arm reliquary of St. Blaise in the Medieval Art Collection (Abteilung mittelalter Kunst) in the ducal castle of Braunschweig. He is patron saint of the local cathedral and was protector of the Guelphs. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 91.] ÁÁSt. BLINE ÀMÀ see: St. Monenna. ÁÁIn the 8C, an English missionary, born in Crediton, Devon, and named Wynfrid, anointed Pepin the Short as king in 751. He changed his name to BONIFACE. In 754, he was on a mission to Friesland when he and 52 companions were killed at Dokkum, Friesland, Netherlands. He is buried in a monastery he founded or the Cathedral at Fulda, Hessen, Germany. The tomb is in the crypt of the Cathedral (Dom). The Dommuseum has a head reliquary and his sword. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 139. Peter Stanier; à ÃDevonÄ Ä; Shire County Guide 27, Shire, Aylesbury, 1989, p. 77.] [J. van Rhyn; à ÃHolland A Pocket GuideÄ Ä; J. M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, nd [c1954], p. 72] says the church in Dokkum has some relics, but [à ÃMGG©NetherlandsÄ Ä, p. 102] makes no mention of any in Dokkum. ÁÁHowever, the guide leaflet to The Church of Our Lady, Brugge (Bruges), West-Vlaanderen, Belgium, says it was built in the 14C to contain the relics of St. Boniface, and that the relics 'of the great apostle of Germany' are in middle of the choir. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. Mary Magdalene and Boniface [Bauer et al., p. 263] and a vase which once contained his pulverised blood [Bauer et al., p. 276]. ÁÁRelics were donated by the Bishop of Fulda to the Catholic Church in Crediton and are on display there. Some bones were discovered in the late 19C in a wall of the church at Brixworth, Northumberland. [Vince, p. 13.] [Gould, p. 13] says the Brixworth relic was a bone, in a 14C reliquary, thought to be the larynx of Boniface. whose feast day has been celebrated there since the mid 13C. ÁÁThe clothed skeletons of St. Just and St. BONIFACE (probably not the one above ??) are in the church of St. Thomas (sv. TomÀÀÀ±À), LetenskÀÀ, near MalostranskÀ)À nÀÀmÀkÀstÀ1À, MalÀÀ Strana, Prague [Humphreys, pp. 79©80]. ÁÁSt. BOTOLPH was an abbot who built a monastery at Icanho in East Anglia in about 634. He died and was buried there. The body was removed in 970 and distributed as relics to the monastery at Thorney and to the King's relic collection. However, the location of Icanho is not known. Perhaps the best claimant is Hadstock, Essex, which is cited as the resting place of Botolph in 1144. The church of St. Botolph there is certainly ancient, with some bits thought to be pre©Danish. A substantial, but empty, grave was discovered in the south transept during excavations in the 1970s. This had held a coffin which had been removed, so this seems to be the most likely site. St. Botolph later became a patron of travellers which accounts for the many churches dedicated to him at city gates. [à ÃSt. Botolph's Church Hadstock A Short History and GuideÄ Ä; 2000. Warwick Rodwell; à ÃUnder Hadstock ChurchÄ Ä; 1974.] ÁÁSt. BRECAN is buried in St. Brecan's Church, on Inishmore (Arainn), the largest of the Aran Islands, Co. Galway, Ireland [à ÃMGG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 40]. ÁÁSt. BRENDAN (the Navigator) (483©578) was born in Fenit, in the north of Co. Kerry, Ireland [à ÃBG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 205]. He began his voyage from the inlet at the west end of the Dingle Peninsula, Co. Kerry, at the foot of Mt. Brandon, named for him [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 81]. ÁÁThe tomb of S. BRIAC is in the church of Bourbiac, CÀ=Àtes©d'Armor [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 126]. ÁÁSt. BRIDGET (= Brigid or Bride) ( ©525) is said to have been born at Faughart near Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland [à ÃBG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 293]. She founded the first Irish convent, at Kildare. It is claimed that Patrick, Brigid and Columba are buried in the same grave in Downpatrick, Co. Down, where it is marked by a stone slab to the south of the cathedral [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 212]. There is a shoe of St. BRIDGET (or Brigid) in the National Museum in Dublin, Co. Dublin, [à ÃGiant BIONÄ Ä]. There is a shrine and well near the Cathedral in Kildare, Co. Kildare [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 126]. [Vince, p. 14.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. Andrew, BRITIUS, Mary of Egypt, Maximus and Stephen [Bauer et al., pp. 249©250]. ÁÁThe cave of S. BRUNO ( ©1101) is at Serra San Bruno, Calabria [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 78]. ÁÁA stone bed and pillow of St. CADO are in the Chapelle St.©Cado, near Hennebont, Morbihan [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 128]. ÁÁThe Cathedral of Orvieto, Umbria, has relics of SS. CALLISTO, Degna, Fortunato, Jacopone da Todi and Romana. ÁÁThe relics of St. CALLISTUS, Bishop of Rome in 217©222, were transported to Rheims (= Reims, Marne) where there may be some confusion with St. Sixtus, qv [Gauthier, p. 130]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. CANDID in the Treasury of the Abbey of St. Maurice, St. Maurice, Switzerland [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 156]. ÁÁThe tomb or shrine of St. CANDIDA (= Wita or Wite in Saxon) is in the north transept of St. Candida in Whitchurch Canonicorum, Dorset. Nothing is known of her. [Treves, pp. 279-281. Vince, p. 59.] ÁÁThe body of Beato PIETRO CAPUCCI has been preserved since 1445 beneath the altar of the church of S. Domenico, Cortona, Toscana [Setteposte & Belardi, p. 8]. ÁÁS. CARLO BORROMEO (1538©1584), Archbishop of Milan, was the leading figure in the Counter©reformation. His remains are in the Cathedral treasury of Milan, Lombardia [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 140]. But [Converso, pp. 12©13] describes and shows his relics in a 'Scurolo' (dark crypt) under the altar. [Vincitore, pp. 6 & 8] describes and shows it as 'the body ... contained in a rock©crystal shrine encased in silver.' There is a relic of him in the Schatzkammer, Vienna. [Bauer et al., pp. 315-316.] ÁÁThere is a head of St. CATHERINE (of Alexandria ??) in the Cathedral of Sv. Marija, Rab, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 28]. ÁÁThe skull and a hand of St. Catherine are at St. Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai. Angels carried her to Mt. Katherina, the highest peak in the Sinai, after her martyrdom. [Forsyth, p. 96.] The Monastery, founded in the 6C, was originally dedicated to Mary, but the body of the Saint was later discovered on top of the mountain and taken into the Monastery. The hollow where her body lay for 300 years was once visible and some could see the marks made by the angels who sat guarding the body. [Gascoigne.] [Roberts©Crolly, V©22] says the relics were transported by angels to the summit and then brought down to the Monastery (= Convent). ÁÁSome hair of St. Catherine was in the Grandmont Treasury, Haute©Vienne, then distributed to the church of Milhaguet in 1792 which deposited it in the Museum at Limoges, Haute©Vienne, from which it was stolen in 1980 [Gauthier, pp. 37 & 56©57]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Catherine [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁRelics of Catherine are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThe Benedictine Abbey of the Holy Trinity in Rouen had relics of St. Catherine which were so popular that the Abbey was generally called after her [Laurence Edmund Morris; à ÃA History of RuislipÄ Ä; Ruislip Northwood & Eastcote Local History Society, 1980, p. 14]. ÁÁThe cult of St. Catherine of Alexandria was suppressed in 1969. ÁÁThe body of S. CATHERINE of Siena (1347©1380) is enshrined at S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome, Lazio, Italy, but the head was returned to her birth house in Via Santa Caterina, Siena, Toscana [Williams, p. 63]. However, [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 218] says the head is in a tabernacle in the Chapel of St. Catherine in the Basilica of San Domenico in Siena. The house includes the Crucifix in front of which she received the Stigmata [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 218]. There is a foot of hers in SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, Veneto [Buckley & Robinson, p. 159]. [Lucinda Lambton; à ÃTemples of Convenience and Chambers of DelightÄ Ä; Pavilion, London, 1995, p. 8] relates that she never washed and she succeeded in avoiding relieving herself for months at a time! ÁÁSt. CAVAN is buried near St. Cavan's Church, on Inisheer (Inis OÀ1Àr), Aran Islands, Co. Galway, Ireland [à ÃMGG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 42]. ÁÁThe body of St. CECILIA is in S. Cecilia in TrastÀ)Àvere, Rome, Lazio, Italy. It was brought here in 820. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 231.] ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Cecilia [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁRelics of Cecilia are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA joint of S. Cecilia was at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁLegend says St. CENNYDD was the illegitimate son of a couple at the court of King Arthur. They put him in a basket and put it out to sea. He landed on the island of Worm's Head at the end of the Gower Peninsula, Wales, where the birds and angels brought him up. Llangennith Church is on the site of his monastery. He also lived as a hermit on the nearby island of Burry Holms. [Howell & Beazley, p. 302.] ÁÁThe sarcophagus of S. CERBONE is in the Cathedral of Massa Marittima, Toscana [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 137]. ÁÁSt. CHAD (or Ceadd) ( ©672) stood down as bishop of York in 667 when a dispute arose over the appointment. His bones were at Lichfield Cathedral, Staffordshire, from about 700 until the destruction of the Shrine at the Dissolution. The Chapel of St. Chad's Head remains in the cathedral. There is a St. Chad's church in Lichfield. In 1345, there was a head (or skull) and an armbone in a casket. According to [Maev Kennedy; Scientists to test bones of St. David; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ; (4 Jan 1997) 10], there is a reliquary of St. Chad in Birmingham, which was recently found to contain remains of three legs, due to mixing of several bodies at some time. However, [Andrew Brown; Mystery of saint with three legs; ÃÃThe IndependentÄÄ (15 Jun 1996)] reports that radiocarbon dating has distinguished one bone as some centuries younger and dated the others as 6/7C, which is consistent with Chad's date of death. In fact it appears that bones from three bodies were mixed. [Angelique Chrisafis; Weary US voters turn to St. Chad; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (5 Dec 2000) 7.] ÁÁThe head of St. CHARALAMBOS is preserved in the Monastery of Ayios Stephanos in the Meteora region of Greece [de Jongh, p. 173]. ÁÁCHARLEMAGNE (= Karl der Grosse) (747©814) was canonized in 1165. His bones are preserved in a shrine behind the high altar in the cathedral of Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, and his Throne is in the gallery. In the basement of the Treasury is a sarcophagus which held his bones while the shrine was being prepared. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 37.] ÁÁThere is a thigh bone at Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, which cures lameness [Mackay, p. 698]. When Otto III opened the tomb of Charlemagne in 1000, he "took a single tooth from his mouth" as a relic [Lewis Thorpe, translator and editor; à ÃTwo Lives of CharlemagneÄ Ä [by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer]; Penguin, 1969, p. 187, quoting Otto, Count of Lomello, who was present]. ÁÁThe Treasure of Charlemagne included a hunting knife and horn and a reliquary bust with part of his skull was in the Treasury of the Cathedral at Aachen [Rorimer, p. 99]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of the arm of Charlemagne in the Louvre, Paris [Hare (2), p. 51]. ÁÁSt. CHRISTODULOS established the monastery on Patmos, Greece, in 1088. His body is preserved there. [Bradford, p. 222.] ÁÁIn the 17C, a Munich (MÀGÀnchen), Bayern, church had a vertebra of an elephant or mammoth which was venerated as a vertebra of St. CHRISTOPHER (3C) [W. N. Edwards; à ÃThe Early History of PalaeontologyÄ Ä; British Museum (Natural History), London, 1976, p. 42]. ÁÁThere is a head of St. Christopher in the Cathedral of Sv. Marija in Rab, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 28]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Christopher [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a reliquary with several items and an identifying band at the top. This does not have a detailed museum label, but the photo in Bauer et al., aided by my memory, indicates it contains relics of the Three Magi, of the skull of St. Christopher, of the 11,000 Virgins, of St. Stephen, of the Holy Land, of (illegible) and of Pope St. Leo. [Bauer et al., p. 235.] ÁÁSt. Christopher was deleted from the list of Saints in 1969 [Wheen]. ÁÁThere is a tusk of S. CHRISTOPHOROS CYNOCEPHALOS in the Monastery of Dionysiou on Mt. Athos, Greece [Lancaster (2), p. 73 = Lancaster (3), p. 81]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. CLARE (= S. Chiara) ( ©1253) is in the Basilica of S. Chiara, Assisi, Umbria. Her body is visible, but has simulated skin! There are numerous mementoes of St. Francis and St. Clare nearby, including the crucifix that spoke to Francis. The font used for her baptism is in the Cathedral, S. Rufino, Assisi. She died at the nearby Monastery of S. Damiano. [DBS. Rowdon, p. 152. à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, pp. 59©60.] ÁÁSt. CLEMENS MARIA HOFBAUER (1751©1820) was canonised in 1909 and declared patron saint of Vienna in 1914. There is a relic in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 343©344]. ÁÁThe wax©coated body of St. CLEMENT is in S. Maria, Vissani, Italy. The references seems to say it is inside a statue of the saint, but it may mean that the waxed body is the statue. [à ÃBION©27Ä Ä, p. 79.] ÁÁ[à ÃMGG©PortugalÄ Ä, p. 55] says 'a multitude of reliquary busts of St. Clement' are above the saint's shrine in the church on Bom Jesus do Monte, outside Braga, Portugal. ÁÁSt. COLMAN (of Dromore) (d. 610) lived and is buried at Ardboe, Co. Tyrone, on the west side of Lough Neagh, near Cookstown, Ireland [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 319]. [Reginald J. W. Hammond, ed.; à ÃThe Complete Ireland A survey of the principal resorts and places of interestÄ Ä; Red Guide(?); Ward Lock, 2nd ed, 1966, p. 110] says St. Colman was buried by Cloyne Cathedral. ÁÁSS. COLONAT, Totnan and Kilian were missionaries near WÀGÀrzburg, Bayern, where they were martyred in 689. Their skulls are in the high altar of WÀGÀrzburg Cathedral. Relics of Colonat and Totnan are in the Schatzkammer, Vienna. [Bauer et al., p. 267.] ÁÁThe body of St. COLUMBA (= Columkille) (520©597) was on Iona, Strathclyde, from his death in 597 until it was removed to Kells, Co. Meath, Ireland for safety in 806 (or 877). The relics were returned to Iona and are claimed to have rested in the shrine by the present west door of the Abbey. [Dana Delap et al; à ÃCeltic SaintsÄ Ä; Pitkin Pictorials, 1995, p. 11] says he is buried in the cemetery of the Chapel of St. Oran, apparently on Iona. Other sources claim Patrick, Brigid and Columba are buried in the same grave in Downpatrick, where it is marked by a stone slab to the south of the cathedral [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 212]. Some of the relics went to the new cathedral at Dunkeld, Tayside, c843, but others seem to have remained on Iona, but seem to have been lost in the 10C. [John Morrison; à ÃBehold IonaÄ Ä; (1946); rev. by Mary MacKechnie, The Iona Community, Glasgow, (1971), 17th ptg, 1973; pp. 4 & 9.] There is a St. Columba's well at Durrow Abbey, near Kilbeggan, west of Maynooth [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 229]. A well, chair and bed of Columba are in Glencolumbkille, near Killybegs, Co. Donegal [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 270]. He was born at Lough Akibbon and baptised at Temple Douglas, near Dungloe (or Dunglow), Co. Donegal [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 271]. ÁÁColumba was involved in an early battle over copyright ÀMÀ 'The Battle of the Books'. He had made a copy of St. Finian of Movilla's copy of the Psalter. Finian claimed ownership and Dermot, King of Meath, ruled that "as to every cow belongs its calf, so to every book belongs its copy". This so incensed Columba that he appealed to his tribe who won the ensuing battle at Cooladrummon, near Drumcliff, Co. Sligo, north of Sligo, supposedly slaying 3000 of the opposition. As penance, Columba was sent to convert the Scots. [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 265.] ÁÁColumba envied some of the crosses of St. Kieran at Kells and attempted to steal one, but Kieran caught him half way across the River Blackwater, where the cross was left and remains! [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 279]. ÁÁOne authority opines that the most probable story about the Stone of Scone is that it was the pillow on which the dying St. Columba rested his head. ÁÁThe relics of the martyr CONCORDIUS were among those supposedly taken to Sant Pere de Rodes in c610 ÀMÀ cf Peter. ÁÁ[à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 225] says there is a 'strange relic of St CONSTANCE' in the chapel of the Casa Papiol in Sitges, Catalonia, but it says no more about it. ÁÁThere is a reliquary bust of St. CORNELY (= CornÀ)Àly) in the church of Carnac, Morbihan [à ÃMGG-BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 78; DBS]. ÁÁThe bodies of Saints COSMAS and DAMIAN are in S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona, Veneto [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 219]. ÁÁRelics of Cosmas and Damian were brought from Rome to Luzarches, Val d'Oise, near Paris, by Jean de Beaumont, Seigneur de Luzarches, in the early 11C. They were (are?) in St. Come et Damien. [Dunlop, p. 277.] ÁÁHenry Wellcome bought a reliquary said to contain relics of Cosmas and Damian and other saints. It is now in the Science Museum, London. [Christine Bradley, Ruth Greenberg & Danielle Olsen; à ÃMedicine Man: the forgotten museum of Henry Wellcome (1853ª1936)Ä Ä; guide for the exhibition at the BM, 2003, item H25.] ÁÁThe sword of Sts. Cosmas and Damian is in the treasury of the Cathedral (MÀGÀnster) of Essen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 126]. ÁÁIn about 1770, Sir William Hamilton discovered that the 'great toe' of St. Cosmas was worshipped in Isernia, near Naples. 'Great Toe' was a local euphemism for phallus and wax replicas of the male genitals were dedicated to Cosmas and Damian, so Hamilton deduced this was a remnant of a pre©Christian cult of Priapus. [Nigel Spivey; The Italian job ÀMÀ Review of: Giancarlo Carabelli; à ÃIn the Image of PriapusÄ Ä; Duckworth, 1996; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (23 Aug 1996).] ÁÁS. CRESCENZIANO assisted in killing a dragon outside CittÀ!À di Castello, Umbria. He was decapitated and his head was buried where the Pieve de' Saddi now stands in Pietralunga, Umbria. [Sergio Conti; à ÃOspitalitÀ!À e Cortesia nei Territori dell'Alto TevereÄ Ä; no publisher or place given, 2001, p. 29.] ÁÁSS. CRISPIN & CRISPIANUS are said to have fled persecution in Gaul and settled in Faversham, Kent, where they pursued their trade of cobbling on the site of the present Swan Inn, Market Street. There seems to be no relics of them there. A more authoritative source says they fled from Rome to England, and later went to France (Soissons?), where they were martyred [Arthur Percival; à ÃFaversham Kent The Official GuideÄ Ä; Faversham Town Council, nd [1980s?], p. 11]. ÁÁThere is a chair of St. Crispin preserved at Linlithgow Cathedral, Lothian, Scotland. However, it is made of mahogany, a New World wood! [Ackermann, p. 495.] The Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a wax figure of St. Tiburtius ÀMÀ the base had relics of St., Tiburtius, but these have been lost and it now contains relics of St. Crispin [Bauer et al., p. 254]. ÁÁSt. CROHANE (or Kieran) is said to be from Saiger in West Cork and to come from a family which were Christian before St. Patrick came to Ireland. He is said to have lived as a hermit in a cave above the ruined church at Kilcrohane, to the east of Caherdaniel, Co. Kerry, Ireland. The cave is an old copper mine and the roof bears the marks of Crohane's shoulders. Nearby is Tobarnavila (The Well of the Sacred Tree) and Crohane is said to be buried under the tree. [Sugrue, pp. 85©86.] ÁÁSt. CUCUFAS had his throat cut by Diocletian's men in 304 at Sant Cugat del Valles, Catalonia, Spain, where a chapel was built to house his relics and then a monastery developed there [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 202]. ÁÁThe relics of St. CUGAT are in the Crypt of Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia [DBS]. ÁÁSt. CUTHBERT's bones have travelled a bit. He lived on Lindisfarne (= Holy Island), Northumberland, in 676©684. [James Lees©Milne; à ÃA Guide to Britain's Historic Buildings Preserved by the National TrustÄ Ä; Batsford, 1948, pp. 104©106] says was appointed Prior of Lindisfarne in 664 and that after 12 years, he retired to a cell on Inner Farne island for nine years. This cell had been used by St. Aidan and St. Ethelwald. Cuthbert became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 685 for two years. He died on Inner Farne and was buried there in 687. There are ruins of his cell on Inner Farne, which is now a National Trust property. [Wade, p. 92.]. In 698 his remains were found to be uncorrupted. His successor, St. Edbert, qv, was buried beside him. About 870, the bones of St. Aidan, qv, were added and the coffins of Cuthbert and Edbert were removed in 875 because of a threat from the Norsemen. ([Wade, p. 30] indicates that the bones were at Elston, Northumberland, c745.) There was an attempt to take them to Ireland, but miraculous weather prevented it. From 883 to 995, the bones were at Chester©leªStreet where the present church of St. Mary & St. Cuthbert is on the site [Wade, pp. 68©69]. The bones were moved again because of another threat. However the cart refused to go in the direction planned and a vision said to go to Durham, where the Cathedral was built to house the bones. It was moved to a new cathedral in 1104 and Cuthbert's body was found to be perfectly preserved. Legend asserts that an 11C cleric had the task of cutting the still growing hair and nails of the body. During the Dissolution, in 1537, the tomb was opened again and Cuthbert's body was found to be perfectly preserved. The shrine was destroyed but the remains were buried under the floor of the feretory at the same place. (A feretory is a shrine for relics, usually portable, or the chapel housing such a shrine.) In 1827, only a skeleton was found, along with some other relics. The tomb of St. Cuthbert is still in Durham Cathedral, behind the high altar, and the other relics are on display. [Proud, pp. 45©50, with photo of the tomb on p. 46.] [Wade, p. 66] lists the following relics: his pectoral cross, his portable altar, remains of the coffin which carried his body about (removed in 1827) and fragments of his vestments. ÁÁ[Durham Cathedral; à ÃTreasures from Durham CathedralÄ Ä; nd [c1980s?], pp. 19©23] describes the following relics and illustrates some of them: the pectoral cross; the portable altar; some vestments, the oldest extant examples of English embroidery, made in the early 10C and presented by King À$Àthelstan on a visit to the shrine in Chester©le©Street in 934; fragments of the late 7C coffin; and possibly the comb. (The comb is an ordinary, doubleªsided comb, 'used in tending the corsaint'. 'Corsaint' derives from ÃÃcorps saintÄÄ and means the body of the saint. Possibly the body was on display and the comb was used to tidy the hair?? It is described as being possibly from the 11C, so it might have been placed in the coffin when it was closed up, It is said that 'it need not be a liturgical comb', whatever that might mean ÀMÀ there is no specialised ecclesiastical meaning of comb in the à ÃOEDÄ Ä. Another source says "Such combs were used at ceremonies such as the Coronation and the Consecration of Bishops, after the Anointing of the head" and that it was placed in the tomb in 1104, but could have belonged to Cuthbert himself.) ÁÁ[à ÃBG©EnglandÄ Ä, pp. 638©639, 641, 651©652. Durham Cathedral Museum; à ÃA Guide to the Collections on Display in The Monks DormitoryÄ Ä; 1972, pp. 2©3.] ÁÁThe cloth which he used to cover the chalice when he said Mass was one of the Cathedral's treasured relics. In 1346, the Prior of Durham, was commanded in a dream to take it out as a battle banner in the battle of Neville's Cross, and it became the battle standard of Durham men at Flodden Field, etc. [Hole, pp. 144©145.] ÁÁThe 7C Gospel of St. John that Cuthbert held on his deathbed is preserved at Stoneyhurst College. Hurst Green, Lancashire [Richard Peace; à ÃLancashire CuriositiesÄ Ä; The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset, 1997, p. 85]. ÁÁA cross of St. Cuthbert, marking a site where his remains rested when being removed from the Danish invaders at Lindisfarne, is behind Lowther Gardens, east of St. Cuthbert's Church, Lytham St. Annes, Lancashire [Richard Peace; à ÃLancashire CuriositiesÄ Ä; The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset, 1997, pp. 94©95, with photo]. ÁÁIn 1442, the heads of St. Sebald and St. CYPRIAN were displayed as the Emperor Frederick III entered NÀGÀrnberg (= Nuremberg), Bayern, at Easter 1442 [Headlam (2), p. 51]. ÁÁSt. CYR and his mother are said to have been killed in Asia Minor under the persecutions of Diocletian. His relics are said to have been brought to St.©Cirq©Lapopie, Lot(?), by St. Amadour. [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 158.] ÁÁThe relics of St. CYRIL were brought from the Vatican to S. Clemente, Rome, in the 11C [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 208]. ÁÁA stylite named St. DANIEL occupied the Column of the Goths in Istanbul during the 10C. There were several dendrites (i.e. saints who lived in trees) near the former Robert College, in Rumeli Hisar, Turkey in the same period. [à ÃInsight City Guide: IstanbulÄ Ä; p. 61]. ÁÁIn 1075, a blind man seeking a cure by sleeping in S. Giustina, Padua, had visions and claimed to be healed by St. Daniel. Digging under the stone where he had slept, Bishop Odelrico uncovered, on Christmas Day, a tomb with the bishop's body. (Clearly this is a different Daniel than the Stylite above.) When they translated the body to the cathedral, a storm halted the procession until Odelrico promised to build a chapel to St. Daniel on the spot. St. Daniel became a patron saint of Padua. His body is under the central altar of the lower church in the Cathedral. [Foligno, pp. 30©31 & 302.] ÁÁSt. DARERCA ÀMÀ see: St. Monenna. ÁÁSt. DAVID (= Dewi) ( ©601) founded the church, now cathedral, at St. David's, Wales. His bones were in the cathedral but disappeared in the 16C and his shrine was destroyed, except for a stone base of c1275. A casket of bones was found beneath the altar during restoration in 1866 and is thought to include those of St. David and/or St. Justinian. [à ÃBGªWalesÄ Ä, p. 357.] These are in a reliquary in Holy Trinity Chapel. In the south transept is a portable altar stone said to be the one given to St. David when he visited Jerusalem. He was baptised in a spring at the far end of the car park in the adjacent Porth Clais. His mother was St. NON and her chapel and well is a bit south of the Cathedral and is claimed to be the birthplace of David. [Howell & Beazley, pp. 110©111 & 114. Dana Delap et al; à ÃCeltic SaintsÄ Ä; Pitkin Pictorials, 1995, p. 17. Johnson, p. 15.] In 1996, the bones at St. David's were taken to Oxford for radiocarbon dating and plans were to compare the DNA with bones of St. Non in Brittany [Maev Kennedy; Scientists to test bones of St. David; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ; (4 Jan 1997) 10]. ÁÁThere is a well of St. DECLAN near Dungarvan Cathedral, Co. Waterford, Ireland [à ÃBGªIrelandÄ Ä, pp. 168©169]. Near Dysert Church, near Ardmore, Co. Waterford, Ireland is another well and a boulder called St. Declan's Stone, said to have carried his bell across from Wales [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 42]. ÁÁThe Cathedral of Orvieto, Umbria, has relics of SS. Callisto, DEGNA, Fortunato, Jacopone da Todi and Romana. ÁÁThe skull of St. DEMETRIUS, patron saint of Salonica (= Thessalonika), Greece, was rediscovered recently in the abbey of San Lorenzo in Campo, Marche, 45km W of Ancona. It was probably taken there in 1430, when Salonica fell to the Turks. It was returned to Salonica on the Saint's nameday, 27 October, in 1978, and replaced in the Basilica of the saint, located on the site of the Roman baths where he was martyred and originally buried under Caesar Galerius, c303. [Bradbury] says the 'remains have been returned'. [Lancaster (2), p. 53] says there are two competing sites for the tomb of the saint ÀMÀ a north©west chapel and the crypt. ÁÁThe blood and oil of St. Demetrius are in a 10C Byzantine reliquary in Halberstadt Cathedral, Sachsen©Anhalt, Germany [Gauthier, p. 40]. ÁÁSome blood soaked soil from the site of his martyrdom is in the Church of the Annunciation (or Catholicon) in the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 272]. ÁÁSt. à ÃDENISÄ Ä (Dionysius) and his companions Eleutherius and Rusticus were beheaded at Montmartre (perhaps derived from Mons Martyrum), Paris, in 285, where St. Pierre de Montmartre stands today. Denis carried his head 7 km to St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, in order to be buried in consecrated ground [Culbertson & Randall, p. 200; Cronin, pp. 244©245]. When a priest enthused about the distance, a Parisian lady made the famous riposte: "But the first step was the hardest." Denis washed his severed head where his statue now stands in the Square Suzanne©Buisson, a bit west of SacrÀ)À©CÀ§Àur Basilica on Montmartre [à ÃMGG©ParisÄ Ä, p. 79]. The Rue St. Denis in Paris is said to follow the route the Saint walked while carrying his head. It is one of the oldest streets of Paris and somewhat crooked ÀMÀ Hawthorne notes that one could hardly expect a headless man to walk straight [Hare (2), p. 131], though it seems a fairly minor point compared to walking at all. There are (or were in c1600) seven pillars on the route to St. Denis, marking the points where the saint rested [Okey, pp. 200-201]. The original goal of St. Denis may have been just up the hill of Montmartre, not the suburban Abbey of St. Denis to which the relics were removed some time later [Hare (2), p. 489]. Ste. GeneviÀ/Àve built a church over his grave c475 [Branislav Brankovic; à ÃSaint Denis' BasilicaÄ Ä; Editions du Castelet, Boulogne, 1990, p. 1]. Beginning with Dagobert in 638, almost all the kings of France have been buried here, with the exceptions of Charlemagne, Philippe I, Louis VII and St. Louis XI. ÁÁ[Okey, p. 15] notes that Denis was invariably confused with Dionysius the Areopagite, Paul's first disciple in Athens. In the 5C, there was a third St. Denis who styled himself the Areopagite and hence is known as Denys the Pseudo©Areopagite. In the 9C, it was declared that these would be considered as one! [Branislav Brankovic; à ÃSaint Denis' BasilicaÄ Ä; Editions du Castelet, Boulogne, 1990, p. 1.] ÁÁThe crypt at 25 Rue Henri Barbusse, Paris, is supposed to be Denis's cell, where he was arrested [Cronin, p. 184]. ÁÁIn the 11C, the priests of St. Ermeran at Ratisbon (= Regensburg, Bayern) claimed they had the body which was said to have been stolen from the abbey in Paris by one Gisalbert in 832 and they obtained a papal bull confirming this in 1052, but the French king and various archbishops exposed the relics at St. Denis, in the coffers in which they had been placed in the 7C, and they continued to be treated as ÃÃtheÄÄ relics [Okey, p. 56]. ÁÁIn 1136, Abbot Suger, adviser to the Kings and later Regent during the King's absence on the 2nd Crusade, began building a new church of St. Denis which was the first Gothic cathedral, with the first rose window. ÁÁThe head is said to have been found when the Revolution opened the tombs and seems to have been taken back to Paris [Okey, pp. 438©439]. ÁÁIn 1859, restoration work uncovered the tombs of Denis, Eleutherius and Rusticus in the crypt. ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS, in order of site. ÁÁA late 8C reliquary©purse of Dionysius is in the Museum of Decorative Arts (Kunstgewerbemuseum) in Berlin [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 69]. ÁÁRelics of Denis are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of St. Dionysius [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of St. Denis [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThere was a finger of St. Denys at St. Denys, Stanford©in©the©Vale, Oxon. [Marilyn Yurdan; à ÃOxfordshire and OxfordÄ Ä; Shire County Guide 20; Shire Publications, 1988, p. 28]. ÁÁSt. DÀ(ÀVOTE was martyred in Corsica in the 3C. A skiff bearing her body to Africa was blown to France and landed at Monaco. Her relics were stolen in the middle ages, but the thieves and their ship were captured. Apparently they are in the church of St©DÀ)Àvote in La Condamine, the commercial section of Monaco. [à ÃMGG©RivieraÄ Ä, p. 108.] ÁÁSt. DISEN was the patron saint of Bradninch, Devon, but has turned out to be a misprint for Denis, qv [Tom Bussmann; Zeitgeist: A saint who ain't; ÃÃThe Guardian WeekendÄÄ (7 Dec 1996) 3]. ÁÁSt. DOGED, king and martyr, is buried at Llanddoged, near Llanwrst, north Wales [Beazley & Howell, p. 112]. ÁÁThe body of St. DOMINIC is is the Basilica of San Domenico, Bologna, EmiliaªRomagna, in a fine 1267 sarcophagus by Nicola Pisano, Arnolfo di Cambio and assistants. But the head (or skull) is in another monstrance, now near the body. [Gauthier, pp. 178©182. à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 71.] ÁÁSanto DOMINGO DE LA CALZADA was an 11C hermit who built a causeway (calzada) on the pilgrim route to Compostela. This has now become a town, near Najera, La Rioja, Spain and his tomb is in the south transept of the Cathedral. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 159.] ÁÁS. DONATO is the patron Saint of Arezzo, Toscana, and the name is sometimes given as Donatus, but this seems to be different than the next saint. ÁÁThe tomb of S. Donatus is in the Cathedral of Arezzo, Toscana [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 55], but [à ÃArezzo A City GuideÄ Ä, pp. 9©14] only refers to an altar of S. Donato. There is a reliquary bust in Pieve di Santa Maria, Arezzo [à ÃArezzo A City GuideÄ Ä, p. 16]. ÁÁSt. DONATUS was a 4C Bishop of Eurorea in Cephalonia who killed a dragon by spitting at it. The body of St. DONATO and bones of the dragon were brought from Cephalonia to Venice, Veneto. in 1125 by Doge Domenico Michiel and placed in SS. Maria e Donato, Murano. Four bones of the dragon hang behind the altar. [Okey (2), p. 53 & 427. à ÃBG-VeniceÄ Ä, p. 190. Buckley & Robinson, p. 206.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of: Anne; Anthony of Padua; Donatus; Francis Xavier; John Nepomuk ÀMÀ these being the patron saints of the Habsburgs [Bauer et al., pp. 331©332]. There is another relic [Bauer et al., p. 338]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. DOROTHY (4C) [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. DUMINE (7C?) in the church of Gimel, CorrÀ/Àze [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 103]. ÁÁSt. DWYNEN lived on Llanddwyn Island, off the south point of Anglesey, Gwynedd, Wales, and her well was a pilgrimage site [Beazley & Howell, p. 217]. ÁÁSt. DYFRIG (= Devereux) is supposed to have died and been buried at Bardsey Island, South Wales [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 178]. He is also buried at Llandaff Cathedral, Cardiff [à ÃBGªWalesÄ Ä, p. 321; Vince, p. 52]. Geoffrey of Monmouth claimed that Dyfrig was Archbishop of Caerleon at the time Arthur had his court there, but Dyfrig seems to have no connection with the place [Howell & Beazley, p. 208]. ÁÁKing EADWARD (or Edward the Martyr or Edward of Corfe) (c963©978) was killed by his stepmother at Corfe Castle, Dorset. His remains wrought miracles and in 980, his remains were translated from Wareham (or the Castle) to the abbey of Shaftesbury, Dorset, where they wrought many more miracles. The abbey was dissolved in 1539 and only one wall and some underground remains are known ÀMÀ the tomb of Eadward is lost. [Treves, pp. 2©6.] However [Bruce Purvis; Letter to Notes & Queries; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (17 Dec 1997) 17; reprinted in Joseph Harker, ed.; à ÃThe Last Ever Notes & QueriesÄ Ä; Fourth Estate, London, 1998, p. 31.] reports that the bones were buried in a secret place in the Abbey grounds and some bones were discovered by the then owner of the site, John Wilson Claridge, in 1931 and claimed to be those of Eadward. [à ÃBGÄ Ä, pp. 152©153, says the empty tomb was found in 1861 on the N side of the altar and that in 1931, a casket was found nearby with bones thought to be Edward's. Purvis adds that Claridge offered the bones to various Anglican bishops for appropriate reªinterment, but none were interested. The Orthodox Church expressed interest and bought a chapel at Brookwood Cemetery to convert into a basilica for the relics. However, the owner's younger brother Geoffrey disputed the ownership of the relics and they were placed in a bank in Croydon (but see below) in 1984 pending settlement of the dispute. At last report they were still there. A later letter from John Clarke in [Joseph Harker, ed.; à ÃThe Last Ever Notes & QueriesÄ Ä; Fourth Estate, London, 1998, p. 32] say the relics were enshrined at Brookwood on 15/16 Sep 1984, were then returned to the vaults of the Midland Bank, Woking, and apparently placed in the Basilica at Brookwood in 1986. The court case continued until 1995, partly delayed by the Attorney©General trying to claim the relics for the Queen, with the result that Geoffrey's claim was rejected (and he had died in the meantime). John Wilson Claridge died in 1993 and is buried outside the Basilica at Brookwood. ÁÁSt. EANSWYTHE, grand©daughter of King Ethelbert of Kent, was abbess of the first nunnery in England in the 7C, just east of the present parish church at Folkestone, Kent. The site was overbuilt by a Benedictine priory church of St. Mary and St. Eanswythe and Eanswythe's relics were placed in the new crypt in 1138. [Pepin, pp. 10©11.] ÁÁSt. EDBERT (7C) was Cuthbert's successor as Bishop of Lindisfarne. He was buried next to Cuthbert and their bones were removed to Durham Cathedral ÀMÀ cf Cuthbert. [Vince, p. 20.] ÁÁThere is a shrine of St. EDBURG in the church of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire [Vince, p. 58]. ÁÁSt. EDITH was the daughter of King Edgar the Peaceful. Abbess of a convent at Kemsing, Kent, and of a convent at Wilton, Wiltshire. She died at Wilton, aged 24, and is the patron saint there, but her shrine is at Kemsing, along with St. Edith's Well. [Pepin, pp. 20 & 62©63.] ÁÁSt. EDMUND (841©870) was a young Saxon king, martyred at Hoxne, Suffolk, by being tied to an oak tree and shot with arrows. then decapitated. A wolf brought the head to searchers and the remains were buried at Bury St. Edmunds, c903. His body was taken to London for safe keeping and returned to Bury St. Edmunds in 1013. On route, the body rested at Greensted Church, near Chipping Ongar, Essex. The oak tree fell in the mid 19C and a Danish arrowhead was found in it. Wood from the tree was used to make a cover for the Bible at Greensted Church. [Coster, p. 92. Vince, p. 20.] [Rick O'Brien; à ÃEast Anglian CuriositiesÄ Ä; The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset, 1992, p. 81©82] says Edmund fled from the Danes in 870 and hid under Goldbrook Bridge, Hoxne, but the glint of his shiny spurs was noticed by a wedding party crossing the bridge, leading to his capture and execution. The bridge still exists, though rebuilt in the 19C, and wedding parties refuse to cross. There is a plaque on the bridge and one on the nearby Hall. A monument on the site of execution is in a field nearby. ÁÁA reputed relic of St. EDMUND is in the Chapel of Arundel Castle, West Sussex [Winefride Freeman; à ÃArundel CastleÄ Ä; no details, late 1940s, p. 18]. ÁÁFingernail parings of St. Edmund were at Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, at the Dissolution [Welfare & Fairley, p. 2]. ÁÁA capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained relics of St. Edmund [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. ÁÁThe mitre of St. EDME (= EDMUND OF ABINGDON, Archbishop of Canterbury in the early 13C, for whom St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, is named) is at Provins, Seine©et©Marne [Gauthier, p. 40]. ÁÁA comb of St. EDMUND the Confessor was in the Hospital of St. Bartholomew, outside Oxford [Headlam, p. 126]. Error for Edward?? ÁÁThe remains of St. EDWARD the Confessor (1003-1066) are in a shrine in Westminster Abbey, London [Ash]. [Vince, p. 22] notes that this is the only English saint still in its original place of burial. ÁÁIn the 14C, EDWARD II was venerated as a saint at Gloucester! [T. G. A. Baker; à ÃWorcester CathedralÄ Ä; Pitkin, 1999, p. 13.] ÁÁEDWARD ARROWSMITH (1585© ) was an English Catholic priest who was executed at Lancaster. His hand was cut off by a friend and smuggled out. About a century later it began to perform miracles and it is now in a silver casket in the church of St. Oswalds, Ashton in Makerfield, Greater Manchester. [Dennis Ball; à ÃLancashire PastimesÄ Ä; published by the author, 1987, pp. 103©104.] ÁÁSt. EFFLAM and seven companions came from Ireland and landed at St.©Efflam, CÀ=Àtes-d'Armor, in 470. His tomb is in nearby Plestin©les©GrÀ/Àves, CÀ=Àtes-d'Armor, where he had founded the monastery and died in 912. [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 50.] ÁÁSt. EFISIO was martyred in 1089 at the site of the church of Sant'Efisio, about 14 mi south of CÀÀgliari, Sardegna [à ÃBG©Southern ItalyÄ Ä, p. 289]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of St. EGIDIO [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁS. EILIAN's cell was where Llaneilian Church is, at the north point of Anglesey, Gwynedd, Wales [Beazley & Howell, p. 206]. ÁÁS. ELENA ÀMÀ see St. Helen. ÁÁA 1247 reliquary of St. ELEUTHERIUS is in the Treasury of CathÀ)Àdrale Notre©Dame in Tournai (Doornik), Hainaut, Belgium and is processed during the Festival of the Nativity of Our Lady [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, pp. 305, 307]. ÁÁSt. ELIZABETH of Hungary (= Elisabeth of Thuringia) (1207-1231) was a daughter of the King of Hungary and wife of the Landgrave Ludwig of Thuringia. After her husband's death in 1227, she took charge of a hospital for incurables in Marburg, Hessen, and soon died of exhaustion. She was canonised in 1235. The knights of the Teutonic Order built a Cathedral (Elizabethskirche) to house her remains. In 1527, her descendent, the Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, converted to Protestantism, forced open her shrine and had the remains buried in the local cemetery. It's not clear if they are still there. There is a tomb and a shrine in the Cathedral. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 193©194.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has half a tibia of St. Elisabeth of Thuringia (= Elizabeth of Hungary) (1207-1231). The skull and the other tibia are in the church of the Convent of St. Elisabeth in Vienna. [Bauer et al., pp. 253©254.] ÁÁSt. ELOY (= Eloi) was a goldsmith, bishop and minister to King Dagobert in the 630s. He made reliquaries for the remains of St. Denis, for the tombs of St. Martin and St. Denis and for the churches of Notre©Dame, St. Germain, etc. He was also master of the mint and some coins with his name on survive. [Okey, p. 33.] ÁÁReliquary busts of the Hungarian saints EMMERICH, Ladislaus and Stephen were at Vienna but were passed to Hungary in 1933 and are now in the National Museum in Budapest [Bauer et al., p. 332]. ÁÁSt. ENDA is said to be buried at the monastery he founded c490 on Inishmore (Arainn), the largest of the Aran Islands, Co. Galway, Ireland [à ÃMGG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 41]. ÁÁThere is a shrine of St. ENDELIETA (= Endellion) (6C), a female Welsh missionary, in St. Endellion church, St. Endellion, Cornwall [Vince, p. 53]. She was the daughter of a 6C Welsh king. She was killed by a neighbour onto whose land her cow had wandered. She asked for her body to be put on a cart with young cattle attached and to be buried where they stopped, which is where the church is today. Her body is said to be under the the altar. [Timpson (2), p. 164.] ÁÁThe left elbow of St. ENGELBERT (murdered in 1225) is in the Church of St. Engelbert, Gevelsberg, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany [à ÃBION©24Ä Ä, p. 61]. ÁÁRelics of St. ERKENWALD, builder of the first St. Paul's, London, were at St. Paul's until at least the 14C [Bernadine Bailey; à ÃAmerican Shrines in EnglandÄ Ä; A. S. Barnes, South Brunswick and New York & Thomas Yoseloff, London, 1977, p. 147; Vince, p. 22]. ÁÁThe tombs of St. Ursmer and St. ERME are in the crypt of the CollÀ)Àgiale St©Ursmer, Lobbes, Hainaut, SW of Charleroi [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 172]. ÁÁSt. ERMENGOL was bishop of La Seu de Urgell, Catalonia, in 1010©1035 and he is buried in an immense silver sarcophagus in the Diocesan Museum [Manuel Pal i Casanovas, Albert Vives i Mir & Jaume Tarrago i Farrera; à ÃCathedral and Diocesan Museum of UrgellÄ Ä; Bisbat d'Urgell, La Seu d'Urgell, 1987, pp. 104©106]. ÁÁSt. ERMENILDA seems to be a confusion with St. Matilda (qv) ?? ÁÁThe Pieve di Santa Maria, Arezzo, Toscana has relics of SS. Asterio, ERMENIO, Giusto, Ranieri, 'and others'. ÁÁJosemaria ESCRIVÀÀ da Balaguer ( ©1975) was the founder of the conservative catholic movement, Opus Dei, in Franco's Spain. He was beatified in 1992, the quickest beatification in five centuries. One miracle was already reported in 1976 and another in 1992 which was accepted by the Pope in 2001. John Paul II is a great admirer of Opus Dei and canonization took place on 6 Oct 2002, despite EscrivÀÀ's reported friendship with Franco. Spanish critics of the movement describe it as clerical fascism! [Giles Tremlett; Split in Vatican on Opus Dei's miracle; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (21 Oct 2001) 26; Stephen Bates; Priest linked to Franco to be canonised; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (21 Dec 2001) 15. Giles Tremlett; Sainthood beckons for priest linked to Franco; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (5 Oct 2002) 17.] ÁÁSt. ETHELBURGA ( ©647), daughter of King Ethelbert of Kent, was married to Edwin of Northumbria. After his death, she returned to Kent and founded a double monastery, for monks and nuns, near Lyminge, Kent, and was its first abbess. Her tomb became a shrine, but the church of St. Mary and St. Ethelburga no longer has her relics. [Pepin, p. 12.] ÁÁSt. ETHELDREDA was married to Tondbert, who died soon thereafter, then to King Egfrid of Northumbria, "with whom she lived twelve years and yet remained always a pure and glorious virgin", according to Bede. Founded a community at ELY, Cambridgeshire, England, in 673 where she was first Abbess. Died of a tumour of the throat in 679 and buried at Ely. In 695, the miraculously uncorrupted body was translated into the Saxon church. Her sisters, Sexburga (qv) and Withburga (qv), and Sexburga's daughter, Ermenilda (qv), also royal abbesses and saints, were buried nearby, but cf Withburga. Translated into the present cathedral in 1106 and relocated in 1252 when part of the church was rebuilt to accommodate the crowds of pilgrims. Shrines destroyed in the Reformation, but a panel of 15C paintings at the Society of Antiquaries, London, is believed to come from a triptych over the altar of Etheldreda's shrine. [Gauthier, p. 90. M. S. Carey; à ÃEly CathedralÄ Ä; Pitkin, 1973.] ÁÁRelics of St. EUGENIA are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁS. EULALIA (or EulÀ!Àlia) ( ©303), virgin martyred by the Romans, was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and is patron of the city. She was buried in a Christian graveyard near the sea and a church was erected on the spot, later known as Santa Maria del Mar. Her body was buried somewhere in the walls to protect it from desecration when the Arabs invaded in 713. This was so effective that no one could find the body again until 878. The relics were then in a 4C sarcophagus, now in the Archeological Museum on Montjuic. In 1339, the relics were moved to a 14C Pisan sarcophagus in the crypt of the Cathedral of S. Eulalia (La Seu) in the city. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 61. Brown, p. 59. Alberto TaulÀ)À ViÀ9Àas; à ÃSanta MarÀ1Àa del Mar Past and PresentÄ Ä; Translated by Neil Cowley; The Church, 1998, pp. 3©4.] ÁÁThe relics of a different S. EULALIA, patron saint of Asturias, are in a chapel in the Cathedral in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 165]. ÁÁThere are nine breasts of S. EULALIA [Belief in miracles revived under scrutiny; ÃÃChina DailyÄÄ (25 Mar 1989) ??]. ÁÁThe relics of St. EUPHEMIA were thrown into the sea by Leo the Iconoclast, but reappeared on the island of Lemnos, Greece [Arthur Marshall; Saints alive; ÃÃNew StatesmanÄÄ (14 May 1976) 646]. ÁÁA reliquary of the bones of St. Euphemia is in Haghios Georgios, Istanbul [Boulanger, p. 101; Freely, p. 57 (not mentioned in Freely (2)); Rogerson & Baring, p. 48]. She was a virgin martyr of Chalcedon, killed in 303 [Freely, p. 57]. ÁÁThe skull of S. EUPHROSYNE is in the Church of Panayia Chrysospiliotissa in the monastery of Mega Spileon, some 50km east of Patras ÀMÀ see under Paintings of the Madonna [de Jongh (2), pp. 300©301]. ÁÁSS. EUSEBIUS of Cremona, Eustochium, Jerome and Paula are buried under the Chapel of the Holy Innocents in Bethlehem [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 55]. ÁÁThe remains of St. EUSTACE (= Eustache) are in S. Eustachio, Rome, which was built over his house [Masson, p. 172]. There are relics in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 294] and in St. Eustache, Paris. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with a Thorn and relics of SS. Andrew, Eustace, George and Stephan and another reliquary with a piece of the Shroud and relics of the same four saints [Bauer et al., pp. 305©306]. ÁÁPart of the brain was in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire [Hill, p. 42; Dutton, p. 133]. ÁÁThe British Museum has a head reliquary of St. Eustache which had a piece of his skull. ÁÁSS. Eusebius of Cremona, EUSTOCHIUM, Jerome and Paula are buried under the Chapel of the Holy Innocents in Bethlehem [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 55]. ÁÁThe relics of St. EUTROPIUS are under the altar of Brompton Oratory, London, having been brought from the Roman catacombs [Father Edmund Kilburn; à ÃA Walk Round the Church of the London OratoryÄ Ä; 12th ed., Carey & Claridge, London, 1980, p. 27]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. EXUPERY [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a thorn and relics of SS. FABIAN and Sebastian [Bauer et al., pp. 243©244] and a casket with relics of SS. Fabian and Sebastian [Bauer et al., p. 268]. ÁÁThe relics of St. FAITH (= Ste.©FOY) were brought to Conques, Alpes©Maritimes, in the 9C and are enclosed in a magnificent reliquary statue [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 114]. ÁÁThe MusÀ)Àe de Cluny, Paris, has a reliquary of S. FAUSTA [Hare (2), p. 377]. ÁÁThe clothed skeletons of St. FELICISSIMUS and St. Marcia are in the Church of the Nativity (NarozenÀ1À pÀÀnÀ)À), near the Loreta, in HradÀcÀany, just W of Prague Castle [Humphreys, p. 68]. ÁÁ[Foligno, p. 29] relates that in 1050, Bishop Bernard of Padua had a vision and uncovered the tombs of St. Julian and the Holy Innocents in S. Giustina, Padua. He was inspired to dig further and found the tombs of SS Maximus and FELICITA. ÁÁSt. FELIX ÀMÀ see under St. Gregory of Spoleto and under St. Vincent. ÁÁSS. Felix and Regula (brother and sister) were beheaded at ZÀGÀrich by order of the Emperor Decius, but there seem to be no relics there [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 187]. ÁÁRelics of St. Felix are in a reliquary in Aachen Cathedral, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany [Gauthier, pp. 42©44]. Also in St. Aloysius, Oxford [Heyworth, pp. 111©113]. ÁÁ[Vince, p. 23] notes there are at least 60 saints named Felix. ÁÁThe body of Pope St. FELIX was brought to the Basilica, S. Antonio, in Padua, in 1504, and is in the Cappella S. Felice [Foligno, p. 192]. ÁÁThere is a relic of St. FELIX of CANTALICE (d. 1587) in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 336©337]. ÁÁ[Karl Shaw; à ÃGross 2 This Time It's PersonalÄ Ä; Virgin, 1994, p. 2] says Pope Pius IX sent the embalmed body of St. Felix to Queen Isabel II of Spain as a birthday present and she put it in a glass coffin in the Spanish royal chapel ÀMÀ but Shaw doesn't say where ÀMÀ Seville?? ÁÁSt. FERDINAND (King Ferdinand III of Castile), who captured Seville from the Moors in 1248, was cousin to St. Louis. He is buried in a shrine below the altar of the Chapel Royal (Capilla Real) in the Cathedral of Seville, Andalusia, Spain. A statue of the Virgin in this chapel and a Bible in the Treasury of the Cathedral of Toledo are presents from Louis to Ferdinand. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, pp. 217, 221, 237.] ÁÁThe relics of S. FERMO are in the church of S. Fermo, Verona, Veneto [Buckley & Robinson, p. 325]. ÁÁThe relics of St. FIACRE were resorted to by Cardinal Richelieu as a cure for haemorrhoids. [Reynolds, p. 20. For details of a 1643 source, see: Reginald Reynolds; à ÃCleanliness and GodlinessÄ Ä; George Allen & Unwin, London, 1943, p. 265.] (The mind boggles!) ÁÁSt. FIDELIO of Sigmaringen (1577©1622) was the first martyr of the Capuchin Order and is Patron Saint of the Order and of Sigmaringen. His cradle is is in the church of Sigmaringen, Baden©WÀGÀrttemberg, Germany. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 263.] ÁÁAn arm of S. FILIPPO (= St. Phillip, but which one??) is in the Opera del Duomo, Florence [DBS]. [Hutton, p. 168] refers to an arm of S. Filippo Apostolo being processed in Florence in 1354, so the previous sentence must refer to the Apostle. ÁÁA crozier of St. FILLAN is in the Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh [Jenni Calder; à ÃMuseum of ScotlandÄ Ä; NMS Publishing, 1998, p. 33]. ÁÁSt. FINAN's grave is marked by a monument on top of a hill called Leacht FhionÀÀn or Leacht na Daimh on St. Finan's walk near Ballaghisheen Pass, Co. Kerry, Ireland [Sugrue, p. 26]. ÁÁSt. FINBAR (or Finbarr) is said to have been born at Rath Raithleann, a ruin near Templemartin, Co. Cork, west of Cork [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 182]. His oratory was on a island in Lough Gouganebarra, between Macroom and Bantry, Co. Cork, where he drowned a dragon which had been overlooked by St. Patrick [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 187; à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 47]. ÁÁA reliquary head of Sainte FORTUNADE is in the church of Ste©Fortunade, CorrÀ/Àze [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 165]. ÁÁThe Cathedral of Orvieto, Umbria, has relics of SS. Callisto, Degna, FORTUNATO, Jacopone da Todi and Romana. ÁÁThe body of S. FOSCA was brought to Torcello, Veneto, from Libya before 1011 and the Church of S. Fosca was built to house it and her tomb is still there under the altar [à ÃBGªVeniceÄ Ä, p. 192; Buckley & Robinson, p. 211]. ÁÁWhen St. à ÃFRANCISÄ Ä (Francesco) (1182©1226) was being baptised, a 'mysterious pilgrim' appeared and his knee print is in a stone in S. Rufino, Assisi, Umbria [Rowdon, p. 141]. Other sources say it was an angel. The font in which he was baptised is in S. Rufino [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 59]. ÁÁThe crucifix which is said to have spoken to Francis and converted him is in S. Chiara, Assisi. Numerous sites associated with Francis and Chiara are in or near Assisi. He died in the Transito Chapel of S. Maria degli Angeli, where there is also the rose which lost its thorns when he threw himself onto it to escape temptation. [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, pp. 59©60.] There are several sites associated with Francis near Rieti, Lazio, Italy [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 194]. He was at the Monastery of La Verna, Toscana, about 15km E of Poppi, when he received the Stigmata ÀMÀ there is a Chapel of the Stigmata on the site [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 214]. ÁÁThe body of St. Francis is under the High Altar of the Lower Church of S. Francesco in Assisi, but the tomb was sealed up in the 15C to protect it from theft by the Perugians [Rowdon, p. 97]. ÁÁHowever, small fragments, probably nail clippings and dressings from the Stigmata, are in a reliquary from Palma de Mallorca, now in the Louvre, Paris [Gauthier, pp. 138©139]. ÁÁThe slab on which the encounter between S. Francis and the wolf took place is preserved in S. Francesco della Pace, Gubbio, Umbria. ÁÁToward the end of his life, Voltaire erected a church on his estate (probably near Geneva in Ferney Voltaire, Ain, France) and requested a relic from the Pope. He was sent what purported to be, and perhaps even was, the hair shirt of St. Francis. [John Weightman; The Prince & the Hermit; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (6 Aug 1978) 17.] ÁÁA relic of St. Francis's cassock is in the sacristy of Santa Croce, Florence, Toscana [Gustavo Cocci; à ÃSanta Croce ÀMÀ Temple of the "Glories of Italy"Ä Ä; Bonechi, Florence, nd [1980s?], pp. 24©26]. The church of the Convent of the Cordeliers, Paris, claimed to have the waist©cord of St. Francis [Hare (2), pp. 388©389]. ÁÁA tree at Villa Verucchio, Emilia©Romagna, 13km SW of Rimini, is said to have grown from a stick used by St. Francis as a cane [à ÃBION©24Ä Ä, p. 184]. ÁÁThere is a piece of the thorn belt of St. Francis in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 342©343]. ÁÁThere are relics in St. Aloysius, Oxford [Heyworth, pp. 111©113]. ÁÁFrancis stayed at the Convent of the Cells, near Cortona, Toscana, and there is his bed and his sandglass, etc. [Setteposte & Belardi, p. 87©88]. ÁÁSt. FRANCIS OF PAOLA (1416©1507) was born in Paola, Calabria, and his relics are there [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 78]. There is a relic in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 342]. ÁÁSt. FRANCIS XAVIER (1506©1552) was born at Javier Castle, near SangÀGÀesa, Navarre, Spain. His bedroom is extant and may be seen. [à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 197.] ÁÁHe died on a trip to China, on 3 Dec 1552. Despite being buried twice, his body remained uncorrupted and reached Goa on 15 Mar 1554. His body is in the Basilica of Bom Jesus, Goa, India. Donna Isabel de Carom bit off the little toe of the right foot. He was canonized in 1622. By 1636, all of his internal organs had been removed and distributed throughout the world. On 3 Nov 1640, the right arm was removed, on orders from the Pope. Most of it went to Rome, but small bits went to Japan, Cochin and Macao. A towel which soaked up the bleeding at this operation was given to Philip IV. Despite all these and its shrinkage from six to four feet, the body remained miraculously preserved. [Vijaya Ghose, ed.; à ÃLimca Book of Records 1998Ä Ä; Limca Book of Records, Guragon, near Delhi, India, 9th ed, 1998, p. 11] states that the body was not embalmed. But in 1974, it was felt that the body was deteriorating and the regular expositions of the body ceased with the exposition in that year. [Phillip Knightley; Rest in peace; ÃÃSunday Times MagazineÄÄ (30 Mar 1975) 46-53.] [Welfare & Fairley, p. 99 with photo on p. 102] report that the body was on display from Nov 1984 to Jan 1985. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of: Anne; Anthony of Padua; Donatus; Francis Xavier; John Nepomuk ÀMÀ these being the patron saints of the Habsburgs [Bauer et al., pp. 331©332]. ÁÁSt. FRIDESWIDE ( ©735), a virgin, was buried in Christ Church, Oxford. The shrine was destroyed during the Reformation in 1548. During the Reformation, Peter Martyr was Professor of Theology at Oxford, bringing his wife Catherine with him. She died and was interred near the relics of S. Frideswide. When Mary came to the throne, Catherine's remains were dug up and placed in the Dean's dunghill. When Elizabeth came to the throne five years later, Catherine's bones were recovered by the sub©dean and put in a coffin to be reburied. The relics of St. Frideswide were then found to be missing and were discovered to have been concealed in an obscure corner. On 11 Jan 1562, the subdean then put St. Frideswide's relics into the same coffin and they were buried together. Presumably the subdean felt that mixing the Catholic and the Protestant bones would prevent their further disturbance. [Isaac Disraeli; à ÃAmenities of LiteratureÄ Ä, vol. I, pp. 336©337.] [Headlam, pp. 9, 18©19] says there is a brass on the floor marking the location of the bones and gives a epigram: Iam coeunt pietas atque superstitio ÀMÀ Now True Faith and superstition are joined. [Vince, pp. 23©24] says the 'remains are interred at Christ Church under a marked stone.' ÁÁThe reliquary of San Galgano, belonging to the church of Frosini, Umbria, now on loan to the Opera del Duomo, Orvieto, contains relics of St. FRIDIANO (presumably the S. FREDIANO of Lucca) [Gauthier, pp. 169 & 172]. ÁÁThe church of St. Fridolin (FridolinsmÀGÀnster) in Bad SÀÀckingen, Baden©WÀGÀrttemberg, contains the shrine of St. FRIDOLIN, though it's not clear if there are any relics in it [à ÃMGG-GermanyÄ Ä, p. 50]. ÁÁThe relics of St. FROILÀÀN, patron of LeÀ;Àn, are at the foot of the altar in the Cathedral of LeÀ;Àn, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 133]. ÁÁThe remains of St. FRONT (or Fronto), the apostle of PÀ)Àrigord, were on display at StªFront Cathedral in PÀ)Àrigueux, Dordogne. The tomb was destroyed during the Wars of Religion. [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 203. à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 142©142.] ÁÁA feather from the wing of GABRIEL was displayed at the Escorial, Madrid, Spain [Geoffrey Grigson; The ogre of Fonthill ÀMÀ Review of: Brian Fothergill; à ÃBeckford of FonthillÄ Ä; Faber, 1979; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (22 Feb 1979) ??]. ÁÁThe reliquary of San Galgano, belonging to the church of Frosini, Umbria, now on loan to the Opera del Duomo, Orvieto, Umbria, contains relics of St. GALGANO [Gauthier, pp. 169 & 172]. ÁÁIn 1180, Galgano Guidotti, a noble from Chiusdano, near Siena, was passing nearby Montesiepi when a vision told him to renounce material things. He replied that would be as difficult as splitting a rock with his sword and hit a rock with his sword which yielded like butter. The sword still sticks out of the hill and recent testing shows it could be 12C. Radar has revealed a burial cavity below the sword. [Rory Carroll; Tuscany's Excalibur is the real thing, say scientists; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (16 Sep 2001) 9.] It's not clear if this is the same S. Galgano as the reliquary. ÁÁThere are relics of GALLA PLACIDIA in the chapel of S. Aquilinus in the Basilica of S. Lorenzo Maggiore, Milan, Lombardia [Converso, p. 41]. I'm not sure if he/she is formally a saint. ÁÁSt. GAMALIEL, the schoolmaster of St. Paul ÀMÀ see under St. Nicodemus. ÁÁThe sarcophagus of S. GAUDENZIO, patron saint of Novara, is in the Basilica named for him in Novara, Piemonte [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 161]. ÁÁAntoni GAUDI, the Catalan architect of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, Spain, was proposed for sainthood in early 2000 [Brown, p. 89]. ÁÁThere are relics of S. GAVINO in the crypt of the Cathedral of S. Gavino in Porto Torres, Sardegna [à ÃBG©Southern ItalyÄ Ä, p. 286; à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 264]. ÁÁSzent GELLÀ(ÀRT (Ghirardus or Gerhard), one of the apostles of Hungary, was martyred in 1046 by being strapped to a barrow and rolled off the cliff where his monument now stands in Budapest. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. GENESIO [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁSte. GENEVIÀ.ÀVE (d. c505) is the Patron Saint of Paris. In 450, Attila the Hun was approaching Paris and she exhorted the people to pray for deliverance and the Huns turned aside. When she died, a modest wooden oratory was built over her grave. This was just on the south side of the present St. Etienne©du©Mont. In 508, Clovis replaced it with a basilica dedicated to Peter and Paul, but it soon was named for GeneviÀ/Àve. The relics were preserved when the Normans destroyed the basilica in the 9C. During a siege of Paris in 885, the relics were placed at the end of the À2Àle de la CitÀ)À and the Normans were repulsed. The church was rebuilt and the names of Peter and Paul were dropped by the 13C. From the 12C, the shrine of the Saint was regularly processed when Paris or France needed divine protection. Erasmus was miraculously healed by the procession of 1496. At the revolution, the shrine was moved to the adjacent St. Etienne©du©Mont, then to the Mint. On 21 Nov, 1793, the remains were burned and the ashes thrown into the Seine. At the restoration various bits which had been distributed around the realm were brought back to Paris and placed in a shrine in St. Etienneªdu©Mont. Other sources say her coffin was moved to St. Etienne in 1803 [Cronin, p. 104; Okey, p. 254]. In 1764, the PanthÀ)Àon was started with the intention of being a new church of Ste. GeneviÀ/Àve and housing the relics, but subsequent events caused it to change between PanthÀ)Àon and church several times and the relics remained in St. Etienne©du©Mont. The relics were processed on 8 Sep 1914 and the German advance was stopped at the Battle of the Marne, just outside a village of Ste. GeneviÀ/Àve in Lorraine. ÁÁ[Culbertson & Randall, pp. 103©104. Okey, pp. 254©255. Pierre Chevallier & Daniel Rabreau; à ÃLe PanthÀ)ÀonÄ Ä; English translation by Kathleen Wilson Chevalier [sic]; Caisse nationale des Monuments et des Sites, 1977.] ÁÁHer taper was long preserved at Notre©Dame, Paris [Okey, pp. 23©24]. ÁÁThe legend of St. à ÃGEORGEÄ Ä ( ©c303) has been traced to the Greek legend of Perseus slaying a sea monster and/or rescuing Andromeda at Joppa [= Jaffa], Israel, now the Jaffa Sporting Club. [Hunkin; The Rudiments of Wisdom; ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (21 Dec 1980). B. A. Young; Slay Your Own Dragon; à ÃPick of PunchÄ Ä, 1970, p. 18.] This is close to Lydda [= Lod], which is often named as the site. By the 6C, George's tomb is described at Lydda. ÁÁJosephus claims to have seen the chains which attached the princess to the rock [à ÃBello JudaicoÄ Ä, iii.c.7. NYS ÀMÀ cited by Baring-Gould, p. 302]. In the time of St. Jerome, the bones of the monster were displayed at Joppa [his à ÃLettersÄ Ä, 108; NYS ÀMÀ cited by Baring-Gould, p. 302]. ÁÁJames Harpole [à ÃLeaves from a Surgeon's Case-bookÄ Ä, 9th ed. (1940) 1941, p. 125] says that he was once stationed near Lydda, near the chapel where the relics of St. George of England are still shown. This would have been in WW1. ÁÁThere was a church over his tomb, between Lydda and Ramula [= Ramule], the ancient Arimathea (also called Georgia), in the time of Constantine [Baring-Gould, p. 311]. One tradition says his bones were transferred to a church of St. George in Constantinople by Constantine [Baring-Gould, p. 312]. [Roberts©Crolly, III©59] says George was born at Lydda and his remains were returned here. [Anon; Pass Notes No 852: Saint George; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (16 Jul 1996)] says he was beheaded at Lydda. ÁÁOther versions of the story place the site in Libya. [Vince, p. 24] says it was at Sylene in Libya. ÁÁThere is a site where St. George slew the dragon in Beirut, near the abattoir [DBS; Baring-Gould, p. 302] and another at Silene in Libya [B. A. Young; loc. cit. above]. ÁÁUnder the White Horse in the Vale of White Horse, Berkshire, is a flat-topped knoll, called Dragon Hill (or Dragon's Hill), where St. George is said to have killed the dragon. A bare spot on top indicates where the dragon's blood was spilled and grass has never grown. [Kate Bergamar; à ÃDiscovering Hill FiguresÄ Ä; Shire Publications, Aylesbury, 1972, p. 7.] ÁÁThe story of the dragon first appeared in the 12C and became popular through à ÃThe Golden LegendÄ Ä of 1275. ÁÁAccording to an old English ballad, St. George was the son of Albert of Coventry, was born in Coventry, fought in the Crusades, saved the Princess Sabra from the dragon, married her and returned to Coventry. More historical sources indicate that he was beheaded by Diocletian at Nicomedia (now Izmit) in Turkey on 23 April 303. [Russell Ash; à ÃFact or Fiction?Ä Ä; Reader's Digest, 1973, p. 8.] ÁÁIt appears that St. George the Martyr is not the George of Cappadocia described by Gibbon [Brian Fothergill; Dragon-slaying for England (Review of: David Scott Fox; à ÃSaint GeorgeÄ Ä; Kendal Press, 1983); ÃÃTimes Literary SupplementÄÄ (15 Jul 1983) ??]. George the Martyr, from Cappadocia, apparently an officer in Diocletian's army, was beheaded (or burnt) in 303, at Nicomedia. His relics were taken to Lydda where his mother owned property. George of Cappadocia was the Arian Bishop of Alexandria (who also originated from Cappadocia) who was demolished by a mob in 361. [William Maynard Atkins; à ÃThe Parish Church of Saint George, Hanover SquareÄ Ä; The Church(?), 1976, p. 26] says this confusion was first made by Edward Reynolds, a puritan divine, in the early 17C and then Gibbon followed him. ÁÁWhen Edward III founded the Order of the Garter, he made the headquarters in the "noble college in the Castle of Windsor, in which college is [or was soon to be] the heart of St. George which Sigismund the Emperor of Alemayne brought and gave for a precious relic to King Harry the fifth" [Adey Horton; The real St. George; ÃÃSunday Times MagazineÄÄ (20 Apr 1975) cover & pp. 34-43]. [Hill, p. 42] says the heart was brought by Sigismund to a tournament at Windsor in May 1416. ÁÁThe head of St. George is in S. Giorgio in Velabro, Rome. It was found in the Lateran Palace in 751 and brought here in the 8C. [Masson, pp. 412-413.] ÁÁHowever, Baring-Gould says the head was given to the church at Ferrara, EmiliaªRomagna. Another head was taken from the fall of Constantinople to Mares-Moutier in Picardy. An arm was at a convent in Barala, which moved to Cambray (presumably Cambrai, Nord, France) in the 9C. Robert of Flanders brought back an arm from the Holy Land and presented it to the city of Toulouse, Haut©Garonne. He brought other parts which he gave to the Countess Matilda and the abbey of Auchin. Another arm fell miraculously from heaven upon the altar of S. Pantaleon in Cologne (KÀ?Àln), Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany. Baldwin of Jerusalem gave relics to Alexander, Chaplin of Count Ernest, who gave them to the church of Villers-Saint-Leu in 1101. [Baring-Gould, pp. 312-313.] ÁÁ[Dutton, p. 133] says that in the 14C, St. George's Chapel at Windsor had the heart and fingers of St. George, a stone used to stone Stephen, a candle and some milk of the Virgin and a piece of St. Eustache's brain. ÁÁIn the early 1980s, the Italian newspaper ÃÃRepublicaÄÄ made an inventory of relics. They found enough bones of St. George to make thirty complete skeletons, nine heads and eighteen arms of the Apostle James and ten skulls of John the Baptist. [Reported in the ÃÃSunday ExpressÄÄ, which was reproduced or excerpted in: Royston Jeans & Alan Kamin; à ÃNews from a Square WorldÄ Ä; Unwin, 1986, p. 71.] ÁÁIn 1969, George was demoted to a local saint by the Catholic Church [Atkins, loc. cit. above]. ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS SITES, in alphabetical order. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. George and St. Oda in the CollÀ)Àgiale St©Georges in Amay, near Huy (Hoei), LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 215]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of George [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. George in the Museum of Decorative Arts (Museum fÀGÀr Kunst und Gewerbe), Hamburg, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 153]. ÁÁThe tibia of St. George was in an altar at the foot of the tomb of Henry VII in Westminster Abbey, London [Judi Culbertson & Tom Randall; à ÃPermanent LondonersÄ Ä; Robson Books, London, 1991, p. 55]. [Karl Shaw; à ÃGross A Compendium of the Unspeakable, Unpalatable, Unjust and AppallingÄ Ä; Virgin, 1993, p. 167] says Henry VII's most cherished souvenir was George's left leg. ÁÁA miraculous icon of St. George was found on the beach at the Monastery of Xerophontos, Mt. Athos, Greece. It oozed blood and was chucked into the sea by Iconoclasts. It drifted about and came back ashore at the same place, starting a holy spring. The icon is in the larger Church of St. George in the Monastery. [de Jongh, p. 292.] ÁÁA miraculous icon of St. George, painted by a divine hand, flew from Palestine to Mt. Athos and is now in the Church of Ayios Georghios in the Monastery of Zographou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 297]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of George [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁVenice acquired the arm of St. George after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 [Okey (2), p. 82] and it is apparently still there [Welfare & Fairley, p. 122]. In the 15C, the church of S. Giorgio claimed to have the head, left arm and hand [Gascoigne]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a piece of Mary's veil and a relic of St. George [Bauer et al., p. 266]. Other ostensory has relics of SS. George and Maurice [Bauer et al., pp. 266©267]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with a Thorn and relics of SS. Andrew, Eustace, George and Stephan and another reliquary with a piece of the Shroud and relics of the same four saints [Bauer et al., pp. 305©306]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including some of St. George [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. GEREON and other martyrs of the Theban Legion (see under St. Maurice) is in St. Gereon's, Cologne, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 103]. There are reliquaries of St. Gereon and his companions in the CathÀ)Àdrale Saints©PiereªPaul©et©Quirin in MalmÀ)Àdy, LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 245]. ÁÁ[Okey, p. 30] mentions that there was a St. GERMAIN of Autun, SaÀ=Àne©et©Loire, made Bishop in 555. [Okey, p. 36] seems to say this saint's body was translated from St. Symphorien to St. Vincent, renamed St. Germain des PrÀ)Às, Paris, in 754. (Cf St. Vincent.) [Hare (2), p. 287©288] says Germain was Bishop of Paris. During the Norman incursions, the body was moved to S. Germain le Vieux, within the walls and built with the intention of holding the body. After the Norman problems were over, the body went back to S. Vincent, but an arm was left in recognition of the hospitality. S. Germain le Vieux was demolished in the Revolution. ÁÁThe relics of St. GERMANUS (= GERMAN = GERMAIN) (378©448), first bishop of Auxerre, Yonne, are in the Abbey of St. Germain, Auxerre [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 72]. He is also said to be buried at Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceirog, near Pandy, Clwyd, Wales, though he died in Ravenna, Emilia©Romagna [Beazley & Howell, p. 95]. ÁÁThe tomb of S. GERMINIANO is in the Cathedral of Modena, Emilia©Romagna [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 146]. ÁÁSt. GERTRUDE was the daughter of Itta of Aquitaine, who founded an abbey in Nivelles, Brabant©Wallon, Belgium, in c650. Gertrude founded an order and was its first abbess. She and Itta are buried in the crypt of the CollÀ)Àgiale Ste-Gertrude. The 13C reliquary was partly destroyed in WW2. Fragments are on display in the Chapelle Ste Gertrude and a copy is on display in the Imperial Hall. There is a modern replacement. It's not clear which, if any, of these contains actual relics. An annual procession follows the 14 km route between her hermitage and where she was fed. Her relics are carried on a six horse cart. [à ÃMGGªBelgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, pp. 264©265.] ÁÁThe location of the bodies of SS GERVASIUS (Gervase) & PROTASIUS (Protase) was revealed in a vision to St. Ambrose of Milan and the bodies brought to what is now the Basilica of S. Ambrogio in Milan, Lombardia, in c387 [St. Augustine; Book IX, chap. 7, pp. 194-195; Vincitore, p. 42]. Haldane [p. 89] notes that Ambrose was being besieged in the Cathedral by Imperial troops because he objected to an edict of toleration for the Arians. The bones were processed to the Cathedral and the crowds were impressed by the size of the bones, which were of Cro©Magnon men, though Ambrose's vision said they had been martyred under Nero. Numerous miracles occurred during the procession and the Imperial troops withdrew and the toleration edict was rescinded. These effects laid the basis for the cult of relics, though they didn't keep Alaric and his Arian Goths from sacking Milan c409. The relics are in the crypt [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 145], in a great silver reliquary with the bones of St. Ambrogio [Vincitore, p. 42]. ÁÁSt. GILDAS founded a monastery at St.©Gildas©de©Rhuys, Morbihan, in the 6C. His tomb, reliquaries containing his arms and legs and his mitre are in the church. [à ÃMGG-BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 219.] ÁÁRelics of St. GILES are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁAn attempt to translate the body of the Blessed GIOVANNA was halted by a miracle, but one of the bearers cut off an arm and tried to carry it and was struck blind. The arm is in the Pieve of Signa, near Florence. [Hutton, pp. 123©124.] ÁÁThe body of Blessed GIOVANNI DA SALERNO ( ©1243?) is in an urn under the main altar of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy [P. Stefano Orlandi, revised by P. Isnardo P. Grossi; à ÃHistorical ÀMÀ Artistic Guide of Santa Maria Novella and her Monumental CloistersÄ Ä; Edition S. Becocci, Florence, 1984, p. 14]. ÁÁThe tomb of SS. Biagio and GIULIANA (from 1508) is in SS. Nazaro & Celso, Verona, but the source then says they are entombed at a nearby votive chapel [Zuffi, pp. 67©68]. ÁÁThe relics of S. GIULIO (St. Julius) are in the crypt of the basilica of S. Giulio on the Isola San Giulio in Lago d'Orta, Piemonte [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 125]. ÁÁSanta GIUSTINA's relics are in the church of S. Giustina, Padua (Padova). A tomb, intended to hold the relics, is now in the Chapel of the Palazzo Borromeo, on Isola Bella, Lago Maggiore. ÁÁThe Pieve di Santa Maria, Arezzo, Toscana has relics of SS. Asterio, Ermenio, GIUSTO, Ranieri, 'and others'. ÁÁSt. GODELIVE was married against her will to Bertulf, Lord of Gistel, 9 km S of Oostende (Ostende, Ostend), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium. She was later imprisoned and murdered and her body thrown into a well in 1070. Her tomb is in the church at Gistel. The cellar where she was imprisoned is in the nearby Abbaye de Ten Putte. [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 269]. ÁÁSt. GODRIC built a church in 1110 where Finchale Priory was later built and he was buried in the priory when he died, aged 105 [Wade, p. 68]. Finchale Priory is 4 mi NNE of Durham, Co. Durham. Godric's coffin was found in 1928. [à ÃBG©EnglandÄ Ä, p. 641.] ÁÁThe relics of St. GOMMARUS are in a reliquary in St.©Gummaruskerk, Lier (Lierre), Antwerpen, Belgium, and are processed once a year [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 241]. ÁÁSt. GONÀ(ÀRY's tomb is in the chapel in St.©GonÀ)Àry, CÀ=Àtes©d'Armor [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 219]. ÁÁSt. GONCALO was a 13C priest venerated in a chapel at Murtosa, northern Portugal. He is considered to cure haemorrhoids and the faithful drop their trousers to display the affected region to the saint! When cured, they return to show the cured region! He also cures teen©age acne. During the June festival of the saint, unmarried locals exchange penis©shaped cakes. [Giles Tremlett; Saint gets to bottom of parishioners' ills; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (15 Jan 2003) 12.] ÁÁSt. GONSALO was a hermit at Amarante, Portugal. His tomb is in the chapel on the left of the church of the monastery of St. Gonsalo. [à ÃMGG©PortugalÄ Ä, p. 44.] ÁÁSt. GOVAN had his cell at St. Govan's Chapel, about 7 mi south of Pembroke, Wales. The cell contains a cleft in the cliff which opened and closed around him to protect him from pirates. He was buried beneath the altar in 586. A healing well and a miraculous 'bell rock' are nearby. [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 375.] ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. GREGORY, the Pope (which?) [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe reliquary of San Galgano, belonging to the church of Frosini, Umbria, now on loan to the Opera del Duomo, Orvieto, contains relics of St. Gregory (which??) [Gauthier, pp. 169 & 172]. ÁÁPart of the Guelph Treasure in the Museum of Decorative Arts (Kunstgewerbemuseum), Berlin, is a reliquary thought to have held the head of St. Gregory (which??) brought from Constantinople in 1173 [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 69©70]. ÁÁ[Okey, p. 30] mentions a St. Gregory of Tours, in about 4©6C. ÁÁA vestment of the Ecumenical Patriarch GREGORY V is in the church of the Archangel Michael (Taxiarchis), Mandamados, in the NE of Lesbos [Eleftheriadis, p. 63]. ÁÁThe body of Blessed Pope GREGORY X is preserved in the Cathedral (Duomo) of SS. Donato & Pietro in Arezzo, Toscana. [à ÃArezzo A City GuideÄ Ä; Edizione Turchini Ennio, no other details given, [bought in 2001], p.11] says there is 'the urn preserving the mortal remains', but I recall seeing a rather corrupted body in a glass coffin. ÁÁThe head of St. GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS (c330©390) is in the Church of the Annunciation (or Catholicon) in the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 272]. [Williams, p. 44] says his relics were translated to St. Peter's, Rome. He was forcibly ordained by his father and eventually succeeded him as Bishop at Nazianzus, but resigned. A friend of Basil and Chrysostom. ÁÁRelics of SS GREGORY OF SPOLETO, FELIX and NABOR are in part of the Shrine of the Three Magi in Cologne (KÀ?Àln) Cathedral, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany [Hoster, p. 2]. The relics of Gregory were presented by Archbishop Bruno I in the 10C [Hoster, p. 34]. ÁÁS. GUTHLAC ( ©714) was a soldier who was converted overnight by a vision and withdrew to a hermitage in Crowland, Lincolnshire, where he started an abbey. His cell is at the west end of the south aisle of the abbey church. [Vince, pp. 26©27.] ÁÁSt. GUY (Guidon) of Anderlecht ( ©1012) is patron saint of peasants and horses. His tombstone is in the 11C crypt of CollÀ)Àgiale des Saints©Pierre©et©Guidon in Anderlecht, a western suburb of Brussel (Bruxelles), Brabant, Belgium. [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 162.] ÁÁSEE: St. Vitus for another St. Guy. ÁÁSt. GWYNHOYDL is buried in the church at Llangwnnadl, Gwynedd, Wales [Beazley & Howell, pp. 180-181]. ÁÁA reliquary of St. HADELIN, the founder of the Celles monastery near Dinant in the 7C, is in the CollÀ)Àgiale in VisÀ)À, 17 km S of LiÀ/Àge (Luik, Liege), LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 240]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has relics of St. HEDWIG (1174©1243), Duchess of Silesia [Bauer et al., p. 237]. ÁÁThe ashes of St. HELENA, mother of Constantine and discoverer of the True Cross, are reputed to be in the church of Sant' Elena at the east end of Venice. c1900, the church was in use as a machine room of an iron foundry. [Okey (2), pp. 431-432.] [Buckley & Robinson, p. 185] say her body was brought here and that in 1807©1928, the church was abandoned, with a spell as an iron foundry, but has now been restored, though they don't say what happened to the relics. English legend says Helena was the daughter of Coel, better known as 'Old King Cole', but Gibbon says she was the daughter of a Nicomedian innkeeper. Her body is at the Abbey of Hautvilliers in Rheims (= Reims, Marne). [Bradford, p. 140. Russan & Russan, pp. 119©120.] ÁÁThe relics of S. HELIODORUS were brought to Torcello by Bishop Paolo in 639 and they are preserved in the Cathedral of Torcello in a 7C sarcophagus under the altar, with his original Roman sarcophagus nearby [à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 192; Buckley & Robinson, p. 211]. ÁÁThere is a bust and reliquary, in the shape of an arm, of St. HENRIN in the church of Locarn, CÀ=Àtes©d'Armor [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 77]. ÁÁThere is a late 12C reliquary of S. HENRI (= HENRY, but which??) in the Louvre, Paris [Hare (2), p. 51]. ÁÁThe tomb of Emperor HENRY II THE SAINT (1002©1024) is in the Cathedral of Bamberg, Bayern. He was brother©in©law of St. Stephen of Hungary. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 53©54.] ÁÁHENRY VI of England, allegedly murdered in the Tower of London by his successor Edward IV, acquired a reputation for saintliness and his body was translated from Chertsey Abbey to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, by Richard III in 1484. His bedstead was considered holy and chips were provided from it. A "red Velvet Hatte (that lay there) was a Sovereigne Medicine against the Head©ache." The Pope was willing to canonise Henry, but Henry VII would not pay the fees! Henry VII built the Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey to contain the body, but Henry VIII decided to keep it at Windsor. The tomb is to the south of the altar. [Hill, pp. 57©58. Turner, p. 24.] ÁÁSt. HERBOT is buried in the church of St.©Herbot, FinistÀ/Àre [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 52]. ÁÁThe relics of St. HERMES are in the crypt of the St©Hermes Collegiaal in Ronse (Renaix), Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 281]. ÁÁSt. HILARY was buried in St. Hilary the Great, Poitiers, Vienne [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 208]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. HIPPOLYTUS (3C) [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. He may be the only anti©Pope to become a saint. ÁÁThough St. HUBERT is a very popular saint, I have only found one relic of him. Legend says he was the son©in©law of the Count of Leuven (Louvain) and was hunting on Good Friday, 683, when a stag at bay turned and a vision of Christ on the Cross appeared in its antlers. A voice told him to seek his friend Lambert, Bishop of Tongres©Maastricht, to be instructed. This led him to Rome where he learned Lambert had been martyred. The Pope offered him the vacant bishopric, but he refused. Then an angel descended and gave him the while stole, symbolic of the bishop's office, which was woven with gold by the Virgin Mary. He transferred the bishopric to LiÀ/Àge. In the 9C, his relics were moved to the 7C Basilique St-Hubert in St©Hubert, Luxembourg, Belgium. There is a mausoleum in the north transept and the Holy Stole is exhibited in the St. Hubert altar in the south transept. [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, pp. 281©282.] ÁÁThe bones of St. HUGH were smuggled back to England from the Orient. They were turned into beads and made into the Famous Anodyne Necklaces which alleviated teething pains in children. These were sold in great numbers by a member of the Chamberlen family of obstetricians. [E. S. Turner; à ÃCall the DoctorÄ Ä; Michael Joseph, London, 1958, p. 114.] ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. HYACINTH [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁThere is a relic of St. IDESBALD, who was abbot of the Duinenabdij (Abbey in the Dunes) in the crypt of the adjacent Onze©Lieve©Vrouwekerk©ter©Duinenkerk, Koksijde (Coxyde), West©Vlaanderen, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, pp. 220©221]. ÁÁSt. IGNATIUS of Antioch was eaten by beasts in the Colosseum of Rome, early in the 2C. His bones were returned to Antioch, then later returned to Rome and placed in the church of S. Clemente, Rome, Lazio, Italy. [Williams, p. 30.] ÁÁThe bones of Bishop IGNATIUS (1766©1828) are in the Church of Ayios Therapon, Mytilene, Lesbos. He was 'a fighter for the freedom of the Hungarian Vlachs', born in Mytilene. [Eleftheriadis, p. 50.] [Eleftheriadis, p. 81] mentions a handwritten bible and a mitre of St. Ignatius at the monastery of Leimonos, in the centre of north Lesbos, but it is not clear if this is the above bishop or Bishop Ignatius Agalianos of Methymna, who built the monastery in 1523. ÁÁSt. IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491©1556) was born in Loyola Castle, near San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain. The rooms where he was born, convalesced from wounds and converted are chapels in the Santa Case in the monastery named for him on the site. Ordained in 1537. In Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, there is a commemorative stone on the steps of chapel 29 (just W of the N door) marking where he used to sit and beg for alms [Alberto TaulÀ)À ViÀ9Àas; à ÃSanta MarÀ1Àa del Mar Past and PresentÄ Ä; Translated by Neil Cowley; The Church, 1998, p. 23]. He, Francis Xavier and Diego Lainez went to Rome and received the Pope's approval for the Society of Jesus in 1540. Canonized in 1622. His remains are in the Chapel named for him in the Church of the GesÀIÀ, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 203]. ÁÁSt. ILLTYD (or Illtud) (d. 505) was a cousin of King Arthur and one of the knights in charge of the Holy Grail. He founded the school and monastery at Llantwit Fawr, Wales, and possibly the monastery on Caldey Island. He is reputed to be buried at Bedd Illtyd, in the Brecon Beacons. [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 263; Howell & Beazley, pp. 45 & 321.] ÁÁThe Nunnery of St. Raphael, on the east side of Lesbos, 11 km NW of Mytilene, was founded in 1963 after visions had revealed the location of the bones of SS. Raphael, Nicholas and IRENE, killed by the Turks in 1463 [Eleftheriadis, p. 59]. ÁÁSt. ISABEL (1271© ) was the daughter of King Pedro III of Aragon and later Queen of Portugal. She was born in the Aljaferia palace in Saragossa (Zaragoza), Aragon, Spain, where the room is viewable. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 213.] ÁÁIn 2002, the Spanish bishops' congress proposed the beatification of Queen ISABELLA I of Castille, one of Franco's favourite icons. The process had begun in 1958 but had been put on hold. Her principal claims to fame seem to be the expulsion of the Jews (for which King Juan Carlos apologised in 1992) and Muslims, a campaign of genocidal massacres and epidemics in Latin America and starting the Inquisition. [Giles Tremlett; Saints and spinners Bishops launch campaign for Spanish queen's rehabilitation; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (4 Mar 2002) 15.] ÁÁThe body of St. ISIDORE was brought from Chios, Greece, to Venice, Veneto, by Doge Domenico Michiel in 1125 and is in S. Marco [Okey (2), pp. 53 & 305; Buckley & Robinson, p. 206]. ÁÁAnne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV, collected the relics of St. Isidore [Reynolds, p. 19]. ÁÁISIDORE OF SEVILLE (Isidorus Hispalensis, 560©636) was one of the leading encyclopedists who preserved much ancient knowledge in all subjects. He became Archbishop of Seville, Andalusia, Spain, in 600. Canonised in 1598 and declared a Doctor of the Church in 1722. His ashes were moved to LeÀ;Àn, Castile and LeÀ;Àn, Spain, in the 11C because Seville was in Moorish territory. They are in an 11C reliquary in the Treasury of the basilica of San Isidoro. [à ÃMGGÀMÀSpainÄ Ä, p. 134. à ÃEBÄ Ä.] ÁÁThe relics of San ISIDRO (12C), patron saint of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, and his wife, Santa MARIA DE LA CABEZA, are in the Cathedral of San Isidro, Madrid. He worked as a servant in the extant Casa de Juan (or Ivan) de Vargas, nearby. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 142.] The house was rebuilt in the 16C, but the well, where the Saint saved his son from drowning by praying for the water to rise, is extant. Queen Isabella the Catholic was so devoted to the Saint that she snapped a toe off his corpse and took it away with her. A field where he discovered a spring is a destination of an annual procession to this day. In 2002, a Spanish architect charged with rebuilding the Vargas house proceeded to demolish it, saying that it was too dangerous to repair and that he would rebuild it from scratch. [Giles Tremlett; Madrid shocked by demolition of its saint's home; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (20 Aug 2002) 13.] ÁÁSt. IVO (or Yvo) (7C) was a Persian bishop who came to England seeking a more simple life. His body and those of three companions were 'discovered' in Cambridgeshire, on 24 Apr 1001 or 1002, and caused the location to be named St. Ives. [Vince, pp. 27©28]. adding that St. Ives in Cornwall is named for a Celtic St. Ya. Cf Doble [op. cit. under Ya, p. 8]. ÁÁThe Cathedral of Orvieto, Umbria, has relics of SS. Callisto, Degna, Fortunato, JACOPONE DA TODI and Romana. ÁÁIn the Valley of Kedron, east of Jerusalem, is a Tomb of St. JAMES, traditionally marking the spot where he was concealed from the time of Christ's arrest to his Resurrection. However, the tomb is actually that of a priestly family from the time of Herod. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 45.] It's not clear to me which James this is. ÁÁThe Apostle à ÃJAMESÄ Ä the Elder (or the Greater) travelled to Spain and his boat was cast ashore at the mouth of the Ulla near Padron, Galicia. He preached in Galicia for seven years and returned to Judaea and was beheaded by Herod Agrippa in Jerusalem, c42 (Acts 12:2), supposedly on the north side of the Armenian St. James's Church [Becker, p. 26]. He was the first apostle to be martyred [Vince, p. 28]. His followers brought his body back (or the body was put on a ship at Jaffa and travelled with angelic guidance to Spain) and it was placed in a crypt near Padron and eventually forgotten. Legend says that when the ship (or boat) approached the shore, a horseman plunged into the sea toward it (either due to an excess of zeal or because his horse bolted) and they were saved by the intervention of the Saint. When they emerged, they were covered in scallops, leading to the scallop shell becoming the symbol of the saint. Unfortunately, this story first occurs in the mid 15C, while the shell is recorded as early as 1106. [Christina Hole; à ÃBritish Folk CustomsÄ Ä; Hutchinson, 1976, p. 82.] In 813, a monk named Theodomir found the grave in a hilltop wood. [Francais Raitberger; Again, Pilgrims Progress Across Spain; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (31 Oct 1981) ??.] Another source refers to Theodomir as Bishop of Ira Flavia and that he was guided by a star (or a field of the star(s) ÀMÀ hence Campus stellae, which became Compostela) to the wood. (A more recent theory is that the name derives from compostela, the Latin word for cemetery, since the remains of a cemetery have now been found under the Cathedral.) Another story is that the tomb was found by shepherds in the ninth century (or it was revealed to a shepherd in 800 or that a star revealed it to some shepherds in the early 9C). This became the shrine at Santiago de Compostela. In any case, the church was started in 829. [H. V. Morton; à ÃGhosts of LondonÄ Ä; Methuen, 1939, pp. 117©118.] The medieval pilgrimage route started at Roncesvalles ÀMÀ or at the Tour St. Jacques in Paris and proceeding along Rue St.©Jacques and Rue du Faubourg St.©Jacques [Gauthier, p. 166]. In 844, the saint appeared in armour to assist in a battle against the Moors, earning the name Matamoros (Slayer of the Moors) and becoming the patron saint of the Reconquest and of Spain. During this crusade, the Lord of Pimentel had to swim across a ria (estuary) and emerged covered in shells, which were adopted as the symbol of St. James. By the 11C, Santiago was the third most important pilgrimage site, after Jerusalem and Rome, and of equal sanctity. The first tourist guide ever written was an 1130 guide to Santiago and the routes to it, probably by Aimeri Picaud. (I know of a c1240 guide from Hamburg to Rome and Jerusalem. Are there other early guides?) It is estimated that between ÀÀ and 2 million pilgrims came every year. The relics of the saint were removed for safekeeping in 1589 because of Drake's raids along the coast and then mislaid until 1879 when pilgrimages were resumed [William Millinship; The Road to the Field of Stars; ÃÃObserverÄÄ (5 Feb 1984) 29]. The relics of the saint are in the crypt of the Cathedral, which was built on the site of his tomb, along with relics of two of his disciples, St. Theodore and St. Athanasius. The Reliquary Chapel in the Cathedral has the head of St. James the Less. ÁÁ[à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, pp. 203©204, 207.] See also: [Barbara Bode; Review of Santiago ÀMÀ Saint of two worlds, by Joan Myers et al., Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1991?; ÃÃNew York Times Book ReviewÄÄ (22 Dec 1991) 8]. ÁÁ[Foligno, pp. 193©195] describes the cycle of frescoes in S. Antonio, Padua, giving the story of St. James. ÁÁ[à ÃBION©24Ä Ä, p. 117] says the head is in a silver bust of the saint in the cathedral. This may be a confusion with St. James the Less, see above. ÁÁA tooth is in a reliquary in the Basilica of Santiago de Compostela [Gauthier, p. 165]. ÁÁThe rock of PADRON (or pedrÀ;Àn) in the church of Padron (= PadrÀ;Àn). Galicia, Spain, is the rock at which the ship bringing James to Spain docked [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä; à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 186]. [à ÃBION©14Ä Ä] later asserts that the body was brought to RIA DE AROSA, Galicia, over 1900 years ago ÀMÀ the map in [à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 187] shows the Ria de Arosa is the inlet (or estuary) leading to the river Ulla on which Padron is sited. ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS SITES, in alphabetical order. ÁÁA part of the head of St. James is in a tabernacle in Assisi, Umbria [Gauthier, pp. 150 & 152]. ÁÁThe mummified hand of St. James the Apostle is in St. Peter's (Catholic) Church in Marlow, Bucks. It was at Reading Abbey prior to the Dissolution. [Thames and Chilterns Tourist Board; à ÃDiscovering the Thames and ChilternsÄ Ä; Shire Publications; Aylesbury, 1974, p. 24.] Another source says it was brought to England by the Empress Matilda in 1125. She presented it to her father, Henry I, who placed it in Reading Abbey. It was hidden in the foundations of Reading Gaol at the time of the Dissolution and rediscovered by workmen in Oct 1786. ??Source. [Timpson (2), p. 191 with photo.] ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe reliquary of San Galgano, belonging to the church of Frosini, Umbria, now on loan to the Opera del Duomo, Orvieto, contains relics of St. James (which?) [Gauthier, pp. 169 & 172]. ÁÁIn 1145, Bishop Atto of Pistoia, Toscana, received a bone of the skull and a lock of the hair of St. James from the relics at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, leading to Pistoia becoming a starting point for the pilgrimage to Compostela [Gauthier, pp. 184©185]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. James the Great, Longinus and Sunidonius [Bauer et al., p. 250]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁIn the early 1980s, the Italian newspaper ÃÃRepublicaÄÄ made an inventory of relics. They found enough bones of St. George to make thirty complete skeletons; nine heads and eighteen arms of the Apostle James; and ten skulls of John the Baptist. [Reported in the ÃÃSunday ExpressÄÄ, which was reproduced or excerpted in: Royston Jeans & Alan Kamin; à ÃNews from a Square WorldÄ Ä; Unwin, 1986, p. 71.] ÁÁSee also under Mary ÀMÀ Pillar of Saragossa. ÁÁThe head of St. JAMES THE LESS was at S. Giorgio, Venice, Veneto, in the 15C. ÁÁThe head is also in the Reliquary Chapel of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 207]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁA left foot of Szent JÀÀNOS (= St. JOHN, but which one??) is in the treasury of the Coronation (MÀÀtyÀÀs) Church on Castle Hill, Budapest. ÁÁTwo phials of the blood of S. JANUARIUS liquefy several times each year in Naples, Campania. The dates are 19 Sep ÀMÀ his feast day, 16 Dec and the first Sunday in May. The miracles are first recorded in 1389. The blood failed to liquefy in 1527, 1835, 1944, May 1976. The Saint was beheaded in 305 in nearby Pozzuoli, where blood stains on a marble slab become damp simultaneously with the liquefaction in Naples. [Sari Gilbert; Naples survives, by a miracle; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (31 May 1976) ??.] The blood is kept in the Chapel of S. Gennario, in the Cathedral. Other guide book only cite the May and Sep liquefactions [ENIT, p. 11; à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 157]. ÁÁ[G. Brandreth; à ÃThe Amazing AlmanacÄ Ä; Pelham Books, London, 1981, p. 139] asserts it has been displayed 18 times a year for five centuries and has liquefied every time. ÁÁR. T. Gould [à ÃEnigmasÄ Ä = à ÃUnexplained Facts: Enigmas and CuriositiesÄ Ä; 1945, p. 31] notes that the blood had no trouble accommodating to the Gregorian calendar in 1582. ÁÁAlexander Dumas relates the following story in his book on Naples. In the 1799 revolution, Napoleonic officers came to the defence of the poor. The clergy asserted that the blood would be unlikely to liquefy as long the republic persisted. General Championnet led the prelate to the shrine, put a sword to his throat and said that if the blood did not liquefy in five minutes, then he would dispatch the prelate. The blood liquefied instantly. [Christopher Hitchens; Stalemate, Italian Style; ÃÃNew StatesmanÄÄ (25 Jun 1976).] ÁÁ[Timbs (2), p. 111] says the blood is said to have been preserved in a dry state for ages, then liquefied spontaneously, rising and boiling at the top of its container. He says that a M. Salverte says the blood is made by reddening sulphuric ether with alkanet root and then saturating it with spermaceti. This is solid up to about 10ÃÃoÄÄ above freezing (he doesn't specify what temperature scale he is using) but melts and boils at 20ÃÃoÄÄ which can be obtained by holding the vial in the hand. ÁÁIt has recently been noted that the vial of blood is repeatedly inverted to see if it has liquified. There are many thixotropic substances, i.e. jelly©like substances which turn liquid when agitated, something like ketchup. Recent experiments have produced several such substances which look and behave like the blood on S. Januarius and others. Some of these are pigments found near active volcanoes and whose properties have been known since the early middle ages. There are also waxy substances which liquefy at about 30ÃÃoÄÄC. Another example is a sample of the congealed blood of S. Lorenzo in the church at Amaseno, near Naples, which liquefies every 10 Aug. [Nigel Williams; Chemical test clue to blood miracles; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (10 Oct 1991) ??. Alix Kirsta; The crying game; ÃÃThe Guardian WeekendÄÄ (9 Dec 2000) 26©34.] ÁÁThere are catacombs of S. Januarius to the north of Naples, where the relics were transferred in the 5C, from Pozzuoli [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 157]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. JAOUA is in the chapel of St.©Jaoua, FinistÀ/Àre [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 46]. ÁÁThe tomb of S. JEROME is in a chapel across from the Borghese Chapel in S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, Lazio, Italy [Curd, p. 48]. However, [Becker, p. 61] says that he made his 'Vulgate' translation of the Bible in the Chapel of St. Hieronymus (= Jerome) in the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, and that he is buried nearby. ÁÁSS. Eusebius of Cremona, Eustochium, JEROME and Paula are buried under the Chapel of the Holy Innocents in Bethlehem [Jahshan & Jahshan, p.55]. ÁÁThe sword of St. JOAN OF ARC was in St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, but was destroyed in the Revolution [Culbertson & Randall, p. 199]. A possible portrait of her has recently been uncovered. ÁÁPope JOAN, if she really existed, was John VIII who reigned in 853©855. However, the common references to her begin in the mid 13C and the Catholic Church maintains that the legends began then. But recent research has turned up six earlier references, including one from 937. There is a Vicus Papissa in Rome, which is avoided by the Pope. The 13C stories say that after giving birth somewhere between the Coliseum and St. Clement's church, she was dragged by a horse and stoned and buried at the spot where she died. At the point a inscription was placed: PETRE PATRUM PAPISSE PODITO PARTUM (This Peter, the father of fathers, gave birth to a child). See: Peter Stanford; à ÃThe She©Pope: A Quest for the Truth behind the Mystery of Pope JoanÄ Ä; Heinemann, 1998 ÀMÀ NYS [Carmen Callil; Saint Uncumber and the Whisperers; ÃÃDaily TelegraphÄÄ Arts & Books section (11 Apr 1998) A2. Stein & MacNee, pp. 36©38.] ÁÁPrincess St. JOANA, daughter of King Alfonso V of Portugal, retired to the Convent of Jesus in Aveiro, Portugal, in 1472 and died there in 1490. Her beautiful tomb is in the church and the room where she died is now an oratory. There are portraits of her in the museum. [à ÃMGG©PortugalÄ Ä, pp. 46©47.] ÁÁA foot of Szent JÀÀNOS (= St. JOHN, but which one??) is in the treasury of the MÀÀtyÀÀs Church on Castle Hill, Budapest. ÁÁThere is a tomb of a St. JOHN in Worcester Cathedral, Hereford & Worcester [English Heritage]. (I wonder if this is an error for King John, who is buried there??) ÁÁSt. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM ( ©407) died in banishment at Cucusus (on the border of Cilicia and Armenia), but his body was triumphantly returned to Constantinople in 438 and was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles. The tomb was probably rifled during the Sack of Constantinople, but a pulpit and throne of his (probably of the 17C) are displayed in the Patriarchal Church in Istanbul. His head is in the Cathedral of Pisa, Toscana. [Hutton, pp. 20-21, 120 & 155©156.] ÁÁSt. JOHN FISHER (1468©1535) was Chancellor of Cambridge University and Bishop of Rochester who was executed by Henry VIII at Tower Hill. Buried in Barking Abbey. Canonised in 1935 in the first group of canonisations of Englishmen since Osmund in 1457. Cf Thomas More. [Vince, p. 29.] ÁÁSt. JOHN KEMBLE was a Catholic priest who was hanged, drawn and quartered at Hereford, Herefordshire, in 1679. A mummified hand was preserved at St. Francis Xavier in Hereford. In Jul 1995, the parish priest had a stroke and was not expected to live, but the curate applied the hand to the priest's brow and he soon recovered. [Mark Lawson; Touched by the hand of God, believe me; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (24 Jul 1995) 11.] There are also relics in the Catholic church in Monmouth, Herefordshire [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 292]. ÁÁSt. JOHN (of) NEPOMUK (sv. Jan NepomuckÀUÀ) was a rather minor priest who was thrown off the Charles Bridge in Prague in 1393 on the orders of VÀÀclav IV, allegedly for refusing to divulge the secrets of his queen's confessions. This began the Czech tradition of throwing people from high places. A cluster of stars is said to have appeared over the spot where he drowned. The point where he was supposedly thrown from the bridge is marked by a cross and stars in the balustrade. After the Thirty Years War, the Jesuits rediscovered him and established his cult and got him canonized in 1729. His undecayed tongue was discovered, but it was apparently his brain. He is buried in a silver tomb in the Cathedral of St. Vitus (sv. Vit), Prague Castle, on which a cherub is pointing to the severed tongue. In reality, he backed the wrong side in a dispute between the King and the Archbishop and the King had him tortured on the rack, along with two fellow priests who signed statements that they had not been mistreated. However John expired before signing and his body was secretly dumped in the river. The Vatican finally admitted the true story in 1961. [à ÃBG©PragueÄ Ä, p. 140. Humphreys, pp. 55©56.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of: Anne; Anthony of Padua; Donatus; Francis Xavier; John Nepomuk ÀMÀ these being the patron saints of the Habsburgs [Bauer et al., pp. 331©332]. ÁÁSt. JOHN OF BEVERLEY (640©721) was Bishop of Hexham and Archbishop of York. Canonized in 1037. He is buried at the E end of the nave of Beverley Minster, Beverley, East Yorkshire. [à ÃBG©EnglandÄ Ä, p. 626. Vince, p. 29.] ÁÁSt. JOHN OF DAMASCUS ( ©749), 8C theologian, lived and died in the monastery of St. Saba, east of Bethlehem, and is buried there [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 59]. ÁÁSt. JOHN OF GOD (San Juan de Dios) (1495©1550) was born in Montemor©o©novo, Portugal [à ÃMGG-PortugalÄ Ä, p. 107]. He founded the Knights Hospitallers. He died in Granada, Andalusia, Spain, and his funerary urn is in the church of San Juan de Dios there [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 122]. Henry Wellcome acquired a reliquary said to contain a splinter from his walking stick ÀMÀ this is now in the Science Museum, London [Christine Bradley, Ruth Greenberg & Danielle Olsen; à ÃMedicine Man: the forgotten museum of Henry Wellcome (1853©1936)Ä Ä; guide for the exhibition at the BM, 2003, item M25]. ÁÁSt. JOHN OF THE CROSS (1542©1591) escaped from imprisonment in a monastery near the AlcÀÀntara Bridge in Toledo, Castile©La Mancha, Spain. A plaque on the town wall near the bridge commemorates this. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 240.] ÁÁJOHN SCHORNE (or Schorn) ( ©1314 or 1308), rector of North Marston, Buckinghamshire, in the 15C, was believed to have enticed the devil into a boot and bestowed healing powers on the village well and his cult was popular. St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, was in need of attractive relics and so the bones were translated to Windsor in 1478 or 1481, by Edward IV. The shrine and relics appear to have been demolished at the Reformation. Schorne was never canonised, but is commemorated by the jack©in©the©box! [Hill, p. 57. Turner, p. 25.] ÁÁThe mummified body of St. JOHN THE ALMSGIVER (= S. Giovanni Elemosinario) was brought (= stolen) from Alexandria to Venice in 1247 and is in San Giovanni in BrÀÀgora, Venice, Veneto [à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 116; Buckley & Robinson, p. 177]. ÁÁà ÃJOHN THE BAPTISTÄ Ä was born to Joachim and Elisabeth at Ein Kerem, a few miles west of Jerusalem. The visitation of Mary to her cousin Elisabeth took place here. The Grotto of the Nativity of John is in the Franciscan Monastery. [Becker, p. 63.] ÁÁ[Roberts©Crolly, IV©19] relates that John was imprisoned, beheaded and buried at Sebaste (anciently Samaria) and there is a church on the site, attributed to Helena, but probably due to the Crusaders. A footnote says that Josephus relates that the beheading took place at the Castle of MachÀ%Àrus, to the east of the Dead Sea. ÁÁMedieval legend about St. John the Baptist, as depicted in Geertgen tot Sint Jans' ÃÃLegend of the Relics of St. John the BaptistÄÄ of c1485, now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna [à ÃGuide to the CollectionsÄ Ä, 1988, p. 298], asserts that the head and body were buried separately, but exhumed and burnt by Julian the Apostate in 362. However, in the 13C, unburned relics were discovered and delivered to the Knights of St. John at Acre. These were lost at the end of the Crusades, but the Sultan returned them in 1484. ÁÁ[Runciman-1, p. 41] says that in c8C, the head was in Damascus and the body was in Samaria. A lady of Maurienne took a thumb back to Europe(?). [Ibid., p. 50] says the hair was in Constantinople in the 11C. ÁÁLyall relates that arms of St. John the Baptist are at Siena, Dubrovnik and the Chapel Royal in Madrid. He also says that one was at Antioch, but it was thrust into the mouth of a marauding dragon. He doesn't tell what happened, either to the dragon or the arm. The one in Siena was presented to Pius II by Thomas Palaeologus. [Lyall, pp. 163-164.] ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS SITES, in alphabetical order. ÁÁThe 'decapitation cloth' of John the Baptist was brought to Aachen, NordrheinªWestfalen, Germany, by Charlemagne and is in the Treasury of the Cathedral of Aachen. [Rorimer, p. 99] says it is the shroud of John and is or was in the Shrine of the Virgin. ÁÁThe skull of St. John the Baptist is in the Treasury of the Cathedral at Amiens, Somme, France. It was brought in 1206 by Wallon de Sarton who found it during the Sack of Constantinople in 1204. A lower jaw bone, claimed to be that of St. John the Baptist, has been at Verdun, Meuse, since the 17C. Examination in 1958-59 showed the Verdun piece to be from the Middle Ages, while the Amiens skull was 1000 to 2500 years old. [G. Prache; à ÃHistoire du Chef de Saint-Jean-Baptiste ConservÀ)À a AmiensÄ Ä; [The Cathedral], Amiens, 1982, pp. 5 & 13-15.] Another head of was in the church of the Templars at Temple, Paris [Hare (2), p. 148]. ÁÁA head was in Angeli (not further identified) [Van Biema]. ÁÁRelics of clothes of John the Baptist are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of John the Baptist (pieces of the head and 'carillus') [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁA head was in Constantinople [Van Biema]. ÁÁThe head of St. John the Baptist is allegedly in a tomb in a crypt in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus [Azzi, pp. 516 & 528]. [à ÃBION©11Ä Ä] says the grave of St. John is there. ÁÁThere is an index finger, another finger bone, a bit of the jaw bone and two other bones of John the Baptist in the Opera del Duomo, Florence, Toscana [DBS]. ÁÁThe ashes of St. John the Baptist are in the Cathedral of Genoa (Genova), Liguria, [à ÃBG-NIÄ Ä, p. 97]. The relics were landed near the church of S. Giovanni di PrÀ/À [Geoffrey Fletcher; à ÃItalian ImpressionsÄ Ä; Allen & Unwin, London, 1974, p. 37]. ÁÁThere is a head reliquary, said to be that of John the Baptist, in the Kestner Museum in Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 157]. ÁÁThere is a right arm and hand and the occipital bone in the Treasury of Topkapi, Istanbul [Geoffrey Godwin; Gifts of the Sultan ÀMÀ Review of: à ÃTopkapi: The TreasuryÄ Ä; ÃÃTimes Literary SupplementÄÄ (14 Aug 1987) 866]. The sign on the exhibit refers to the hand and occipital bone, but one reliquary is distinctly a right forearm and hand, but with only the bone of the back of the hand exposed [DBS]. [Sabahattin TÀGÀrkoÀuÀlu; à ÃThe Topkapi PalaceÄ Ä; 19th ed., NET Turistik Yayinlar, Istanbul, 1993, p. 67] refers to hand, arm and skull bones and says it is not known when or how these relics got to Topkapi, but they were there c1500. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary including relics of John the Baptist in St. Georg Cathedral, Limburg an der Lahn, Hessen [Gauthier, pp. 68©69 & 72]. ÁÁThere was 'A piece of Stone of Saint ÃÃJohn BaptistsÄÄ Tombe' in Tradescant's Ark, London [Tradescant, p. 43]. ÁÁThere was a finger of John the Baptist at the Priory of the Holy Trinity, Mottisfont, Hampshire. The Priory was founded in the 13C. [Pepin, p. 55.] ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of John the Baptist [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁAn index finger is in the Church of the Annunciation (or Catholicon) in the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 272]. ÁÁA drop of the blood of John is in the larger church of St. George in the Monastery of Xerophontos, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 292]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of John the Baptist [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁThe first joint of the index finger of John the Baptist was brought to what is now St.ªJean©du©Doigt, FinistÀ/Àre, in c1420 or 1437 [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 220; Ward, p. 209]. ÁÁThe body of St. John the Baptist was reported to have been found at the monastery of St. Makar, 60 miles NW of Cairo, along with Elisha. Tradition says they were brought from Palestine to Alexandria in the 4C and to the monastery in the 11C. Reports were not very clear however. [Anon; Bodies of St. John, Elisha reported found in Egypt; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (15 Nov 1978) ??.] ÁÁThe tombs of John the Baptist, ELISHA and OBADAIAH are in the Church of St. John the Baptist, Samaria (now Sebaste) ÀMÀ but [Becker, p. 65] describes them as empty niches. [Roberts©Crolly, IV©22] says the "the tombs of Elisha and of Obadiah are said to have formerly existed here." A bit to the west is a crypt where legend says the head of John was hidden after the feast at Herod's palace ÀMÀ but the palace was nowhere near here [Becker, p. 66]. ÁÁVenice, Veneto, acquired part of the body of St. John the Baptist after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 [Okey (2), p. 82]. ÁÁThe right hand of John the Baptist, cut off by Luke who found the exhumed body too large to carry off, was in Rhodes. It was carried off to Malta, whence the last Grand Master took it to Russia in 1798. [Durrell (& Torr), pp. 112 & 154.] Napoleon took the ring off the hand, in Malta, saying: "The hand is yours. But the ring suits mine better." [ÃÃObserver MagazineÄÄ (11 Jul 1976) 13. ??Get.] The right hand was presented by the Eastern Roman Emperor to a Venetian bishop who took it to Venice in c1110 [Okey (2), p. 50]. ÁÁA marble slab stained with the blood of John when he was beheaded is in the Baptistery of S. Marco, Venice [Okey (2), p. 302]. ÁÁA tooth of St. John is in the Schatzkammer, Vienna. It was kept in the Imperial Cross Reliquary in 1246. [Bauer et al., p. 180.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁIn the early 1980s, the Italian newspaper ÃÃRepublicaÄÄ made an inventory of relics. They found enough bones of St. George to make thirty complete skeletons; nine heads and eighteen arms of the Apostle James; and ten skulls of John the Baptist. [Reported in the ÃÃSunday ExpressÄÄ, which was reproduced or excerpted in: Royston Jeans & Alan Kamin; à ÃNews from a Square WorldÄ Ä; Unwin, 1986, p. 71.] ÁÁSt. JOHN THE DIVINE (or the Theologian) is said to have written the Apocalypse (= book of Revelation) on Patmos, Greece, in the Cave of St. Anne, now in a small church in the Monastery (or Convent) of the Apocalypse. The tripartite crack in the rock, caused by the voice of God confirming the doctrine of the Trinity, can be seen near the spot where John rested his head ÀMÀ marked by a silver halo. The site was abandoned by centuries until Emperor Alexis Comnenus gave it to St. Christodulos for a monastery in 1088. [Lancaster (2), p. 136. Bradford, pp. 221©222.] ÁÁTraditionally, this St. John was identified with the Evangelist and was said to have fled Ephesus, Turkey, for Patmos during the persecutions of Domitian (sometime between 90 and 95), but returned to Ephesus after Domitian's death in 96 and died there in his 90s. However Biblical scholars have long noted that the style of writing is totally different and that the author of Revelation never identifies himself as the apostle and doesn't use the term 'beloved disciple' that the Evangelist used. The King James (Authorised) Version calls the author of Revelation St. John the Divine. [Eastman, pp. 312©313.] ÁÁThe Acts of St. John, written by his disciple Prochorous, describes the various miracles John performed on Patmos, but makes no mention of his writing the Revelation there. Indeed Prochorous may have taken down the Revelation from John's dictation, so he should have known where it occurred. [Bradford, pp. 221©222.] ÁÁSt. JOHN THE EVANGELIST has been confused with St. John the Divine, qv. ÁÁThe tomb of St. John is in the ruined church of St. John in Ephesus, Turkey, where he is supposed to have lived with Mary and died. [Turkish Ministry of Tourism and Information; à ÃTurkey: Aegean RegionÄ Ä; 1968. Freely, p. 159; Freely (2), pp. 260 & 272. See also under Mary ÀMÀ Houses.] [Freely, pp. 152©153; Freely (2), pp. 260 & 272] says John and perhaps Mary came here about +53. ÁÁThere was a tooth of St. John (which??) at Grandmont Treasury, Haute©Vienne, then distributed to the church of Milhaguet in 1792 which deposited it in the Museum at Limoges, Haute©Vienne, from which it was stolen in 1980 [Gauthier, pp. 34 & 56©57]. ÁÁRelics of the cell and garments were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, pp. 74©75]. ÁÁThe hand of St. John was at St. Paul's Cathedral, London [Kent, p. 77]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁA finger of St. John the Evangelist was preserved at St. John, beside the Archbishop's residence, Nicosia, Cyprus [Nagel, p. 43]. ÁÁHe was boiled in oil, but unharmed, at the site of S. Giovanni in Oleo, Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 219]. ÁÁThe head of St. John was once in S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome, Lazio, Italy. The sculptor Filarete was accused of trying to steal it after 1447. [John Pope-Hennessy; à ÃItalian Renaissance SculptureÄ Ä; Phaidon, 1958, p. 332.] ÁÁThe skeleton of (a) St. John is in the crypt of the cathedral of Sv. Lovro [St. Lawrence] in Trogir, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 71]. There is also a hand in the Chapel of St. Jerome [Ibid., p. 73.] ÁÁA finger is (was?) at the Monastery of Varlaam in the Meteora region of Greece [de Jongh, p. 171]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with three separate chain links, said to have used to chain SS. John, Paul and Peter. There is also a fragment of John's robe. [Bauer et al., pp. 178©180.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁPope JOHN XXIII ( ©1963) was beatified in Sep 2000 and seems set for canonization in the near future. Within hours of his death, he was carefully embalmed with formalin and placed in a triple coffin from which oxygen had been removed. On 16 Jan 2001, he was exhumed and found to be thoroughly mummified and placed in a crystal coffin (treated to block ultra©violet) and put on display in St. Peter's. Sadly the face has been covered with a wax mask despite a report that his face was intact and immediately recognisable. A more religious report stated that the remains have survived uncorrupted for almost 38 years. [Rory Carroll; Pope welcomes embalmed predecessor on a saintly mission; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (4 Jun 2001) 9. Philip Willan; The saints preserve us ÀMÀ and a pope; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (28 Mar 2001) 11.] ÁÁFor St. JOSEPH of ARIMATHEA, see also under Grail, which says he came to Glastonbury, Somerset, and is buried there. ÁÁThe tombs of Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus are commonly believed to be in a Jewish hypogeum beside the Chapel of the Syrians or Jacobites in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem [Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 2-3; Becker, p. 35]. ÁÁJUAN DIEGO ÀMÀ see under Virgin of Guadalupe in Images of the Virgin. ÁÁ"One of the thirty pieces of silver; wax impressions of which, if made by the priest in Passion Week, were efficacious in travail of child-birth and in peril by sea" was in Rhodes [Durrell (quoted from Torr), p. 112]. ÁÁThe JUDAS tree in the Valley of Hinom, outside Jerusalem, is claimed to be the one on which Judas Iscariot hanged himself [à ÃBION©18Ä Ä, p. 140]. [Timbs (2), p. 98] says he is supposed to have hung himself from and elder, or a fig tree. ÁÁAkeldama or Aceldamus, at the bottom of a steep valley below the south wall of Jerusalem, is the 'field of blood'. Matthew says it was previously called the Potter's Field and the Jewish priests bought it with the 30 pieces of silver after Judas threw them down and hanged himself. Its use as a burial ground for strangers led to the widespread use of the term 'potter's field'. However Luke just says Judas died here. ??Check. [Patrick Cockburn; Sealed with a loving kiss; ÃÃIndependent on Sunday ÀMÀ Sunday ReviewÄÄ (23 Mar 1997) 4©5.] [Timbs, p. 7] relates that a cave with many bones was discovered here in 1839 by a Dr. Wild and many more chambers and bones were subsequently found. Wild asserted that the skulls were not Jewish. ÁÁThe museum of Ferdinand II at Schloss Amras in the Tyrol, founded in 1564, contained in 1596 a piece of the rope with which Judas hanged himself [W. N. Edwards; à ÃThe Early History of PalaeontologyÄ Ä; op. cit. at Christopher, p. 43]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁSt. JUDE is also known as Thaddeus or Lebbaeus. ÁÁThere is an arm reliquary of St. JUDICAÀ,ÀL in the church of Paimpont, Ille©et©Vilaine [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 174]. ÁÁSt. JULIAN was martyred at Brioude, Haute©Loire, in the Auvergne region of France. There is a basilica on the site. [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 91]. [Foligno, pp. 26©29] relates that in 1050, Bishop Bernard of Padua had a vision of where St. Julian and the Holy Innocents were buried. After appropriate fasting and prayer, they excavated in the Church of S. Giustina, Padua, Veneto, and "two big tombs appeared, iron girt, which contained the bodies". However, Foligno says no more about these relics. ÁÁSt. JULIANA was martyred in Asia Minor. Her relics are in the Collegiate Church in Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Spain. Santillana is a contraction of Santa Juliana. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 209.] ÁÁJulius ÀMÀ see: Giulio. ÁÁThe tomb of St. JUNIUS (Junien) (6C) is behind the altar of the CollÀ)Àgiale St©Junien in St. Junien, Haute©Vienne. The relics are processed in an ostentation every seven years. [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 25 & 159.] ÁÁThe clothed skeletons of St. JUST and St. Boniface are in the church of St. Thomas (sv. TomÀÀÀ±À), LetenskÀÀ, near MalostranskÀ)À nÀÀmÀkÀstÀ1À, MalÀÀ Strana, Prague [Humphreys, pp. 79©80]. ÁÁThere are relics of St. JUSTIN in S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 193]. ÁÁThe relics of St. Justin were brought from Rome to HÀ?Àchst, a suburb of Frankfurt, Hessen, in the 9C, and St. Justin's Church (Justinuskirche) was built to hold them [à ÃBaedeker's FrankfurtÄ Ä; (1983), Automobile Association, 1985, p. 64]. However, the guidebook to the church says the relics were translated to St. Albanskloster in Mainz in 1298. ÁÁA mass of hidden bones found in the 19C restoration of St. David's Cathedral, Wales, is thought to include those of St. David and/or St. JUSTINIAN. [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, pp. 357 & 359.] ÁÁSt. KENELM ( ©819) was murdered in Worcestershire. His body was taken to Winchcombe Abbey, Gloucestershire, and enshrined there. A nearby well and chapel mark the last resting place of the body enroute to the Abbey, the well appearing at that time. ÁÁSt. Kentigern ("Chief Lord") is generally known as St. Mungo ("Dear One"), qv. ÁÁQueen KETEVAN was Queen of Georgia when it was pillaged by Shah Abbas the Great, c1600? She was carried off to Shiraz, Iran, and martyred when she refused to convert to Islam and marry the Shah (she was already a widowed grandmother!) Her body was taken to Lisbon and thence to Goa in 1627. Though Greek Orthodox, she was adopted as a Catholic saint. She was buried in St. Augustine, Goa. In the late 20C, the Georgian government requested the return of her remains, as she is well known and popular in Georgia. Unfortunately, the church has largely collapsed and the location of her grave within the church is extremely vaguely recorded ÀMÀ she is buried 'to the right of the altar', but this doesn't say whether you should be facing the altar or away from it, and the fact that there were four altars doesn't help. Several excavations have failed to uncover her. [Luke Harding; Georgians seek bones of martyred queen; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (25 Jun 2000) 24.] ÁÁSt. KEVIN (d. 618) is buried at St. Mary's Church, Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. Nearby is St. Saviour's where there is a hollowed stone into which Kevin milked a mysterious white doe to feed a foundling. St. Kevin's bed, on the upper lake, is where he would retire to avoid the attentions of a lady. He awoke one morning to find her beside the bed and promptly pushed her into the lake! There is a St. Kevin's cell nearby. [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, pp. 141©142; à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, pp. 115©117.] ÁÁSt. KIERAN was buried at Tullaherin, a bit north of Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny, Ireland [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 150]. There are a chapel, well and crosses of Kieran at Kells, Co. Meath, Ireland [à ÃBG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 279] ÀMÀ see under Columba for a struggle over one of the crosses in the River Blackwater. He is also said to be buried at Temple Kieran, Clonmacnois, Co. Offaly, Ireland [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 69]. ÁÁSS. Colonat, Totnan and KILIAN were missionaries near WÀGÀrzburg, Bayern, where they were martyred in 689. Their skulls are in the high altar of WÀGÀrzburg Cathedral (NeumÀGÀnster). Kilian is the patron of Franconia. His tomb is in the west crypt. Relics of Colonat and Totnan are in the Schatzkammer, Vienna. [Bauer et al., p. 267. à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 300.] ÁÁLADISLAUS ÀMÀ see LÀÀSZLÀ:À. ÁÁThere is a shrine of St. LAICHTIN's arm in the National Museum, Dublin, Ireland. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a fragment of the reed and relics of SS. LAMBERT, Peter and Sigismund [Bauer et al., p. 244]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary with the skull of St. Lambert in the Cathedral of St. Venan, Vence, Alpes©Maritimes, where he had been an early bishop. ÁÁThere is a reliquary containing the skull of St. Lambert in the Treasury of the CathÀ)Àdrale St©Paul in LiÀ/Àge (Luik, Liege), LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 237]. Cf Hubert, which indicates Lambert was Bishop of Tongres©Maastricht and was martyred in the late 7C. ÁÁThere is an arm reliquary of St. LANDELIN at Crespin, Nord, France [Rorimer, p. 108]. ÁÁSome bones of S. LANDRY were taken from his shrine at Notre Dame, Paris, to the church of S. Landry, demolished in 1849 [Hare (2), p. 290]. ÁÁThe body of Ven. S. VERONICA LAPARELLI is in the church of S.S. TrinitÀ!À in Cortona, Toscana [Setteposte & Belardi, p. 66]. ÁÁThere is a well of St. LASERIAN at the Protestant Cathedral of Oldleighlin, near Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, pp. 148©149]. ÁÁReliquary busts of the Hungarian saints Emmerich (= Imre), King Ladislaus (= Szent LÀÀSZLÀ:À) and King Stephen (= Szent IstvÀÀn) (of Hungary) were at Vienna but were passed to Hungary in 1933 and they are now in the National Museum in Budapest [Bauer et al., p. 332]. In GyÀ?Àr, Hungary, the cathedral on KÀÀptalandomb has a reliquary bust containing a piece of the skull of LÀÀszlÀ;À [à ÃHungary ÀMÀ The Rough GuideÄ Ä, 1992, p. 180]. ÁÁPart of the gridiron on which St. LAWRENCE ( ©258) was toasted is in S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 148]. Another part, and his chains, are in the Opera del Duomo, Florence, Toscana [DBS]. He was martyred on the site of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna in Rome [à ÃBG©RomeÄ Ä, p. 183]. [R. E. Taylor, p. 101] says S. Lorenzo was built on the site where SS Lorenzo & Cyriaca were buried, but he doesn't indicate which S. Lorenzo. ÁÁAt the Dissolution, 'the coals that St. Lawrence was toasted withal' were at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk [Welfare & Fairley, p. 2]. ÁÁWilliams [p. 25] says that his relics were a papal gift to the King of Northumbria in the 7C. ÁÁThere is a bone of St. Lawrence in S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome [DBS]. There are relics of SS. Lawrence, Stephen and Justin in S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 193]. ÁÁThere is supposed to be a head of St. Lawrence in the Cathedral of Dubrovnik, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 129]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Lawrence [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁRelics of Lawrence are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThere are relics in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 338©339]. ÁÁThere is a sample of the congealed blood of S. Lorenzo in the church at Amaseno, near Naples, which liquefies every 10 Aug [Alix Kirsta; The crying game; ÃÃThe Guardian WeekendÄÄ (9 Dec 2000) 26©34]. ÁÁA capsule reliquary from Eu, now in the MusÀ)Àe DÀ)Àpartemental des AntiquitiÀ)Às, Rouen, Seine©Maritime, contained the chasuble in which St. LAWRENCE O'TOOLE (Archbishop of Dublin, d. 1180 at Eu) was buried [Gauthier, pp. 106©107]. ÁÁHis embalmed heart is in the east chapel of Christ Church, Dublin, Co. Dublin, Ireland [à ÃBG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 115]. ÁÁHis effigy is in the crypt of Notre©Dame et St©Laurent in Eu [Ward, p. 63]. ÁÁSt. LAZARUS was raised from the dead at Bethany, or El©ÀÀAziriyeh or El©Azaryeh, which derive from Lazarus. This is just south of Jerusalem. The Sepulchre of Lazarus is there. [Roberts©Crolly, III©19; Becker, p. 50; Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 79©80.] ÁÁThe body of St. Lazarus, the 'friend of Christ' and first Bishop of Kition (Larnaca), Cyprus, was found in Larnaca. It went to Constantinople during the reign of Leo VI. It was stolen and carried to Marseilles. The sarcophagus remains in Larnaca. [Nagel, p. 79.] There is a tomb of Lazarus on the outskirts of Marseilles (Marseille), Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne, [Lyall (2), p. 130]. ÁÁThe relics of St. Lazarus were found in the Cathedral of Saint©Nazaire, Loire©Atlantique, about 1120. The Cathedral of Autun, SaÀ=Àne©et©Loire, was begun then and the relics were transferred to Autun in 1147. [Denis Grivat; à ÃAutunÄ Ä; 2nd ed., Zodiaque, 1971, p. 3.] Another source says they were brought from Marseilles by Gerard de Rousillon in 1079. The tomb was broken up in 1766 ÀMÀ a few fragments are in the nearby MusÀ)Àe Rolin. [à ÃMGG-BourgogneÄ Ä, pp. 39 & 41.] ÁÁThree pieces of the silk winding sheet used for the relics survive at Autun, at the MusÀ)Àe de Cluny, Paris, and at the MusÀ)Àe des Arts DÀ)Àcoratifs, Lyons (Lyon), RhÀ=Àne [Gauthier, pp. 47-49]. ÁÁThe head of St. Lazarus was placed in the À(Àglise St-Lazar in Avallon, Yonne, Burgundy, by Henri le Grand, Duke of Burgundy, in the early 11C [à ÃMGG-BourgogneÄ Ä, p. 48]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Lazarus [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a reliquary with several items and an identifying band at the top. This does not have a detailed museum label, but the photo in Bauer et al., aided by my memory, indicates it contains relics of the Three Magi, of the skull of St. Christopher, of the 11,000 Virgins, of St. Stephen, of the Holy Land, of (illegible) and of Pope St. LEO. [Bauer et al., p. 235.] ÁÁSt. LEOCADIA appeared in a vision to St. Ildefonso and the King. The site was at a 7C Visigothic temple where the present church of Cristo de la Vega, Toledo, Castile©La Mancha [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 240.] ÁÁThe relics of St. LEONARD were brought to Frankfurt, Hessen, in 1323 and a parish church was rededicated to him, now St. Leonhard [à ÃBaedeker's FrankfurtÄ Ä; (1983), Automobile Association, 1985, p. 106]. ÁÁThe relics of St. Leonard, godson of Clovis and a hermit near the Vienne in the early 6C, are in the church of St.-LÀ)Àonard©de©Noblat, Haute©Vienne [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 161]. ÁÁ(Are these the same saint??) ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a finger bone of St. LEOPOLD III (1095©1136), patron saint of Lower Austria [Bauer et al., pp. 272©273] and another relic [Bauer et al., p. 274]. A reliquary bust was in Vienna but was given to a monastery and is now at the Monastery of St. Paul in the Lavant valley (St. Paul in Lavanttal). A replacement version was made and is now in the Schatzkammer, Vienna. [Bauer et al., p. 332.] ÁÁThe tomb of St. LÀ(ÀRY is in the church of St.©LÀ)Àry, Morbihan [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 173]. ÁÁSt. LEUFFROI ÀMÀ see: Thuriaf. ÁÁSt. LEWINNA, 7C Sussex martyr, was buried at Alfriston, East Sussex [Pepin, p. 35]. ÁÁThe relics of St. LIBORIUS were translated from Le Mans to Paderborn, NordrheinªWestfalen, Germany, in 836. According to legend, a peacock flew (or walked) ahead of the procession, showing the way, collapsing in death at the goal. Liborius soon became the town's patron saint and the symbol of the peacock is common. His relics are in the crypt of the Cathedral (Dom) and there is a shrine in the DiÀ?Àzesanmuseum. [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 228-229.] ÁÁThe Cathedral of SigÀGÀenza, Castile©La Mancha, Spain, has a reliquary chapel of St. LIBRADA. She and her eight sisters, all born on the same day, were martyred and may all be here. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 224.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. James the Great, LONGINUS and Sunidonius [Bauer et al., p. 250]. ÁÁThe tomb of a Longinus Sdapeze (c8©c48) was uncovered at Colchester in 1928. He was a ÃÃduplicariusÄÄ of the First Squadron of the Thracian Cavalry and was killed by an assailant on the highway. In 1998, local historians suggested this might be ÃÃtheÄÄ Longinus, claiming that records of Roman troop movements show he would have been in Jerusalem at the right time. Actually, the incident of the lance is only mentioned in the Gospel of John, generally considered the latest and least reliable of the gospels and John does not give the name of the soldier who had the lance! [Michael Horsnell; Could this be the soldier who lanced Christ's side?; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (13 Apr 1998) 7.] ÁÁSt. LOUIS (King Louis IX) (1214©1270) died on a Crusade to North Africa. The flesh was removed from his bones by boiling and buried in the church of Monreale, Palermo, Sicily. His bones were sent to St. Denis, Seine St©Denis, for burial. [Okey, p. 82.] A guidebook to the church of St. Denis does not show where these are buried nor any monument, but the graves were emptied out during the Revolution and the bones were later re©interred in the ossuary chapel in the crypt which has the bones of some 800 members of royalty. ÁÁPart of the skull is in the Sainte Chapelle, Paris [à ÃBION-24Ä Ä, p. 58]. [à ÃBION©16Ä Ä] says this is the top of his skull. 38 years after his death, his body was distributed as relics ÀMÀ the head went to the Sainte Chapelle, a rib went to Notre©Dame, etc. [Cronin, p. 158]. [Hare (2), p. 283] says King Philip the Fair took most of the head and a rib from St. Denis to the Sainte Chapelle. ÁÁThere is a 'cassette de S. Louis' in the Louvre, Paris, but it's not clear if this contains any relics. There are also a ring and a clasp for his mantle. [Hare (2), pp. 51©52.] There is a reliquary in the Chapter House of Notre Dame, Paris [Hare (2), p. 307]. A Bible and psalm book of his are in the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale, Paris [Hare (2), p. 507]. See St. Ferdinand for some items given by Louis to Ferdinand. ÁÁA cope of St. LOUIS OF TOULOUSE ( ©1297) is in a shrine of the Basilica of StªMaximim©la©Sainte©Baume [à ÃMGG©RivieraÄ Ä, p. 129]. ÁÁThe relics of the martyr LUCIDIUS were among those supposedly taken to Sant Pere de Rodes in c610 ÀMÀ cf Peter. ÁÁVenice acquired (= stole) the body of St. LUCY (martyred at Syracuse in 304) after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 [Okey (2), p. 82]. In the 15C, this was in a church of S. Lucia [Gascoigne], but this was demolished for the railway station in 1863 and the relics were moved to S. Geremia, where they are in a room on the right of her chapel (ask for it to be opened) [à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, pp. 173©174]. ÁÁThe bones of St. Lucy were in S. Geremia (& S. Lucia), on the island of S. Giorgio, Venice. They were kidnapped in 1981, though the thieves left the skull behind in their haste. She had been martyred in Syracuse. Her bones had been taken to Constantinople for safekeeping when the Arabs invaded Sicily, then removed to Venice by a Doge during the Fourth Crusade. [David Willey; Italian thieves ransom saints; ÃÃObserverÄÄ (13 Dec 1981) 8 ÀMÀ this report is considerably at variance with other sources.] [Welfare & Fairley, p. 99] assert she was in good shape at S. Geremia & S. Lucia in 1991. [Buckley & Robinson, pp. 133©134] says she was moved to S. Geremia, near the railway station (hence nowhere near S. Giorgio), in the 19C and was kidnapped in 1994, but soon returned. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Lucy [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁRelics of Lucy are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁ[Helen Waddell; à ÃMedieval Latin LyricsÄ Ä; (1929), 4th ed, (1933); Penguin, 1952, p. 336] says that relics of St. Lucia came from Sicily to Metz, Moselle, by the 11C. ÁÁThe tomb of St. LUDGER is in the abbey church of St. Ludger, Essen©Werden, Nordrhein©Westfalen, (near Essen), Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 126]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. LUDMILLA ( ©921), a patron saint of Bohemia and grandmother of Wenceslas, qv, who was strangled by her pagan daughter©in©law and hence Bohemia's first Christian martyr, is in a chapel of the Basilica of St. George (Basilika sv. JiÀ«ÀÀ1À) in Prague Castle [à ÃBG©PragueÄ Ä, p. 143]. ÁÁA tomb supposed to contain part of the body of St. à ÃLUKEÄ Ä is in S. Giustina, Padua [Foligno, pp. 168 & 237]. [Buckley & Robinson, p. 290] say it reputedly once contained the relics of Luke. ÁÁIn 2001, this was the subject of some investigation leading to a lengthy report with a deceptive headline [Olga Craig; DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua; ÃÃThe Sunday TelegraphÄÄ (21 Oct 2001) 17. Luke came from Antioch and died in Thebes, Greece, aged 84. His coffin and remains were moved to Constantinople about 338. The coffin and relics believed to be Luke have been in Padua since 1172, thought to have been brought from Constantinople during the Crusades. The coffin had last been opened in 1562 and was then generally forgotten until 1992 when the Greek Orthodox Church requested the body back on the grounds that he had died in Greece. The Bishop of Padua gathered some experts and they opened the tomb, finding the headless body of a man aged 70 to 85 and of stocky build. There is a skull in Prague thought to be Luke's and it matched the skeleton. There were two loose teeth and some coins dating as far back as 229. Radiocarbon dating of one tooth gave a death date between 72 and 416. Prof. Guido Barbujani from the University of Ferrara then compared the DNA in a tooth with samples from Syria and from Greece and found that the DNA was more similar to the Syrian samples than the Greek samples, indicating that the body (or at least the tooth) was of Syrian origin and hence consistent with being Luke's. The Professor says: "I cannot say definitely it is Luke." This hardly justifies the headline used! ÁÁRelics of St. Luke are in the Treasury of St. Peter's, Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 265]. There is a bone of St. Luke in the Opera del Duomo, Florence [DBS]. ÁÁSee also under Miraculous Paintings of the Madonna, Etc. ÁÁAn icon (subject not stated) by St. Luke was brought up from the sea in a bucket and is in a church in Monemvasia, Greece. [Lancaster, p. 136. Lancaster (2), p. 127 = Lancaster (3), p. 87.] ÀMÀ but see under Monemvasia under Paintings of the Madonna for a much different story. Another unidentified icon is in Gastouni, near Pyrgos, Greece [Lancaster, p. 145]. ÁÁAt the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, a Frankish adventurer carried off the remains of St. Luke and sold them to the Duke of Cephalonia, who placed them in a shrine at Rogoi, whose ruins are some 15km west of Atra in western Greece. In the late 15C, when the Turks conquered the region, the remains were smuggled to a Danubian fortress. [de Jongh, p. 369]. ÁÁRelics of St. Luke, probably received from Constantinople, were in the church built by St. Ambrose in Milan, now St. Nazarius [Gauthier, p. 58]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Luke [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe table on which Luke wrote his Gospel was discovered along with the icon he painted and are now in the Church of Panayia Chrysospiliotissa in the monastery of Mega Spileon, some 50km east of Patras, Greece ÀMÀ see under Paintings of the Madonna [de Jongh (2), pp. 300©301]. ÁÁThere is another St. (or perhaps only Blessed??) LUKE (Hosios Loukas), whose remains were recently returned from Venice to the monastery of Osios Loukas near Mt. Helicon, near Delphi, Greece [Bradbury]. He was the founder of this monastery [de Jongh (2), pp. 339©344]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. LUNAIRE is in the old church of St.©Lunaire, Ille©et©Vilaine [à ÃMGG-BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 220]. ÁÁThe grave of St. LURACH is at Maghera Old Church, Co. Londonderry, Ireland [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 237]. ÁÁThe relics of the 4C martyr St. LUXORIUS (LussÀCÀrgiu) are venerated in the crypt of the church at Fordongianus, Sardegna [à ÃBG©Southern ItalyÄ Ä, p. 280]. ÁÁThe relics of S. MAGLOIRE, Bishop of Dol, were placed in the church of S. BarthÀ)Àlemy, Paris [Hare (2), p. 285]. However, I saw the reliquary of S. Magloire in St-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, Paris. ÁÁSt. MAGNUS, the Apostle of AllgÀÀu, died in his hermitage at FÀGÀssen, Bayern, Germany, in 750 and the former Abbey (ehemaliges Kloster) of St. Magnus was built on the site [à ÃMGG-GermanyÄ Ä, p. 140]. ÁÁSt. MALACHY was a native of Armagh, Co. Armagh, Northern Ireland [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 327]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. MARCARIUS in the Crypt of St©Baafskathedraal in Gent (Gand, Ghent), Oost©Vlaanderen, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 196]. ÁÁSt. MARCEL was buried in the Oratory of St. Marcel, Paris, but the body was moved to Notre Dame for safety during the Norman troubles. Pilgrims found that filings from his tombstone were as efficacious as his relics had been. [Hare (2), p. 326.] ÁÁRelics of St. MARCELLIAN are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁEinhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, built a church at Mulinheim, later known as Seligenstadt (City of the Saints) for the relics of St. MARCELLINUS and St. PETER which Einhard brought there [Lewis Thorpe, translator and editor; à ÃTwo Lives of CharlemagneÄ Ä [by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer]; Penguin, 1969, p. 14]. ÁÁReliquaries of the arm and bust of St. Marcellinus are in the church of St. Marcel, Indre [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 161]. ÁÁThe clothed skeletons of St. Felicissimus and St. MARCIA are in the Church of the Nativity (NarozenÀ1À pÀÀnÀ)À), near the Loreta, in HradÀcÀany, just W of Prague Castle [Humphreys, p. 68]. ÁÁThe relics of St. MARGARET or MARINA were used by Marie de'Medici and others to promote fertility and easy childbirth [Reynolds, p. 20]. Richard Gordon [à ÃGreat Medical MysteriesÄ Ä; Hutchinson, 1984, pp. 18©19] says they were used at the Dauphine's confinement in 1682. This presumably was St. Margaret of Antioch, patroness of childbirth, but her cult was suppressed in 1969. ÁÁThe hand of St. Marina was in Venice [Gauthier, p. 102]. ÁÁThere is an arm©reliquary of St. Margaret in a chapel in the Town Hall of Goslar, Niedersachsen, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 143©144]. ÁÁSt. MARGARET CLITHEROW (1556©1586) lived in Shambles, York, North Yorkshire (plaque), and was pressed to death on 25 Mar 1586 for having mass said at her house and for concealing Catholic priests. Canonized on 25 Oct 1970. [Ivan E. Broadhead; à ÃWalkabout York A guided tour through a historic cityÄ Ä; Tetradon Publications, Warley, West Midlands, (1980), 2nd ptg, 1981, p. 21. Alan Whitworth; à ÃThe Bronze Plaque Guide to YorkÄ Ä; Culva House Publications, Whitby, 1998, p. 25.] Her hand is preserved in the Bar Convent, now a bed & breakfast establishment run by the few remaining nuns. [Rick O'Brien; à ÃEast Anglian CuriositiesÄ Ä; The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset, 1992, p. 62] says she was crushed under 800 lbs and took 15 minutes to die. See also Cromwell under Miscellaneous Individuals for a reputed burial site. ÁÁSt. MARGARET OF SCOTLAND (1045©1093) was the wife of King Malcolm III. They founded the abbey at Dunfermline, Fife, and she is buried there. [Vince, p. 31.] ÁÁS. MARGHERITA rebuilt a church, in Cortona, Toscana, in 1290 and a new church dedicated to her was built in 1297©1304, after her death. It was rebuilt in the 19C and her body is in a glass casket on the main altar. [Setteposte & Belardi, pp. 67©68, with photo.] ÁÁSanta MARIA DE LA CABEZA ÀMÀ see San Isidro. ÁÁSt. MARIA GORETTI (1890©1902) was killed resisting seduction, but forgave her murderer. She was canonised in 1950. Her body is displayed at her shrine in Nettuno, Italy. [Williams, pp. 40©41.] ÁÁMarina © see: Margaret. ÁÁThe relics of S. MARINO (Marinus) are in the Basilica of San Marino, Republic of San Marino [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 213]. ÁÁVenetian tradition says St. à ÃMARKÄ Ä landed on one the islands where Venice now stands to seek refuge from a storm. The site is where S. Francesco della Vigna now stands. [Okey (2), p. 21.] [Gauthier, p. 58] says the legend even asserts that Mark began his mission here. [Buckley & Robinson, pp. 41©42 & 174] say that he was greeted by an angel with the words "Pax tibi, Marce evangelista meus. Hic requiescet corpus tuum." (Peace be with you, Mark, my evangelist. Here shall your body rest.) However, he was buried in Alexandria. ÁÁThe relics of St. Mark were stolen by two Venetian merchants, Buono Tribuno da Malamocco and Rustico da Torcello, secretly trading with Alexandria in c828 (or 815) and smuggled out in a basket of pork. [Anon; Coptic church head arrives in Rome for talks with Pope; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (5/6 May 1973). Geoffrey Moorhouse; Stones and Cicerones ÀMÀ review of James Lees-Milne: à ÃVenetian EveningsÄ Ä; Collins, 1988?; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (4 Feb 1988) ??. Buckley & Robinson, pp. 41©42. Lancaster (2), p. 40. Okey (2), pp. 22©25 quotes an early account.] The body was lost in the fire of 976, but during a solemn supplication prior to the consecration of the third and present S. Marco on 24 Jun 1094, the location of the body was revealed in the pillar to the left of the Altar of the Sacrament (where a marble (and mosaic?) inlay marks the spot) and the relic was later translated to the high altar (but then apparently placed in the crypt ÀMÀ see below). However, [Buckley & Robinson, pp. 50©51] say the body had been concealed at the beginning of rebuilding in 1063 and no one remembered where it was, but during the consecration service, its arm broke through the pillar, which is to your right as you enter the sanctuary. In 1811, the body was found in a marble tomb in the crypt with an inscribed tablet of 1094. [Okey (2), pp. 45©46. à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 83.] The traditional pillar is called St. Mark's Pillar, with a cleft in the marble, though restoration work about 1900 showed that the interior of the pillar was quite undisturbed [Okey (2), pp. 298-299]. [Okey (2), pp. 309; à ÃBG©VeniceÄ Ä, p. 85] say the body was in the crypt from 1094 until 1881 when it was put in the High Altar ÀMÀ [à ÃBG-VeniceÄ Ä, p. 84] says under the altar. ÁÁThe relics of St. Mark were returned from Venice to Alexandria (?), Egypt, in 1968. ÁÁA relic of Mark is included in the 16C cover of the medieval à ÃGospels of Henry the LionÄ Ä [Welfare & Fairley, pp. 32©34]. ÁÁRelics of Mark are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThere is a bone of St. Mark in the Opera del Duomo, Florence, Toscana [DBS]. ÁÁThere is a probably 13C reliquary of Mark in the Treasury of the CollÀ)Àgiale Notre©Dame in Huy (Hoei), LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 213]. ÁÁThere is an early 14C reliquary of St. Mark in the treasury of the Abbey (MÀGÀnster) in Mittelzell, the main town on the island of Reichenau, in the Lake of Constance (Bodensee), Baden©WÀGÀrttemberg, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 107]. ÁÁA jawbone with fourteen teeth of St. Mark was in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire [Hill, p. 42]. ÁÁRelics of St. MARTIAL (mid 3C) are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁAn abbey to contains the relics was built at Limoges, Haute©Vienne. Martial is one of the local saints whose relics/shrine is annually processed in an 'ostentation'. [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 113 & 118©199.] ÁÁThe episode of MARTIN (316©397) dividing his cloak with a beggar is said to have occurred near Amiens, Somme, France, in the mid 4C. He healed a leper where St. Martin des Champs (in the Fields) was located in the northern part of Paris, where the Conservatoire des Arts et MÀ)Àtiers occupies some of the buildings of the abbey built on the site [Okey, p. 57]. ÁÁThe Cuve de Dagobert, in which St. Martin is said to have been baptised by S. Hilaire, is in the BibliothÀ/Àque Nationale, Paris [Hare (2), p. 508]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. MARTIN is in the crypt of the Basilica of Saint-Martin in Tours, Indreªet©Loire. His skull and some other fragments are preserved in the Basilica, while an arm is in the nearby Cathedral of St.-Gatien. The rest of the relics were destroyed in the Wars of Religion. [J. Sadoux; à ÃLa Basilique Saint-Martin À!À ToursÄ Ä; Tours, nd [1980s?].] Martin's cloak (Late Latin: cappella) gave its name to the building and custodians: chapel and chaplains [Wilfred Funk; à ÃWord Origins and Their Romantic StoriesÄ Ä; (Crowell, NY, 1950); Bell, NY, 1978, p. 272]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Martin [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Martin [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁRelics of Martin are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThere are relics in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 339]. ÁÁThere is a 13C reliquary of the MARTYRS OF TRIER in the Treasury of Onze©LieveªVrouwebasiliek, Tongeren (Tongres), Limburg, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 301]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. Andrew, Britius, MARY of EGYPT, Maximus and Stephen [Bauer et al., pp. 249©250]. ÁÁMARY, Queen of Scots, has sometimes been considered a martyr. The chemise in which she was (reputedly) beheaded is preserved at Coughton Court, Warwickshire. [Vincent Hemingway & Jeffrey Howarth; à ÃCoughton Court and the ThrockmortonsÄ Ä; Jarrold, Norwich, (1993), 2002, pp. 17 & 30. James Lees©Milne; à ÃA Guide to Britain's Historic Buildings Preserved by the National TrustÄ Ä; Batsford, 1948, pp. 149©151.] A piece was presented to the shrine of St. Winefride, qv, by James II in 1686. ÁÁThe Cathedral of Salerno, Campania, was built over the tomb of St. MATTHEW [ENIT, p. 19]. A tomb in S. Giustina, Padua, Veneto, is supposed to contain part of his body [Foligno, pp. 168 & 234]. ÁÁThere are relics of St. Matthew in S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 198]. The bones of St. Matthew and St. Nicholas were given by the Duke of Apulia to the Count of Flanders in 1096. They were sent to the Abbey of Watten, Nord or Pas©de©Calais, France. [Runciman-1, p. 166.] ÁÁThe head of St. Matthew was said to have been in the Benedictine monastery at St.ªMathieu©Point, FinistÀ/Àre [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 227]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including some of St. Matthew [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁS. MATTHIAS, the 13th Apostle ÀMÀ the replacement of Judas ÀMÀ is under the 'confession' altar of S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, Lazio, Italy [Curd, p. 48]. ÁÁThe body of St. MAUR was brought from Anjou to the church of St. Pierre des FossÀ)Às in Paris, which subsequently became known at St. Maur des FossÀ)Às, but is no longer extant [Okey, p. 39]. ÁÁPrimicerius MAURICE was commander of the Theban Legion which refused to worship Roman gods in the late 3C and was massacred near Agaune, now St. Maurice, Switzerland, where an Abbey was founded in 515. The Treasury has a reliquary of St. Maurice. At the site are catacombs and a crypt with the tomb of St. Maurice. [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, pp. 156©157.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a wax figure of St. Valerian ÀMÀ the base had relics of St, Valerian, but these have been lost and it now contains relics of St. MAURICE [Bauer et al., pp. 254-255]. Another ostensory has relics of SS. George and Maurice [Bauer et al., pp. 266-267]. ÁÁSee also: Gereon, Urs, Victor. ÁÁSt. MAXELLENDIS (7C) was a Frankish noblewoman who entered a convent to avoid marrying a pagan princeling. Angered, he killed her, but was struck blind. His sight was restored when he wept on her tomb. There was a tiny fragment of a bone in a monstrance at the church of St. Martin in Le Cateau, Nord, France, 80km SE of Lille. This was stolen in Dec 1996, but recovered in Newark, New Jersey, in Apr 1998. [Tunku Varadarajan; French joyful as stolen relics are found in US; ÃÃThe TimesÄÄ (10 Apr 1998) 15.] ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is an ostensory with relics of Agnes, MAXIMILIAN and Regina [Bauer et al., p. 249]. There is also a reliquary bust [Bauer et al., p. 332]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a relic of St. MAXIMINA [Bauer et al., pp. 274©275]. ÁÁSt. MAXIMINUS (Maximin) was one of the passengers with Mary Magdalene, qv, and became first Bishop of Aix and administered the Last Communion to Mary Magdalene. His relics are in the church of Magnac©Laval, Haute©Vienne [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 122]. He was buried at St©Maximin©la©Sainte©Baum, Var, in the crypt where Mary Magdalene was buried, and the basilica is built on the site where his tomb was discovered in 1279. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. Andrew, Britius, Mary of Egypt, MAXIMUS and Stephen [Bauer et al., pp. 249©250]. [Foligno, p. 29] relates that in 1050, Bishop Bernard of Padua had a vision and uncovered the tombs of St. Julian and the Holy Innocents in S. Giustina, Padua. He was inspired to dig further and found the tombs of SS Maximus and Felicita. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. MÀ(ÀDARD in the À(Àglise St©MÀ)Àdard in Jodoigne, SW of Thuin, Hainaut, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 299]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. MÀ(ÀEN (= Mewan) is beside the church at St.©MÀ)Àen©le©Grand, Ille©etªVilaine, where he founded an abbey in the 6C [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 227]. ÁÁSt. MEINRAD was martyred in 861. The site of his cell is now the Holy Chapel of the Abbey Church (Klosterkirche), Einsiedeln, Switzerland [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 77]. ÁÁSt. MELANGELL (or Monacella), the patron saint of hares, founded a nunnery at Pennant Melangell, Powys, Wales, where there is a shrine over her grave [Beazley & Howell, pp. 271-272]. ÁÁSt. MERRI was prior of the monastery of St. Martin at Autun. His tomb is in the church of St. Merri, Paris. [Hare (2), pp. 133©134.] ÁÁE. Ray Lankester [à ÃScience from an Easy ChairÄ Ä, 9th ed., 1916, p. 85] says Mrs. Jameson mentions that the bones of a great fossil reptile were preserved and exhibited at Aixªen©Provence, Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne, as the bones of the dragon slain by St. MICHAEL. ÁÁSt. Michael once wrestled with the Devil on Mont Dol, Ille©et©Vilaine, west of Mont©StªMichel, Manche. Satan was thrown down so strongly that he made a depression in the rock and scratched it with his claw. Michael struck the mount with his sword and made a hole into which he hurled Satan. Satan reappeared on Mont©St©Michel and Michael leaped across to Mont©St©Michel, leaving a footprint. All these marks on the rock are shown. [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 164. à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 101. Ward, p. 183.] ÁÁAubert, bishop of Avranches, Manche, in the 8C, had a vision of St. Michael and founded the church at Mont©St©Michel. Legendarily, St. Michael got so impatient that he prodded a hole in the bishop's skull! [Ward, p. 127.] ÁÁThe Bishop of Siponto had three visions of Michael in 490©493 and when Michael reappeared in the 8C, the Santuario di San Michele, Monte Sant' Angelo, Puglia, was founded on the site and includes the cave of the apparition [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 150]. ÁÁIn Mandamados, NE Lesbos, the church of the Archangel Michael (Taxiarchis) contains a miraculous icon of Michael. When the monastery was destroyed by Saracens, one monk escaped and the sea scattered the raiders. The monk then made the icon from clay mixed with the blood of his dead brothers. The actual substance of the icon is not known. [Eleftheriadis, p. 63.] ÁÁS. MILDRED's mother, Domneva, founded Minster Abbey at Minster in Sheppey, on the Isle of Thanet, a bit W of Ramsgate, Kent, in 669, and was the first abbess. ([Vigar (2), pp. 66 & 105] says at one point that the Abbey was founded by Domneva and at another point that it was founded by St. Sexburga, Queen of Kent, in the 7C. They may have been mother and daughter? There seems to be confusion with St. Ermenilda, Queen of Mercia, daughter of Sexburga, Queen of Kent, who succeeded her mother as abbess at Sheppey, but each of them became Abbess at Ely, succeeding Sexburga's sister, St. Ethledreda (qv), and they are all buried at Ely [M. S. Carey; à ÃEly CathedralÄ Ä; Pitkin, 1973, pp. 3, 6©7].) Mildred succeeded her mother as abbess after education in France. [Pepin, p. 6] says she was born in the Welsh border country, educated at Chelles Nunnery (near Paris), then returned to England and entered Minster Convent, eventually becoming Abbess and died c700. There is a St. Mildred's Rock in Pegwell Bay which is where she stepped ashore on her return from France. She was buried under the High Altar of the Abbey Church. In 1032, her relics were removed to St. Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury and enshrined near her great©great©grandfather Ethelbert, the first Christian king of Kent. Minster Abbey was re©established by Benedictine nuns in 1937 and an excavation has found the site of the Shrine. [Vigar, pp. 65-66.] ÁÁSan MILLÀÀN, originally Emilian de Berceo, settled with some followers as hermits at San MillÀÀn de la Cogolia, near Najera, La Rioja, Spain, in the 5C. He died in 574, at age one hundred and his tomb became a pilgrimage site. Two monasteries were built nearby. Parts of the saint's reliquary are in Yuso Monastery. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 159.] ÁÁS. MINIATO was beheaded where the church of S. Candida alla Croce now stands in Florence. He put his head back on and walked over the Arno and up the hill to where S. Miniato al Monte is today. His body is under the altar in the lower church of S. Miniato. [Hutton, pp. 149-150.] ÁÁThe relics of the martyr MODERANDUS were among those supposedly taken to Sant Pere de Rodes in c610 ÀMÀ cf Peter. ÁÁSt. MOLING (d. 696) is buried in his monastery at St. Mullins, between Carlow and Waterford, Ireland [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 149]. ÁÁSt. MONENNA (also known as St. Darerca or St. Bline) is buried in the graveyard of the Killevy Churches, Co. Armagh, Ireland [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 235]. ÁÁA tomb in Santa Aurea, Ostia, Lazio, Italy, is probably that of St. MONICA. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 324.] [St. Augustine; Introduction: pp. xi-xii and Book IX, chap. 8-13, pp. 185-209.] However, [Eastman, p. 321] says her tomb is in S. Agostino, Rome, Lazio, though she died at Ostia. ÁÁSt. MUIREDACH O'HENEY's tomb is at Banagher Church, Co. Londonderry, Ireland [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 237]. ÁÁSt. MUNGO (= KENTIGERN)'s tomb and well are in the lower church of Glasgow Cathedral, Scotland. Kentigern means 'Chief Lord', but the well loved Bishop was generally called Mungo, meaning 'Dear One'. ÁÁSt. NABOR ÀMÀ see under St. Gregory of Spoleto. ÁÁThe tomb of St. NAZARIUS (or Nazarus or Nazaro) is in the cathedral of Koper (= Capodistria), Slovenia. Since he was executed in Milan, it is unclear how he got to Koper. [Cuddon (2), pp. 395-396.] [Converso, pp. 48©49] says the relics were placed in the Basilica of S. Nazaro Maggiore in 396. ÁÁThere is a reliquary arm of St. NECTAIRE in the church of St. Nectaire, Puy©de©DÀ=Àme [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 236]. ÁÁSt. NEOT was supposedly only 15 inches tall. His remains were taken to a Benedictine monastery in Cambridgeshire, leading to the town of St. Neots. There is a St. Neot's well at St. Neot, Cornwall. [Timpson (2), p. 169.] ÁÁSt. à ÃNICHOLASÄ Ä (Nicola) (265©334) was born in the ruined city of Patara, near Kalkan in southeast Turkey. A bit further east, the present village of Demre is near the site of Myra, where Nicholas was bishop. He was martyred here in 655(??) and became popular, but his legend was confused with another Bishop Nicholas from a nearby town. In 1072, his bones were stolen by merchants from Bari, Apulia. [Freely, pp. 182©183.] [Freely (2), p. 321] gives the death date as 4C. [Rory Carroll; Bones of Contention; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ G2 (22 Dec 2000) 1-3] provided the dates (265©334) and notes that he is recorded as attending the Council of Nicaea in 325. Carroll gives 1087 for the date of theft and says a few fragments were left at Myra which now has requested the body back. He also says the body is in the crypt of the basilica in Bari built to house it. ÁÁThe relics of St. Nicholas were stolen from Myra by Italian merchants and brought to Bari in 1087 [Curd, p. 56]. Another guide says the body of S. Nicola was brought from Antioch in 1087 and is in the Basilica of S. Nicola in Bari [ENIT, p. 35]. The body of St. Nicholas was translated from Bari to Flushing, New York, in about 1972? [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 61; à ÃRipley's Believe It or Not! Tombstones and GraveyardsÄ Ä; Pocket Books, 1966, p. 22] say the tomb of St. Nicholas is in the crypt of the basilica at Bari. ÁÁ[Okey (2), pp. 47-48] says the bodies of St. Nicholas, St. Theodore the Martyr and St. Nicholas the Less were found at Myra by a Venetian expedition in the late 11C and carried off to the Holy Land and then back to Venice where St. Nicholas was placed in the Abbey of S. Niccolo (or NicolÀAÀ) on the Lido. [Buckley & Robinson, p. 222] say that tradition asserts that the body was stolen from Bari by Venetians and brought to Venice in 1099, but in fact the theft never occurred ÀMÀ indeed it's not clear if they are saying the raid on Bari never occurred ÀMÀ and the whole story was pure propaganda. ÁÁA tooth of St. Nicholas is in Arras, Pas©de©Calais [Gauthier, p. 130]. ÁÁThe church of St. Nicolas de Port, Meurthe©et©Moselle, was built to house a finger of St. Nicholas [à Ã50th Anniv. BIONÄ Ä]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Nicholas [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁSome oil exuding from the tomb of St. Nicholas is in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThe miraculous icon of St. Nicholas©of©the©Oyster was recovered from the sea with an oyster embedded in its forehead. When removed, blood poured out, showing that the oyster was plugging a gash made by an Iconoclast when he threw it into the sea. The icon is in the Monastery of Stavronikita, Mt. Athos, Greece. [de Jongh, p. 297.] ÁÁSee also under Matthew. ÁÁCZAR NICHOLAS II, his wife and children, (all shot on 17 Jul 1918) are being considered for sainthood by the Russian Orthodox Church. This Church has several levels of sainthood ÀMÀ the family is being considered for the lowest level ÀMÀ the Passion Bearers. Many of the faithful already consider him a martyr and a saint ÀMÀ there are icons of him which weep blood and myrrh and others which perform miracles, etc. In 1991, their remains were exhumed and in 1998, they were placed in the royal crypt in St. Petersburg, though doubts remain as to the identification of the bones. [Panel weighs sainthood for last Czar; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (14 Aug 2000) 6.] ÁÁSt. NICHOLAS OF FLÀFÀE (1417© ) (Bruder Klaus), is one of the most revered saints in Switzerland, having intervened to keep the Confederation together in 1481. Canonized in 1947. His remains are in an altar in the church of Sachseln, Switzerland. His birthplace, family home, hermitage and a chapel on the spot where the Virgin appeared to him, are all nearby. [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 150.] ÁÁThe Nunnery of St. Raphael, on the east side of Lesbos, 11 km NW of Mytilene, was founded in 1963 after visions had revealed the location of the bones of SS. Raphael, NICHOLAS (of Lesbos) and Irene, killed by the Turks in 1463 [Eleftheriadis, p. 59]. ÁÁSt. NICHOLAS THE LESS ÀMÀ see under St. Nicholas. ÁÁSt. NICODEMUS was a prince of the Pharisees. In the Duomo of Pisa, Toscana, over the fourth altar on the right is a marble sarcophagus, containing the bodies of Saints Gamaliel, Nicodemus and Abibo (or Abibia), brought to Pisa in 1100 after the conquest of Jerusalem. [Ross & Erichsen, pp. 18 & 162.] ÁÁThe tombs of Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus are commonly believed to be in a Jewish hypogeum beside the Chapel of the Syrians or Jacobites in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem [Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 2©3]. ÁÁSee also Volto Santo, under Statues of Christ. ÁÁThe remains of S. NICOLA DA TOLENTINO ( ©1305) are in the crypt of the Basilica of S. Nicola in Tolentino, Marche [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 225]. ÁÁSt. NON (or Nonna) was the mother of St. David, qv. There is a Nonna's well, said to cure madness, at Altarnun, Bodmin Moor, near Launceston, Cornwall [Timpson (2), pp. 163-164]. ÁÁThere is a tomb of St. NONNA in a chapel by the church of Dirinon, FinistÀ/Àre [à ÃMGG-BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 94]. ÁÁThe relics of St. NORBERT, the founder of the Premonstratensian Order, were translated in 1627 to the Strahov Monastery (StrahovskÀUÀ klÀÀÀ±Àter), PohoÀ«Àelec, HradÀcÀany, west of Prague Castle [Humphreys, p. 69]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. George and St. ODA in the CollÀ)Àgiale St©Georges in Amay, near Huy (Hoei), LiÀ/Àge. Belgium. A Merovingian sarcophagus in the church is inscribed Santa Chrodoara, which may be the same person, who was a Merovingian noblewoman. [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 215.] ÁÁThe legend of St. ODILE is identical to that of St. Ursula, qv. There is a 1292 reliquary in Klooster van Kolen, 12 km of Sint©Truiden (St©Trond), Limburg, Belgium. [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 291.] ÁÁSt. OLEGUER is buried in the eponymous chapel in the Cathedral of Barcelona, Catalonia [Editorial Escudo de Oro; à ÃAll BarcelonaÄ Ä; Escudo de Oro, Barcelona, nd [bought in 2002], pp. 16©17]. ÁÁSt. à ÃOLIVER PLUNKETTÄ Ä (1628©1681) was born at Loughcrew, near Oldcastle, Co. Meath, Ireland [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 280]. He was Archbishop of Armagh, Co. Armagh, Northern Ireland. He was denounced by Titus Oates and was hanged and quartered at Tyburn in London. Declared Venerable in 1886, beatified in 1920 and canonised in 1975. As the last man to die for his religion in England and a symbol of the Catholic Emancipation, his relics are very well documented and details are given in many sources. The greatest detail is given in [Frank Donnelly; à ÃUntil the Storm PassesÄ Ä; Veritas, Dublin, 1993]. Elizabeth Sheldon obtained the head and the quarters of the body and had them buried by the north wall of St. Giles' cemetery, London. In the process, his forearms were separated and they and the head were placed in tin boxes and removed. In 1683, Fathers Corker and Lowick exhumed the body and transported it to the Benedictine Monastery at Lambspring, Germany. Father Lowick kept a leg bone. ÁÁOne of the arms got to the Franciscan Convent 'at Taunton' ([Donnelly, p. 15] indicates this is at Goodings, near Newbury, Berkshire, so perhaps Taunton is the name of the convent or of an obscure place ÀMÀ neither Goodings nor a Taunton near Newbury are in my atlas.) It is conjectured that this had been given to Elizabeth Sheldon and then to the Mornington family at Sarnesfield. (The only Sarnesfield in my atlas is NW of Hereford.) [Donnelly, p. 15] adds that Cardinal O'Fiach states that the arm has been moved to Arundel. Father Corker presented the other arm to the convent of the English Benedictine nuns, Lark Fields, Paris. However, there is some confusion about these. [Donnelly, p. 16] quotes Cardinal O'Fiach's statement (1981?) that the right forearm "was entrusted to Archbishop John Brennan [a friend of Plunkett's] from whom it passes down through his successors in the See of Cashel and ultimately came to Dr. James Butler's housekeeper. Much reduced in size by being used to provide others with small relics of the martyr, it was presented by her to Dr. Moran in the nineteenth century and he handed it over in 1872 to the Dominican Convent, Cabra, [in Spain, according to other reports] where it is still preserved." O'Fiach also says the left forearm has been lost and other sources say the Paris forearm was lost. But this seems to give us two different right forearms ÀMÀ ?? ÁÁAt the 1683 exhumation, Father Corker sent the head to Rome to Cardinal Howard who preserved it at the Dominican Convent of S. Giovanni e Paolo (= Santa Sabina) in Rome. In 1714, he gave it to Hugh McMahon, newly appointed Archbishop of Armagh. Some time thereafter, an ebony and silver box was made to house the head (possibly inside a glass case), with a drawer holding Plunkett's coffin plate and other documentation. Legend asserts that McMahon smuggled it into Ireland by pretending it was the top of a grandfather clock. Sometime between 1722 and 1737, McMahon gave the head and its box to the Dominican Convent, called Siena, in Cord Road, Drogheda. Though generally described as uncorrupted and having a fragrant odour, it was found to be infested with mites (from the little cushions of grain used to support it) and brushed with creosote (and the cushions replaced with marble blocks). In Jun 1921, the head was transferred to St. Peter's Church, Drogheda, Co. Louth, Ireland, a large church built in memory of Plunkett beginning in 1881. The ebony and silver box was left at the Convent and the rib at Hildesheim (see below) was given to the Convent as a replacement. The rib has been mounted in a reliquary which fits inside the box. In 1959, further infestation of the head was noticed and it was treated with cyanide and then enclosed in a hermetically sealed container with some lindane. ÁÁThe Abbey at Lambspring was secularised in 1803 and its church came under the control of the Bishop of Hildesheim. In 1882, the Prior of Downside Abbey, near Bath, England, requested the body be transferred to Downside. It was in a sandstone box with lid on a window ledge in the crypt, so the box was easily removed and the remains were found to be in good condition. The right hip bone and femur were removed and kept by the parish priest of Lambspring. A rib was kept at Hildesheim. In early 1883, the sandstone box was shipped to Downside, but when it was opened, it was found that buffeting in January's severe storms had reduced all the flesh to dust and the bones had also been damaged. The remains were then transferred to a hermetically sealed glass case and placed, along with the sandstone box, in a tomb in Downside Abbey. When Plunkett was canonised in 1975, Downside Abbey offered part of the relics to the Archbishop of Armagh who entrusted them to St. Peter's Church, Drogheda. This part comprised the left clavicle and scapula, two ribs, the left hemipelvis and femur, the sacrum (in three parts), some unidentified fragments. The femur was presented to Oldcastle in 1975 and a fragment was presented for the rededication of the Cathedral at Newry in 1990. The inside front cover of [Donnelly] is a photo of the main relics and p. 17 has a photo of the head. ÁÁSt. Peter's also has letters written by Oliver from Newgate gaol and the reputed door of his cell there [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 91]. [Donnelly, pp. 34©38] sketches the history of this door, which is said to have gone to the Jeffreys family of Wrexham when Newgate was remodelled, thence to the Clarke family at Wrexham who gave it to St. Peter's in 1951. ÁÁ[Peter Chippindale; Blessed Oliver remains scattered; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (7 Jun 1975) ??. Patrick O'Donovan; Plunket (sic), the unlikeliest Irish Saint; Observer (12 Oct 1975) ??.] A portion of the body is in Westminster Cathedral, London [Kent, p. 78]. [Welfare & Fairley, p. 114 with photo of the head on p. 117] asserts that the right forearm is in a convent in Cabra, Spain. Oliver lived at Glass Pistol, a bit north of Drogheda. His vestments and a letter from him are in the Cathedral Museum at Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 148]. ÁÁA reliquary of the bones of St. OMONIA is in Haghios Georgios, Istanbul [Boulanger, p. 101; Rogerson & Baring, p. 48]. ÁÁSt. OSMUND ( ©1099) was a Norman who came over with William in 1066. Chancellor of England in 1074©1078. Bishop of (Old) Sarum, Wiltshire, in 1078©1099 and set out the basic rules for running a cathedral, adopted for many other places. He was buried in the Cathedral there, but transferred to a shrine in Salisbury (= New Sarum) Cathedral in 1226. Canonized in 1457 (the last English saint until 1935, cf John Fisher & Thomas More) and a new shrine was built. His skull was contained in a reliquary. The remains of his shrine and his grave are still in the Cathedral. [A. F. Smethurst; à ÃSalisbury CathedralÄ Ä; Pitkin Pictorials, 1971, pp. 5©8. Pepin, pp. 58©59.] A cathedral leaflet obtained in 2002 says the later shrine was destroyed and the remains were dispersed in the Reformation, but that part of the original shrine remains in the SW corner of the Cathedral. Other cathedral leaflets and [Vince, p. 35] show a plain tomb with three holes in the side so pilgrims could get close to the relics, located in the Trinity Chapel on the south side of the nave, about halfway from the west facade to the crossing. ÁÁSt. OSWALD ( ©992) was King of Northumbria when he was defeated by the pagan King Penda of Mercia at Maserfield, in the west of Oswestry, in 642. Penda crucified Oswald and 'Oswald's tree' became the name of the town. At Maserfield is Oswald's Well, which sprang forth when an eagle dropped one of Oswald's limbs on the spot. [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 218. Timpson, p. 125.] [Dana Delap et al; à ÃCeltic SaintsÄ Ä; Pitkin Pictorials, 1995, p. 13; C. W. Gibby; à ÃA Short History of DurhamÄ Ä; the author?, (1971), 3rd ed, 1975, p. 11] say his head was recovered and buried in Durham Cathedral in Cuthbert's tomb in 875. His hand is at Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland. [Vince, p. 35.] ÁÁ[Wade, p. 78] says St. Oswald rebuilt a church at Tynemouth Priory in 627. ÁÁAnother St. OSWALD ( ©992) became bishop of Worcester in 961. He founded a monastery which soon became the Cathedral of Worcester, but little remains of it. He was canonized shortly after his death and his shrine in the Cathedral attracted many pilgrims. The shrine is said to still be in the Cathedral [Timpson, p. 79]. He was buried in front of the high altar, but there is no trace of him or his shrine ÀMÀ [T. G. A. Baker; à ÃWorcester CathedralÄ Ä; Pitkin, 1999, p. 18] says the shrine was destroyed at the Dissolution and the body was removed to an unknown place. ÁÁI'm not sure which Oswald the following refer to. ÁÁ[[Alan Brown; à ÃFirst Class! A Book of Batty BeginningsÄ Ä; Knight, (1991), 2nd ptg, 1991, p. 58] says Oswald's feast day was 29 Feb, but in the early 20C, his fans complained that he only got a festival every fourth year and the date was moved to 28 Feb. ÁÁ[R. E. Sibthorp; à ÃPeterborough CathedralÄ Ä; The Cathedral?, nd [bought second hand in 2002], p. 9] indicates that the unwithered arm of Oswald is at Peterborough Cathedral. ÁÁThe bones of St. OSWIN were translated to Tynemouth Priory, Tyne & Wear, in 1110 [Lord Harlech; à ÃIllustrated Regional Guides to Ancient Monuments, No. 1: Northern EnglandÄ Ä; HMSO, (1935), amended 6th ptg, 1962, p. 25]. ÁÁSt. OSYTH (c875) was daughter of a Mercian chief, married against her will. On her wedding night, as the groom was about to consummate the marriage, a stag appeared and he went to chase it! She fled and eventually established a monastery at Chich, near Clacton, Essex, where she was killed by pirates. Her body was taken to Aylesbury, but later returned to Chich where a priory and a village of St. Osyth developed. [John Dunn & Colin Martin; à ÃJohn Dunn's Answers PleaseÄ Ä; (BBC, 1994); revised and expanded, Penguin, 1995, pp. 154©155.] [Vince, p. 36] dates her as 7C. ÁÁThe head of St. PANCRAS is in S. Giovanni Laterano in Rome, Lazio, Italy. Other relics were sent to England in the 7C by Pope St. Vitalian. [Ivor Brown; à ÃA Ring of WordsÄ Ä; Bodley Head, 1967, p. 122.] ÁÁThe Reliquary Chapel of the Royal Convent of the Incarnation (Real Convento de la EncarnaciÀ;Àn) in Madrid, Madrid, Spain, contains 'some 1500 relics'. Of these, the most famous are a bit of the True Cross and the blood of St. PANTALEON, which liquefies on 27 Jul. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 146.] ÁÁThere is reported to be a phial of the blood of S. Pantaleone "in southern Italy" which liquefies [Brandreth; op. cit. under Januarius, p. 111]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including some of St. Pantaleon [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁThe entire right arm of St. Pantaleon is in San Marco, Venice, Veneto [Gauthier, pp. 102 & 104]. ÁÁSt. PATRICK is associated with so many places in Ireland, generally with little historical basis, that I will not attempt to list all of them! He was a swineherd on Slemish, Co. Antrim, east of Ballymena [à ÃBG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 305]. He landed in 432 at Saul, near Downpatrick, Co. Down, and he later returned to Saul to die and he may be buried there, Other sources claim Patrick, Brigid and Columba are buried in the same grave in Downpatrick, where it is marked by a stone slab to the south of the cathedral. [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 212.] [Hammond, p. 289] says the inhabitants of Downpatrick consider the grave as mythical. The Body of St. Patrick was at Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset [Cavendish; Timbs, p. 112]. ÁÁPatrick is said to have drowned the last snake in Ireland in one of the lakes in the Gap of Dunloe, near Killarney, Co. Kerry [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 197]. [Kathleen O'Rourke; à ÃShades and Echoes of Old KillarneyÄ Ä; Guy and Co., Cork, nd [c1940s?]] identifies the lake as the Black Lough. On the other hand, he is said to have driven all the snakes out by ringing his bell on top of Croagh Patrick, Connemara, Co. Galway [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 245]. Cf Finbar, who eliminated a dragon that Patrick had overlooked. ÁÁAt the Reformation in 1839 (?), Archbishop Browne publicly burned relics at St. Patrick's Cathedral, including the supposed staff of St. Patrick, brought from Armagh [à ÃPocket Guide to DublinÄ Ä; Automobile Association, Basingstoke, 2nd ed., 1992, pp. 36©37]. There are miraculous wells of St. PATRICK in (or near) St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and at the end of Nassau St., Dublin. [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 95] says the first well was rediscovered in 1901 in St. Patrick's Park. There is a footprint of St. Patrick on the shore where he landed near Skerries, 18 miles north of Dublin. [à ÃDublin ÀMÀ Official GuideÄ Ä; Irish Tourist Association, Dublin, nd [1946?], pp. 23-24 & 141.] ÁÁThere is a shrine of St. Patrick's Bell in the National Museum, Dublin [à ÃMGG-IrelandÄ Ä, p. 99]. ÁÁThe site where à ÃPAULÄ Ä was blinded is near Darayya, 2 miles SW of Damascus. He was taken to the house of a Christian called Judas in the Street Called Straight where his sight was restored by Ananias. [Azzi, pp. 520, 525, 527.] However, [Graham Turner; On the Road to Damascus; ÃÃThe Daily TelegraphÄÄ Travel section (18 Dec 1999) T1©T2] relates that the site is near Kawkab, 12 miles S of Damascus. (A map with the article makes it look more SW than S.) There is a church called the Abbey of St. Paul the Messenger on the site. Recent excavations revealed 1C ruins and a 2C church. The site of Judas' house is unknown. A reputed house of Ananias is down a side alley at the end of the Street Called Straight. Ananias was later first bishop of Damascus. There is a church at the spot where Paul was lowered from the wall in a basket to escape. ÁÁThere is a pillar, to which St. Paul was tied to be scourged by the followers of Aphrodite, in the Chryssopolitissa Church in (New) Paphos, Cyprus [Nagel, pp. 98-100]. But [Alexander Frater; Across the divide; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ LIFE section (8 Jan 1995) 12©18] describes the pillar as being near the European Steak House. In about 1870, General Louis Palma di Cesnole, the American Consul on Cyprus, visited the site of Neo©Paphos and said there was "a broken column of white marble still standing, and about seven feet high, to which it is asserted St. Paul was tied and whipped when he came to preach the Gospel in this city; but the tradition is, so far as I know, current only among the Greek population of Ktima." Ktima is a modern village near Neo©Paphos ÀMÀ at the time Neo©Paphos was a site of ruins. ÁÁPaul's shipwreck may have been on the Yugoslav island of Mljet [Cuddon (2), pp. 116-117]. ÁÁPaul is reputed to have been forced to land at the mouth of the Gulf of Kalloni, Lesbos, near Vasilika, in 52 [Eleftheriadis, p. ]. ÁÁAt Philippi, now a ruin NW of modern Kavalla in eastern Macedonia, is the prison of St. Paul, under the ruins of a basilica. This was the first place where Christianity was preached in Europe, by Paul and Silas, who were imprisoned, but then released by an earthquake. [de Jongh, pp. 311©312.] ÁÁThe Cathedral in Reggio Calabria, Calabria, has part of a column from a pagan temple on which Paul is said to have performed a miracle on his way to Rome [ENIT, p. 56]. ÁÁThe prison of St. Paul, during his second visit, is at S. Maria in Via Lata, Rome, Lazio, Italy [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 145]. ÁÁ[Eastman, p. 352] says Acts narrates that Paul came to Rome in 62 to appeal his sentence and lived for two years in a hired house. 10C tradition says this was in Via Lata, now the Via del Corso. After the great fire of 64, Nero's persecutions led to real imprisonment. Tradition says he and Peter were imprisoned in the Mamertine Prison (see under Peter) for nine months and then both were executed on the same day in 67. But other sources say both the date and place of his martyrdom are unknown [Wheeler, p. 77]. ÁÁS. Prisca, Via di Santa Prisca, on the Aventine Hill, Rome, is over several rooms of the house of Paul's friends Aquila and Priscilla, probably the first gathering place, i.e. church, of Rome's Christians. There is a museum, but it's not clear if one can visit the subterranean rooms. [Eastman, p. 352.] ÁÁThe pillar to which S. Paul was bound is in San Paolo alle Tre Fontane, EUR, outside Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 254]. ÁÁThe chains of St. Paul are in S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome [DBS]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with three separate chain links, said to have used to chain SS. John, Paul and Peter [Bauer et al., p. 178.] ÁÁSt. Paul was beheaded. His head bounced three times, causing three fountains to spring up. This was on the site of the Abbazia delle Tre Fontane, Via di Acque Salvie off the Via Laurentina, in EUR, south of Rome. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 254. Eastman, p. 352.] ÁÁThe cloth in which the head was wrapped, one of his fingers and some of his blood were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁPaul's body was buried on the property of one Lucina outside the city wall of Rome and Constantine built the church of S. Paolo fuori le Mura over it ÀMÀ the sarcophagus was in the Confessio (under the main altar) of the church through many restorations, but the church was largely destroyed by fire in 1823. Excavations after the fire revealed a tomb from the time of Constantine with Paul's name inscribed on it. [Curd, p. 49. à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 90. à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 205. R. E. Taylor, p. 100.] ÁÁPeter and Paul were briefly buried in the Catacomb of San Sebastiano, Rome. ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS SITES, in alphabetical order. ÁÁRelics of (the clothes of?) Paul are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThere is a head reliquary in the Treasury of the Dom of MÀGÀnster, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, pp. 217©218]. ÁÁIn the 15C, the entire body of St. Paul was claimed to be in S. Giorgio in Venice, Veneto [Gascoigne]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. It also has a reliquary with a piece of the Cross and relics of Peter and Paul presented by Pius VII to Emperor Franz I in c1823 [Bauer et al., pp. 345©346]. ÁÁPaul's head ÀMÀ see under Peter. ÁÁPAUL THE AURELIAN (= St. Pol) was a Celt who came to Brittany. He died on Batz Island (À2Àle de Batz), FinistÀ/Àre, in 573. He expelled out a monster from the nearby Monster's Hole by wrapping his stole around its neck and casting it into the sea. A piece of his stole is preserved in the church but is 8C material. His remains are in a reliquary in the Cathedral of St.©Pol©de©LÀ)Àon, FinistÀ/Àre [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, pp. 56 & 230; Ward, p. 217]. ÁÁSS. Eusebius of Cremona, Eustochium, Jerome and PAULA are buried under the Chapel of the Holy Innocents in Bethlehem [Jahshan & Jahshan, p.55]. ÁÁThe relics of St. PAULINUS were brought to S. Bartolommeo (or Bartolomeo), Rome, Lazio, Italy, by Emperor Otto III in late 10C. Cf Bartholomew. [Masson, p. 119.] However, there was a 7C St. Paulinus in Northumberland. He is said to have baptised 3000 people in a day at the well in Holystone, Northumberland, in 627. Bede records that he baptised King Edwin at St. Peter's Church, York, on Easter Day, 627. [Timpson (3), pp. 74©75 with photos.] ÁÁSan PEDRO GONZÀÀLEZ TELMO ( ©c1240) was a Dominican who lived and died in Tui, Galicia, Spain. In the Chapel of San Telmo in the cathedral is the alcove where he died. [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 245.] There is a San Telmo in Seville and I thought it must derive from Sant Elmo! ÁÁ[Ackermann, pp. 503©504] deals with a number of points about à ÃPETERÄ Ä. Basically the earliest Christian tradition is quite vague about Peter's travels and death. c100, Clement says Peter was martyred, but doesn't say where. Later scholars have disputed whether the relevant Greek word had acquired the modern meaning at the time of Clement. From the 2C, it is generally stated that Peter and Paul did establish the Church at Rome, Lazio, Italy. In 171, Dionysius of Corinth says Peter and Paul were martyred in Italy. In the 3C, Tertullian is the first to say that "Peter at Rome suffered a death like Christ" ÀMÀ this is both the first mention of his death being at Rome and of his crucifixion. In 228, Origen asserts he was crucified upside down. Peter is also traditionally described as having been Bishop of Rome for 25 years, but the Church did not have episcopal structure at that time and there is no evidence that he exercised episcopal authority nor that he was in Rome for more than a few years. [Eastman, p. 352] gives the traditional dating that Peter was the first bishop of Rome from 42, being martyred in 67. ÁÁThe church of S. Pietro, Otranto, Puglia, is 'one of the many places in Italy where St. Peter is said to have landed.' [ENIT, p. 43]. Another is S. Piero a Grado, Toscana, SW of Pisa [Ross & Erichsen, pp. 378-380]. Yet another is Isola di San Pietro, off the SW coast of Sardinia (Sardegna), where he took shelter from a storm [à ÃBG©Southern ItalyÄ Ä, p. 288]. ÁÁIn S. Francesca Romana, Rome, there are knee prints of St. Peter in two stones from the Sacra Via. These were formed when he knelt to pray against Simon Magus who was flying above the Forum. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 136.] ÁÁPeter is believed to have stayed at the house of the Roman senator Cornelius Pudens. (This tradition dates from 145 and is generally considered unreliable.) S. Pudenziana, Via Urbana, Rome, was first built on this site in the 4C and several times since. There is a 1C house under all this but excavations in 1970 had to stop because of flooding. Part of the communion table of St. Peter is in the Church, but the larger part is in the High Altar of S. Giovanni Laterano [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, pp. 200 & 208]. Paul also visited this house and Mark is reputed to have written his gospel here. [Eastman, pp. 352©353.] ÁÁThe Prison of St. Peter, called the Tullianum or San Pietro in Carcere or the Mamertine Prison, with its miraculous spring, is under the Capitol in Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 105]. [Eastman, p. 352] says Church tradition asserts that both Paul and Peter were imprisoned here for nine months before their martyrdom on the same day in 67. [Eastman, p. 353] says it lies beneath S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami in the Via del Tor. ÁÁThere were two chains left behind when Peter miraculously escaped from the Mamertine Prison. They were taken to Constantinople. In 439, one was sent back to Rome to Pope Leo I. He gave it to Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian III, who built the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli in 442 to house it. When the other chain was brought to join it, the two pieces miraculously linked together. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, pp. 194-195.] [Eastman, p. 353] simply says the chains were recovered from the Prison. Filings (??) from the chains were once in S. Pietro in Spoleto, but there is no trace of them [Rowdon, p. 273]. (Pieces of ??) the chains are in the Opera del Duomo, Florence [DBS]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with three separate chain links, said to have used to chain SS. John, Paul and Peter [Bauer et al., p. 178.] ÁÁA bandage from the wounds of S. Peter fell when he was fleeing from the Mamertine. SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, Rome, is on the site. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 218.] ÁÁPeter's chain and crozier were given to Cologne (KÀ?Àln) Cathedral, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, by Archbishop Bruno I in the 10C [Hoster, p. 34]. ÁÁA chain was at Sant Pere de Rodes, Catalonia, in the 15C(?) ÀMÀ cf under Miscellaneous Sites, below. ÁÁAbove the High Altar of St. Peter's, Rome, is a golden throne containing the CHAIR of St. Peter [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 263]. Years ago, a Lady Morgan asked to see it and the Vatican refused. So she wrote a book saying that the Chair is actually inscribed 'There is no God but God ÀMÀ and Mohammed is His Prophet'. Horrified, the Vatican opened the throne and found the Chair, but it has no inscription! [Leo Rosten; Arrivederci, Roma??; ÃÃWorldÄÄ (10 Apr 1973) 10-11.] ÁÁA different source says the chair is not in the bronze altarpiece of Bernini, but is in the Vatican and is only exhibited once a century. It is made of acacia and is 6C Byzantine with a few older pieces of oak. [Richard B. Manchester; à ÃMammoth Book of Fascinating InformationÄ Ä; Hart Book (A & W Publishers), NY, 1980, p. 129.] [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 206] says the chair is 4C work. [à ÃBION©7Ä Ä, p. 31] says it is kept locked in the Vatican and exhibited once a century. ÁÁSan Pietro in Castello, the Cathedral of Venice, Veneto, has a 'St. Peter's Chair' brought from Antioch in the 13C, with Koranic verses carved in its marble [George Armstrong; Church find upsets Venetian history; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (6 Jul 1987) 9; Buckley & Robinson, p. 183.] ÁÁErroneous interpretation and loss of landmarks led to the belief that Peter was crucified on the site of S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome. The actual site was a bit south of S. Peter's. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, pp. 237 & 239.] [Eastman, p. 353] says there is stone marking the reputed spot in the Piazza dei Protomartiri Romani, in the Vatican Gardens just S of St. Peter's. ÁÁThe obelisk in front of St. Peter's, Rome, is the point where tradition says Peter was crucified [Curd, p. 43]. ÁÁPeter and Paul were briefly buried in the Catacomb of San Sebastiano, Rome. ÁÁThe High Altar of St. Peter's is supposed to be on the site of Peter's tomb. Various excavations have been made since 1940 and have uncovered structures anciently described as Peter's tomb and the bones of a large elderly man, claimed to be Peter's. [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, pp. 262 & 268-269.] However one sceptic asserts that the bones were of a non-Christian woman. [Martin Halsall; Barrister puts case against St. Peter; ÃÃGuardianÄÄ (14 Aug 1984) ??.] ÁÁThis last seems to be based on earlier bones. The whole story is related in [Walsh]. The bones were hidden in a niche in the wall beside the grave. Unbeknownst to the excavators, they were removed by the supervisor and overlooked for about 20 years. When finally studied, about half of the bones of an elderly man were found. [Walsh, p. 149.] They were replaced in 1968. [Walsh, p. 168.] Some skull fragments were found. Consequently the head at the Lateran was examined and found to be only fragments. "No conflict was found" between the two sets of fragments. [Walsh, p. 166.] ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS SITES, in alphabetical order. ÁÁ'Malchus' ear that Peter struck off' was one of the relics disposed of at the Dissolution in 1535©1540 [Welfare & Fairley, p. 1]. ÁÁThere are toe-nails of St. Peter in the cathedral of Aix©la©Chapelle (Aachen), NordrheinªWestfalen, Germany [Mackay, p. 697]. ÁÁSt. Peter's girdle was found at Bath Abbey, England, at the Dissolution [Welfare & Fairley, p. 2]. ÁÁRelics of (the clothes of?) Peter are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁErasmus reported seeing a finger at Canterbury c1520, which may be the namesake of taverns called Peter's Finger [Kent, p. 77]. ÁÁA relic claimed to be a hand of St. Peter is in the Cathedral of Dubrovnik, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 129]. ÁÁThe brain of St. Peter was worshipped in Geneva until someone pointed out it was a piece of pumice stone [O'Neil, p. 446]. ÁÁThe staff of St. Peter is enclosed in a sheath reliquary in St. Georg Cathedral, Limburg an der Lahn, Hessen. Peter had sent it to Trier, Rheinland©Pfalz, and it was preserved at Metz, Moselle, during the barbarian invasions. It was then taken to Cologne (KÀ?Àln), Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, and the top was returned to Trier in the late 10C. [Gauthier, p. 26. à ÃMGG-GermanyÄ Ä, p. 180.] ÁÁVestments of St. Peter were in Westminster Abbey, London [Ash]. ÁÁHairs from Peter's beard and part of his cross were at Westminster Abbey, London [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThere is a rib of St. Peter in a 1228 reliquary in the Institute of the Sisters of Our Lady, Rue Billiart, Namur, Namur, Belgium [Jan Sjoby; Tracking down Belgium's 'Seven Wonders'; ÃÃIHTÄÄ (1 Mar 1978) ??; Gauthier, pp. 140©141]. ÁÁThe heads of Peter and Paul are in busts over the Papal altar in S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome [Curd, p. 46; Eastman, p. 353]. The BG doesn't mention any busts or urns [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 208]. ÁÁThere is a finger of St. Peter in the Treasury of St. Peter's, Rome [DBS]. ÁÁThe tunic of St. Peter is in the Chapel of Pius V in the Vatican, Rome. It was formerly in the Sancta Sanctorum [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 290]. ÁÁLegend asserts that in c610, Rome was threatened with attack by the Persians and it was decided to remove some of the most precious relics for safekeeping. Among these were the head and right arm of Peter, the remains of his disciple Peter the Exorcist and of Concordius, Lucidius and Moderandus and a bottle of blood from the Holy Image of Christ. Three priests named Felix, Pontius and Epicinius sailed off and landed at the eastern end of the Pyrenees. They found a cave where St Paul Serge, later Bishop of Narbonne, had been a hermit and had erected an altar. They hid the relics in the cave and departed. When they returned a few weeks later, they could not relocate the cave, so most of the party stayed and founded the monastery of Sant Pere de Rodes, Catalonia, Spain, on the site. These items seem to have been relocated as they were recorded in an inventory attributed to the 15C, along with a chain of Peter and a pluvial of Thomas Becket. [Joan Badia i Homs; à ÃMonastery of Sant Pere de Rodes Historic and Architectural GuideÄ Ä; Curial Edicions Catalanes, Barcelona, 1993, pp. 26©28.] ÁÁEinhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, built a church at Mulinheim, later known as Seligenstadt (City of the Saints), Hessen, a bit ESE of Frankfurt, for the relics of St. MARCELLINUS and St. PETER which Einhard brought there [Lewis Thorpe, translator and editor; à ÃTwo Lives of CharlemagneÄ Ä [by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer]; Penguin, 1969, p. 14]. ÁÁThe staff of St. Peter is enclosed in a sheath reliquary in St. Georg Cathedral, Limburg an der Lahn, Hessen. Peter had sent it to Trier, Rheinland©Pfalz, and it was preserved at Metz, Moselle, during the barbarian invasions. It was then taken to Cologne (KÀ?Àln), Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, and the top was returned to Trier in the late 10C. [Gauthier, p. 26. à ÃMGG-GermanyÄ Ä, p. 180.] ÁÁTwo teeth of Peter are in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 259 & 341©342]. The latter was taken from the tomb of Peter in c1853. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a fragment of the reed and relics of SS. Lambert, Peter and Sigismund [Bauer et al., p. 244]. It also has a reliquary with a piece of the Cross and relics of Peter and Paul presented by Pius VII to Emperor Franz I in c1823 [Bauer et al., pp. 345©346]. ÁÁThere are relics of PETER OF VERONA (= PETER MARTYR) (c1200©1253) in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., pp. 338-339]. The Portinari Chapel in the Basilica of S. Eustorgio, Milan, Lombardia, was built in 1462 to house the remains of St. Peter Martyr. It has a sarcophagus, but a side chapel has an urn with the head of the saint. [Converso, pp. 44-45.] ÁÁPETER THE EXORCIST was a disciple of Peter. His body was among the relics supposedly taken to Sant Pere de Rodes ÀMÀ cf under Peter. ÁÁSt. PETROC was a Welsh prince of the 6C. After study in Ireland, he came to north Cornwall, landing at Trebetherick (place of Petroc) and took over a monastic community at Padstow, then moved to Bodmin. He had a cell at Little Petherick, inland from Padstow. He died on 4 Jun 564 at the farm of a family called Rovel and the farm on the site is called Treravel. His relics were taken to Bodmin. In 1177 they were stolen and taken to St. Meen (probably St. MÀ)Àen le Grand, Ille©et©Vilaine), France, but royal and episcopal intervention got them returned in a reliquary box. In the 16C, the relics were scattered and the reliquary lost, but it was rediscovered in the church at Bodmin in the 19C. The reliquary was stolen in 1995 and found abandoned in a ditch on a Yorkshire moor in 1996. There is a church of St. Petrox by Dartmouth Castle, Devon, possibly established by him. [Church leaflet. Maev Kennedy; Scientists to test bones of St. David; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ; (4 Jan 1997) 10.] He is said to have founded a chapel at Kenton, Devon, c560 [Peter Stanier; à ÃDevonÄ Ä; Shire County Guide 27, Shire, Aylesbury, 1989, p. 34]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. PETRONILLA [Gauthier, pp. 130-133]. ÁÁSt. PETRONIO is the patron saint of Bologna, where his skull is kept in the Chapel of S. Petronio, in the Basilica of S. Petronio [Angelo Raule; à ÃLa Basilica di San Petronio a BolognaÄ Ä; extract, translated by Gina L. Bedeschi Pincherle, as: à ÃThe Basilica of Saint PetronioÄ Ä; Editcomp, Bologna, nd [1990s], p. 4]. ÁÁThe relics of St. PHILIBERT were bought to Tournus, SaÀ=Àne©et©Loire, in the 9C [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 256]. ÁÁThe Apostle PHILIP lived his last years at Hierapolis, the ancient city above Pamukkale, Turkey, where he was martyred upside down in 80. There is a Martyrium there. [Freely, p. 191. Freely (2), p. 287 gives more details.] ÁÁThe skull of the Apostle PHILLIP is in the Monastery of the Holy Cross, Omodhos, Cyprus [Nagel, p. 115]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Philip [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁA tooth of Philip was at the Minster of Wimborne Minster, Dorset [Treves, p. 116]. ÁÁSee also under S. Filippo. ÁÁSt. PHILIP HOWARD (1557©1595), 13th Earl of Arundel, was imprisoned in the Tower of London from 1585 under sentence of death, but eventually died of malnutrition and, probably, poison. He was buried in the chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower, but his widow transferred the remains to West Horsley Place in Surrey in 1624 and thence to the Fitzalan Chapel of the parish church of Arundel. Beatified 1929, canonised 1971. In 1971, the remains were translated to a special chapel in the Cathedral at Arundel, then rededicated to Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard. In the Beauchamp Tower of the Tower of London is an inscription he carved in the stone over the fireplace: Quanto plus afflictionis pro Christo in hoc saeculo, tanto plus gloriae cum Christo in futuro, Arundell ÀMÀ June 22, 1587 [The more affliction we endure for Christ in this world, the more glory we shall obtain with Christ in the next ....]. [à ÃThe Cathedral of Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard ArundelÄ Ä; Colourmaster for Diocese of Arundel and Brighton, 1985; pp. 6 & 9©11.] ÁÁThe existence of St. PHILOMENA was based on a gravestone found in the Catacombs of St. Priscilla, Rome. Only part of the name could be made out and there was nothing to indicate that she was a martyr, but her cult became very popular. In 1960, the Vatican announced that there was no evidence for her martyrdom and she was removed from the list of saints. Fortunately, there are other St. Philomenas. ÁÁA finger of Blessed PIERRE ROUGE, guillotined in the main square on 3 Mar 1799, is on display in the Cathedral St©Pierre in Vannes, Morbihan [Ward, p. 303]. ÁÁThe Coptic Church considers Pontius PILATE and his wife PROCULA as saints and Tertullian praised Pilate as 'a Christian in his conscience'. A stone bearing Pilate's name was found at Caesarea in 1961 ÀMÀ the first evidence of his existence. [Eastman, p. 354.] ÁÁPadre PIO (originally Francesco Forgione, 1887 ©1968), a Capuchin monk, received the Stigmata on 20 Sep 1918 at San Giovanni Rotondo, near Foggia, Puglia. These disappeared on his death. Apparently buried at San Giovanni Rotundo. Despite claims in his lifetime that he had faked the stigmata, had sex with parishioners and was involved in a financial scandal, Italian popular feeling led to his being declared venerable in Dec 1997. [John Hooper; From charlatan to saint in 30 years; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (22 Sep 1998) 17.] To be beatified in May 1999 [Mystic monk to be beatified; ÃÃDaily TelegraphÄÄ (22 Dec 1998) 12.] A second miracle was approved in 2001. To be canonised in 2002 [Stephen Bates; Priest linked to Franco to be canonised; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (21 Dec 2001) 15]. His followers have started a local TV station dedicated to him [Rory Carroll; Future saint switches on pilgrims with TV channel; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (11 Feb 2002) 12]. Canonised on 16 Jun 2002, the shortest time on record. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. PONTIUS [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. (?? Pilate) ÁÁSt. POPPO was an abbot at Stavelot, LiÀ/Àge (Luik, Liege), LiÀ/Àge, Belgium, where his bust©reliquary is in the Treasury of the À(Àglise St©SÀ)Àbastien [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 298]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. PRASSEDE [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁSt. PROCOPIUS is buried in a tomb by the north wall of the Chapel of All Saints (VÀ±Àech svatÀUÀch) in the Old Royal Palace in Prague Castle [Humphreys, p. 58]. ÁÁS. PROSDOCIMUS (or Prosdocimo), who evangelised Padua and is one of the city's patron saints, is buried in S. Giustina, Padua [Foligno, pp. 29©30, 168 & 234; Buckley & Robinson, p. 290]. ÁÁS. PROTASIUS (Protase) ÀMÀ see S. Gervasius. ÁÁS. QUENTIN was martyred in Paris and his ashes were brought to Brozzi, near Florence, but the casket floated away in a flood and settled at Badia a Settimo. When it was removed, it would return to the resting place and the Badia was then built around it [Hutton, p. 100]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. QUINTILIANUS was in the original church of St. Paul (les Champs), Paris, built in 633, but the church has moved, so it's not clear if there are any remains [Hare (2), pp. 196©197]. ÁÁSt. QUIRIACE was the Bishop of Jerusalem who discovered the True Cross. His head was brought to Provins, Seine©et©Marne, near Paris, from Constantinople, by Milon de Breban. There are two other heads ÀMÀ in Sens, Yonne, and in Orleans, Loiret, [Dunlop, pp. 165-167.] ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. QUIRIN in the CathÀ)Àdrale Saints©Piere©Paul©et©Quirin in MalmÀ)Àdy, LiÀ/Àge, Belgium [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 245]. ÁÁThe location of the tomb and body of St. RAGENER was revealed in a dream in the 11C at the predecessor of the church of St. Peter in Northampton, Northamptonshire. When the tomb was revealed, the church was filled with a great light and dove flew out and plunged into the font and sprinkled the participants with holy water, curing a crippled woman. Ragener was the nephew of King Edmund (841©870) and had also been martyred. His shrine was popular until at least the late 15C and he has recently been honoured in the area. [Gould, pp. 38©39.] ÁÁThere is a tomb of San RAMON in the Cathedral of Roda da IsÀÀbena, Aragon, Spain [à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 181]. ÁÁThere is a tomb of San RAMON DE PENYAFORT in the Cathedral of Barcelona, Catalonia. ÁÁThe Pieve di Santa Maria, Arezzo, Toscana has relics of SS. Asterio, Ermenio, Giusto, RANIERI, 'and others'. ÁÁThe Nunnery of St. Raphael, on the east side of Lesbos, 11 km NW of Mytilene, was founded in 1963 after visions had revealed the location of the bones of SS. RAPHAEL, Nicholas and Irene, killed by the Turks in 1463 [Eleftheriadis, p. 59]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is an ostensory with relics of Agnes, Maximilian and REGINA [Bauer et al., p. 249]. ÁÁSt. REGNOBERT, (d. 627) was second bishop of Bayeux, Calvados. An Andalusian casket of 10-11C with a Kufic inscription contains his chasuble, made of silk in China in the 10C, with orphreys embroidered in Sicily(?) in the 12C. [Gauthier, p. 38©41.] ÁÁSS. Felix and REGULA (brother and sister) were beheaded at ZÀGÀrich by order of the Emperor Decius, but there seem to be no relics there [à ÃMGG©SwitzerlandÄ Ä, p. 187]. ÁÁSt. REMACULUS founded an abbey at Stavelot, LiÀ/Àge, Belgium, in the 7C. His reliquary is in the À(Àglise St©SÀ)Àbastien there. [à ÃMGG©Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, pp. 297©298.] Another reliquary is in the Treasury of Onze©Lieve©Vrouwebasiliek, Tongeren (Tongres), Limburg, Belgium [Ibid., p. 301]. ÁÁThe body of Blessed REMIGIO DE' GIROLAMI is under the altar of the Gaddi Chapel in Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy [P. Stefano Orlandi, revised by P. Isnardo P. Grossi; à ÃHistorical ÀMÀ Artistic Guide of Santa Maria Novella and her Monumental CloistersÄ Ä; Edition S. Becocci, Florence, 1984, p. 26]. ÁÁA 'shroud' relic of St. REMIGUS (= REMI) was at Rheims (= Reims, Marne). His tomb is in the choir of the St©RÀ)Àmi Basilica [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, pp. 216©217]. ÁÁSt. RICHARD (OF CHICHESTER) (c1197©1253) was born near Droitwich, Hereford & Worcester. Studied at Oxford, later Chancellor of Oxford (University?). Ministered at Charing and Deal, both in Kent. Bishop of Chichester, 1245©1253. Died in Dover on a preaching tour. His shrine is at Chichester Cathedral, Chichester, West Sussex. Canonised in 1262. [Pepin, pp. 43©44. Vince, pp. 37©38.] ÁÁSt. RICHARD REYNOLDS was a priest at Syon Abbey, Middlesex, who refused to acknowledge the king's supremacy and was executed in 1535. His body was said to have been placed on the abbey gateway. The Abbey was suppressed in 1539 and the site is now part of Syon Park. A carved pinnacle of the gateway and the iron cross from the top of the Abbey are preserved at the modern convent of Syon Abbey, of the Bridgettine Order, in South Brent, Devon. [C. Shrimpton, R. Pailthorpe & F. Woodcock; à ÃSyon Park The London Home of the Duke of NorthumberlandÄ Ä; Syon Park, nd [bought in 2001], pp. 4©5.] ÁÁS. ROCCO (= St. ROCH) is believed to have been a native of Montpellier, HÀ)Àrault, France, which he left in 1315 to work with plague victims in Italy. Supposedly he was cured of the plague by a dog which brought him bread and licked his wounds clean. When he returned to Montpellier, he was spurned by his family and died in prison at age 32. In 1485, some Venetian merchants carried off his body (from Germany ??) to Venice where the Church of S. Rocco was erected to contain it. [Okey (2), pp. 378©379. Buckley & Robinson, pp. 126-127.] ÁÁS. Fermo, Verona, Veneto, was built in the 11C to house the relics of St. Roch, who was martyred on the site ÀMÀ this seems to be a different saint of the same name as the above [Buckley & Robinson, p. 325]. ÁÁThe Cathedral of Orvieto, Umbria, has relics of SS. Callisto, Degna, Fortunato, Jacopone da Todi and ROMANA. ÁÁThe tomb of St. RONAN is in a chapel of the Church of St. Ronan, Locronan, FinistÀ/Àre [à ÃMGG©BrittanyÄ Ä, p. 145]. ÁÁS. ROSA of Lima's body is in a chapel of the Church of S. Domingo, Lima, Peru [Williams, pp. 57©58]. ÁÁWilliam Buckland, the pioneer geologist, while on his honeymoon, was shown the bones of St. ROSALIA, at Palermo, Sicily. He immediately exclaimed: "Those are the bones of a goat." The bones were removed from view, but the saint's shrine has retained its healing powers. [Catherine Caufield; à ÃThe Emperor of the United States & Other Magnificent British EccentricsÄ Ä; Corgi, 1982, p. 44. Dick & Rose Girling, et al.; à ÃWould You Believe It, Doctor?Ä Ä; Coronet (Hodder & Stoughton), 1977, p. 45.] [O'Neil, p. 102] asserts that the blood of the martyr appeared fresh every day on the floor on the cathedral and that Buckland tasted it and identified it as bat urine. ÁÁThe body of St. ROSELINE (1250© ) is in a shrine at the church of Les Arcs, Var, France, about 7 km S of Draguignan. [à ÃMGG©RivieraÄ Ä, p. 62.] ÁÁSt. RUMBOLD (or Rumwold), early 7C, is claimed to be the grandson of Penda (who lived in the 10C, cf under Oswald), the last pagan king of Mercia. He only lived three days, but eloquently preached Christianity. There is a spring named for him in King's Sutton, Northamptonshire. His remains were buried in Brackley, Northamptonshire, then in Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, and there are wells named for him in both places. [Gould, p. 34.] ÁÁSt. SABA (439©532) founded the monastery of St. Saba, east of Bethlehem, and it is the oldest inhabited monastery. His cave and his tomb are at the monastery. [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 59.] ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of St. SABINA [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe tomb of S. SABINE is in S. Zaccaria, Venice [Buckley & Robinson, p. 168]. ÁÁThe body of a St. SABUS was stolen from Constantinople in the mid 13C and brought to Sant' Antonino, Venice. In 1965, Pope Paul VI returned it to its original monastery where the monks met every night at the empty tomb to grieve their loss. [Buckley & Robinson, pp. 176©177.] ÁÁSt. SAMSON of Dol was an abbot on Caldy (or Caldey) Island, South Wales, and some relics of him are preserved [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 371], though he is buried at Dol in Brittany and is the patron saint of Brittany [Howell & Beazley, p. 137]. ÁÁThe tomb of St. SEBALD (8C?) is in St. Sebald's Church (St. Sebalduskirche), NÀGÀrnberg, Bayern, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 223]. When he died, his bier was placed on a cart drawn by untamed oxen and they stopped at the site of the church [Headlam (2), p. 228]. [Headlam (2), pp. 208©212] describes the shrine made by Peter Vischer and his five sons in 1507©1512 as the finest example of German Renaissance sculpture. It encloses a sarcophagus of 1397. In 1442, the heads of St. Sebald and St. Cyprian were displayed as the Emperor Frederick III entered NÀGÀrnberg, at Easter 1442 [Headlam (2), p. 51]. ÁÁThe legend of St. SEBASTIAN first appears in à ÃThe Golden LegendÄ Ä of Jacobus de Voragine (1230©1298), Archbishop of Genoa. This was a best©seller in the middle ages. Jacobus said Sebastian was a Praetorian Guard who was killed on Rome's Campus Martius during the persecutions of Diocletian, for preferring his God to his Emperor. He was healed from his arrow wounds by St. Irene, but then pulverised and flung into the Cloaca Maxima. This would have been in 303. ÁÁAn arrow of St. SEBASTIAN is in the Opera del Duomo, Florence [DBS]. There is another in the Scottish Church, Vienna [Johannes Nohl; à ÃThe Black DeathÄ Ä; Unwin, London, 1961, p. 83]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Sebastian [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a thorn and relics of SS. Fabian and Sebastian [Bauer et al., pp. 243©244], an ostensory with relics of SS. Apollinaire and Sebastian [Bauer et al., p. 263] and a casket with relics of SS. Fabian and Sebastian [Bauer et al., p. 268]. ÁÁSt. SEIRIOL's cell and well are near Penmon, Anglesey, Gwynedd, Wales [Beazley & Howell, pp. 202-203]. ÁÁSt. SENAN was born at Moylougha, near Kilrush, Co. Clare, Ireland. He had a retreat offshore on near by Scattery Island, where he is buried at Temple Senan. [à ÃBG©IrelandÄ Ä, p. 220.] ÁÁA hand of St. SERGIUS (or Blaise) is in the Franciscan church of Dubrovnik, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 125]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including some of St. Sergius [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁThe Romanesque sarcophagus, of 1179, of SS Sergius and Bacchus is in the Castelvecchio Museum, Verona, Veneto [Zuffi, p. 40]. ÁÁSt. SERNIN (or Saturninus), the first bishop of Toulouse, Haut©Garonne, was martyred by being tied to a bull. The site was marked by a basilica in the 4C, later expanded into the largest and finest Romanesque church in France. It has many relics, but it is unclear if the relics of St. Sernin are among them. The À(Àglise Notre©Dame©du©Taur marks the site where he was buried. [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 174©177.] ÁÁThe tomb of St. SERVATIUS ( ©384) is in the Crypt of St. Servaasbasiliek in Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands. The Treasury has a pectoral cross said to have been his, but it is 10C work. The Shrine of St. Servatius is also in the Treasury © it is a handsome 12C piece. [à ÃMGG©NetherlandsÄ Ä, pp. 23 (with photo of the Shrine) & 195©195]. ÁÁSt. SERVIUS was the grandson of a sister of St. Anne, the mother of Mary. He became Bishop of Tongres (Tongeren), Limburg, Belgium, in the Mosan country where he was clubbed to death by the sabots of angry peasants. His tomb was in Antwerp Cathedral. [Horton; op. cit. under foreskin; p. 58.] ÁÁThe remains of the SEVEN SLEEPERS of Ephesus, Turkey, were taken to Marseilles (Marseille), Bouches©du©RhÀ=Àne, in a sarcophagus which can still (1888) be seen in S. Victor's Church [Baring-Gould, p. 103]. Legend says they were sealed in their cave by Roman soldiers during the persecutions of 149-151 and they awoke three centuries later. They were later buried in the same cave. [Freely (2), p. 271.] ÁÁThe sarcophagus of St. SEVERIN is in St. Severin's Church (Severi©Kirche) in Erfurt, ThÀGÀringen, Germany [à ÃMGG©GermanyÄ Ä, p. 124]. ÁÁSt. SEXBURGA ÀMÀ see under St. Etheldreda and St. Mildred. ÁÁThere is a reliquary of St. SIARD in the abbey church at Tongerlo, Antwerpen, Belgium [à ÃMGG-Belgium/LuxembourgÄ Ä, p. 302]. ÁÁThe relics of St. SICAIRE were a pilgrim attraction at the abbey in BrantÀ=Àme, Dordogne, founded by Charlemagne in 769. The relics seem to have been destroyed. There is a fountain of St. Sicaire nearby. [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 67©68.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with a fragment of the reed and relics of SS. Lambert, Peter and SIGISMUND [Bauer et al., p. 244]. ÁÁVenice acquired the body of St. SIMEON THE APOSTLE after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 [Okey (2), p. 82]. ÁÁSt. SIMEON STYLITES (c390©459) mounted a pillar some 30 miles east of Antioch, Syria, at the age of 27 and remained on top of a series of taller and taller pillars until his death. In 427, he went up a 60 ft column in Qalat©Serman. He was buried in the principal church of Antioch. His pillar was surrounded by an octagonal piazza with four great basilicas. [Cuddon, p. 69. Freely, pp. 362©363 (not in Freely (2)).] Will Ryan tells me there are coprolites of Simeon. [Youngson, pp. 132©133] says he spent nine years in his cell, then ascended a 72 foot pillar where he stayed for the next 30 years. He spent a year standing on one leg. [O'Neil, pp. 124 & 324] says he lived on a 60 ft pillar for 30 years and tied a rope so tightly about his middle that the flesh decayed and maggots grew in it, which he ate. It also says he stood on one foot for a year and ulcers formed on his leg and worms lived in the juices! When the worms fell out, an attendant carefully restored them. ÁÁSt. SYMEON STYLITES THE YOUNGER ascended his pillar at age 7 in 521 [Freely, p. 362]. ÁÁThe relics of St. SIMON are in the church of Sv. Simon in Zadar, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 51]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Simon [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁSt. SIMON STOCK ( ©1265) was born near Aylesford, Kent. He was the 6th Prior General of the Carmelite Order in 1247 and thoroughly reformed it, establishing the first Carmelite house in England at Aylesford. He also established houses at Oxford and Cambridge, etc. He died in Bordeaux. His relics were returned to the Carmelite priory in Aylesford, Kent, in 1951, a bit after the order regained the site in 1949, and a new shrine church has been built. [à ÃBG©EnglandÄ Ä, p. 65. Pepin, pp. 17©18.] After his death, the story developed that he had had a vision of the Virgin who presented him with a scapular (two pieces of cloth joined by cords) with her image. [Buckley & Robinson, p. 102.] ÁÁThe skull of SIMON TYBALD is on display at St. Gregory's Church, Sudbury. He was the Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of the Exchequer killed in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. [David Wickers; à ÃDrives around CambridgeÄ Ä; Macdonald, Edinburgh, 1983; p. 61. Timpson, p. 190.] ÁÁThe bodies of Saints SIXTUS and SINICUS, the first bishops of Rheims (= Reims, Marne), were at Rheims and there is a reliquary in the Cathedral of Notre©Dame, Rheims. There may be some confusion with St. Callistus. [Gauthier, pp. 128©130.] ÁÁThe corpse of St. SPYRIDON [= Spiridon] was smuggled out of the Fall of Constantinople (1453) in a sack of straw and is in the church of St. Spyridon in Corfu Town on Corfu, Greek. [Bradbury. Young, p. 151.] Young says Spiridon's body was brought by a priest named Kalokheretes and remained the property of his successors until nationalized in 1927. The body is in a silver coffer in the eponymous church and is processed four times a year. Lancaster [pp. 194-196] gives the priest's name as Calochoretti and says the relics were carried under a load of hay. He also says the priest's heirs continue to own the relic. Bradford [pp. 34©35] says Spiridon was Bishop of Cyprus c325 and his remains were kept there until the Turkish occupation, implying that then then started on their trip to Corfu, arriving in 1489 disguised as a bale of fodder. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has relics of St. STANISLAS, Bishop of Cracow (Krakow, Poland), (d. 1097) [Bauer et al., pp. 250©251]. ÁÁAccording to à ÃActsÄ Ä 6:5 © 8:2, St. à ÃSTEPHENÄ Ä was made a deacon by the Apostles after the Ascension. He was stoned to death at one of the gates of Jerusalem, the first Christian martyr. He was buried some 20 miles west at Kaphar Gamala (now Bet©ed©Jemal). His relics were invented (i.e. discovered) on 3 Aug 415 and Augustine soon taught that it was suitable to worship such relics. The body was translated to Constantinople. [Gauthier, p. 130.] On the other hand, [Jahshan & Jahshan, p. 35] says the Empress Eudoxia built a basilica to house the relics in 460. ÁÁKing Andrew II of Hungary obtained the head of St. Stephen on the Fifth Crusade in 1218 [Runciman-3, p. 149] ÀMÀ but where is it now??. ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS SITES, in alphabetical order. ÁÁThere are relics of St. Stephen in the Treasury of the Basilica of S. Nicola in Bari, Puglia [ENIT, p. 35]. ÁÁThere are also relics at Berlin [Gauthier, p. 17]. ÁÁRelics of Stephen are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Stephen [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThere is a Reliquary of St. Stephen in the Treasury of the Cathedral of CÀ;Àrdoba, Andalusia, Spain [Manuel Nieto Cumplido; à ÃLa Mezquita©Catedral de CordobaÄ Ä; Editorial Escudo de Oro, Barcelona, 1995, p. 74]. ÁÁThere are relics in the Cathedral of Dubrovnik, Croatia [Cuddon (2), p. 129]. ÁÁA bone of St. Stephen is in the Opera del Duomo, Florence [DBS]. ÁÁThere is a reliquary with the skull of St. Stephen in Halberstadt Cathedral, SachsenªAnhalt, Germany [Gauthier, p. 116 & 118©119]. ÁÁA stone of St. Stephen was in Westminster Abbey, London [Ash]. Some of the stones, some of his bones and part of his blood were at Westminster Abbey [Kent, p. 74]. ÁÁRelics of St. Stephen, said to exude a delicious smell, are in the Church of Ayios Stephanos in the Monastery of Kastamonitou, Mt. Athos, Greece [de Jongh, p. 298]. ÁÁThe bones of St. Stephen were at the Hospital of St. Bartholomew, outside Oxford, in 1329 [BMA, p. 48; Headlam, p. 126]. ÁÁThe ashes of St. Stephen are in a marble urn in the High Altar of S. Stefano, Pisa [Ross & Erichsen, p. 298]. ÁÁThere are relics at S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Rome [à ÃBG-RomeÄ Ä, p. 193]. ÁÁA head bone of St. Stephen is in S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome [DBS]. ÁÁSt. Etienne (= Stephen) Cathedral in Sens, Yonne, has relics of Stephen [Gauthier, pp. 130 & 132]. ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Stephen [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe relics of St. Stephen were translated from Tyre or Sidon, Lebanon, to Syrtes (where?) where they were received by St. Augustine at Hippo and installed at Uzalis [Gauthier, p. 17]. ÁÁThe body of St. Stephen was in Constantinople. It was obtained by Friar Peter and shipped to Venice, c1110, where it was placed in S. Giorgio Maggiore [Okey (2), p. 50; à ÃBG-VeniceÄ Ä, p. 183]. ÁÁThe Purse of St. Stephen is a reliquary containing soil soaked with the blood of Stephen. It is part of the Imperial Crown Jewels, once at Aachen, Nordrhein©Westfalen, Germany, but now in the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer), Vienna, with replicas in the Rathaus of Aachen. Presently it contains a piece of unidentifiable fabric with an authentication from early 12C. [Bauer et al., pp. 168©169.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a reliquary with several items and an identifying band at the top. This does not have a detailed museum label, but the photo in Bauer et al., aided by my memory, indicates it contains relics of the Three Magi, of the skull of St. Christopher, of the 11,000 Virgins, of St. Stephen, of the Holy Land, of (illegible) and of Pope St. Leo. [Bauer et al., p. 235.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. Andrew, Britius, Mary of Egypt, Maximus and Stephen [Bauer et al., pp. 249©250]. ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with a Thorn and relics of SS. Andrew, Eustace, George and Stephan and another reliquary with a piece of the Shroud and relics of the same four saints [Bauer et al., pp. 305©306]. There are more relics [Bauer et al., p. 339]. ÁÁc1137, Henry of Blois gave Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, a large cross reliquary containing many relics, including some of St. Stephen [Gauthier, p. 56]. ÁÁOne of the stones cast at Stephen was in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire [Hill, p. 42; Dutton, p. 133]. ÁÁReliquary busts of the Hungarian saints Emmerich (= Imre), Ladislaus (= Laszlo) and King STEPHEN (= ISTVÀÀN) (of Hungary) were at Vienna but were passed to Hungary in 1933 and they are now in the National Museum in Budapest [Bauer et al., p. 332]. The mummified right hand of King Stephen is another of Hungary's national treasures, is known as Szent Jobb (= Holy Right) and is in a chapel at the back of Szent IstvÀÀn's Basilica in Budapest. He was brother©in©law to Henry II the Saint, qv. ÁÁThe tomb of a local St. STEPHEN (1085©>1142), founder and abbot of the abbey at Aubazine (or Aubazines), CorrÀ/Àze, is in the church of the town. He was born in CorrÀ/Àze, while Muret (see below) is in Haut©Garonne, so these two Stephens appear to be different. [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 27, 49©50]. ÁÁSt. STEPHEN OF MURET was a reformer of the Benedictine Order in 1123. A dalmatic given to him by the Empress Mathilda and a reliquary shrine are at the church in Ambazac, Haute©Vienne. A reliquary bust is in the church of St-Sylvestre, Haute©Vienne. [à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, pp. 46 & 164.] ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has an ostensory with relics of SS. James the Great, Longinus and SUNIDONIUS [Bauer et al., p. 250]. ÁÁSt. SWITHIN (or Swithun) (800©862) was chancellor of England, teacher of Alfred the Great and Bishop of Winchester. He asked to be buried in the churchyard 'where the faithful going in to prayer would walk upon his body, and the drops of rain from the roof would fall on his grave'. This was done, but after he was canonized, the monks dug up the body and installed it in Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, on 15 July (St. Swithin's Day), 971 (or 964). It is said to have rained ('the Heavens shed their tears') for the next forty days, giving rise to the English superstition. [John May; à ÃCurious FactsÄ Ä; Secker & Warburg, London, 1980, p. 223.] Alternatively, the rain delayed the transfer for forty days, because the Saint had wanted the sweet rain of heaven to fall upon his grave [Graeme Donald; à ÃThings You Didn't Know You Didn't KnowÄ Ä; Unwin, 1985, p. 163]. [[John Ayrton Paris]; à ÃPhilosophy in Sport made Science in EarnestÄ Ä; (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green; London, 1827);, 8th ed., Murray, 1857, pp. 489-490] says the forty days' rain prevented the transfer of the body. The à ÃCountry AlmanacÄ Ä of 1675 [Vince, p. 46] has "If St Swithin weeps the proverb says, / The weather will be foul for forty days." ÁÁThe shrine was destroyed at the Reformation and the site was lost. A new shrine was built in 1962, approximately at the proper site in the retrochoir. [G. Bernard Wood; à ÃSecret Britain A Tourist's Collection of Hides, Ghosts and StratagemsÄ Ä; Cassell, 1968, pp. 182-183.] ÁÁHis skull was deposited in Canterbury Cathedral. A large sculptured stone at Winchester Cathedral was long displayed as his tombstone, but excavation in 1797 revealed an intact skeleton, so either he had two heads, or part of the story is in error. [Timbs (2), p. 153. Vince, p. 39.] ÁÁThere are two bodies of St. SYLVESTER [Belief in miracles revived under scrutiny; ÃÃChina DailyÄÄ (25 Mar 1989) ??]. ÁÁA bone of St. Sylvester was at Grandmont Treasury, Haute©Vienne, then distributed to the church of Milhaguet in 1792 which deposited it in the Museum at Limoges, Haute©Vienne, from which it was stolen in 1980 [Gauthier, pp. 34 & 56©57]. ÁÁThe reliquary of San Galgano, belonging to the church of Frosini, Umbria, now on loan to the Opera del Duomo, Orvieto, contains relics of St. Sylvester [Gauthier, pp. 169 & 172]. ÁÁThe body of S. TARASIO was carried off from Chiledro to Venice in 1019 [Okey (2), pp. 38©39]. ÁÁSt. TEILO died in 560 at Llandeilo, north of Swansea, Wales [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 240]. He was born and is buried at Penally, a bit south of Tenby, Wales [à ÃBG©WalesÄ Ä, p. 372]. He is (also?) buried in Llandaff Cathedral, near Cardiff [Howell & Beazley, p. 247]. In fact, there are three bodies of him [O'Neil, p. 446]. ÁÁRelics of the TEN THOUSAND MARTYRS are in the Reliquary of the Holy Thorn from the Grandselve Treasury, Quercy, now in the church of Bouillac, Tarn©et©Garonne [Gauthier, pp. 168©171]. ÁÁGeneral Franco carried the left hand of St. TERESA of Avila around with him for 40 years [Lorna Sage; Practical ecstasies ÀMÀ review of: Stephen Clissold; à ÃSt. Teresa of AvilaÄ Ä; Sheldon Press, 1979?; ÃÃThe ObserverÄÄ (28 Jan 1979) ??.] The convent of St. Teresa, in Avila, is built on the site of the house where she was born in Avila, Castile and LeÀ;Àn [à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 55] ÁÁThere are some relics in the Convento de San JosÀ)À in Sevilla, Andalusia, founded by the saint [George Kean; à ÃEssential SevilleÄ Ä; AA Publishing, Basingstoke, 1992, p. 50]. ÁÁThere is a relic in the Schatzkammer, Vienna [Bauer et al., p. 343]. ÁÁHer remains are in the church of the Carmelite Convent in Alba de Tormes, near Salamanca, Castile and LeÀ;Àn [à ÃMGG©SpainÄ Ä, p. 196]. ÁÁSteve Jones asserts the St. Teresa (presumably of Avila) wore a wedding ring of Christ's foreskin [Steven Rose; Terms of endowment; ÃÃThe Guardian ReviewÄÄ (14 Sep 2002) 10 (Review of Steve Jones; à ÃY: The Descent of ManÄ Ä; Little Brown, 2002)]. Was this on the hand that Franco carried? ÁÁMother TERESA of Calcutta (Agnese Gonxha Bojaxhiu) (Skopje, 1910 © 1997) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. The Pope waived the usual five year waiting period and a 1998 miracle has been accepted, leading to expected beatification in 2003, she is expected to become the fastest canonization in modern times. [Philip Willan; Mother Teresa on fast©track to sainthood; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (2 Oct 2002) 18. Stephen Bates; Miracle puts Mother Teresa on saintly path; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ (21 Dec 2002) 14.] ÁÁSt. TERESA of Lisieux ÀMÀ see ThÀ)ÀrÀ/Àse. ÁÁThe THEBAN LEGION ÀMÀ see under St. Maurice. ÁÁSt. THEODORA's remains came to Corfu, Greece, from the Fall of Constantinople along with those of St. Spyridon in 1453. They are in a silver coffer in the Orthodox Cathedral of Corfu. [Young, pp. 151 & 153.] ÁÁThe relics of St. THEODORE, the 1C disciple of St. James the Greater, are in the crypt of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, along with those of St. James and another disciple, St. Athanasius [à ÃMGG-SpainÄ Ä, p. 202]. ÁÁSt. THEODORE THE BYZANTINE (or of Byzantium) ( ©1795) is the patron of Mytilene, Lesbos, where his body is in the Cathedral (of St. Athanasius?) and his relics are annually processed [Eleftheriadis, p. 17]. ÁÁSt. THEODORE THE MARTYR ÀMÀ see under St. Nicholas. ÁÁA cross reliquary now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, includes relics of Theodore [Gauthier, pp. 96©98]. ÁÁThere are relics in St. Aloysius, Oxford [Heyworth, pp. 111©113]. ÁÁThe skulls of St. THEODORE THE TYRO and St. THEODORE STRATELATES are in the Church of Panayia Chrysospiliotissa in the monastery of Mega Spileon, some 50km east of Patras ÀMÀ see under Paintings of the Madonna [de Jongh (2), pp. 300©301]. ÁÁSt. THEODOSIUS (5C) established a hermitage to the east of Bethlehem, where the present Greek Orthodox Monastery of St. Theodosius contains his tomb [Jahshan & Jahshan, pp. 57©58]. ÁÁThe bones of St. THEOKTISTE ( ©879) are in the chapel named for her at Molyvos, on the north coast of Lesbos [Eleftheriadis, p. 84]. ÁÁA reliquary of the bones of St. THEOPHANO is in Haghios Georgios, Istanbul [Boulanger, p. 101; Rogerson & Baring, p. 48]. ÁÁSt. THÀ(ÀRÀ.ÀSE Martin (= Teresa, of Lisieux) (1873©1897) was born in AlenÀ'Àon, Orne. After her mother's death in 1877, the family moved to Lisieux. At age 14, she applied to become a nun and was rejected because of her age, so she went to the Pope who was convinced to give her special dispensation. She entered the Carmelite Convent in Lisieux, Calvados, in 1888? and died of TB there. Her day book was published as à ÃThe Story of a SoulÄ Ä and became a best©seller. Rapidly canonised in 1925, she became France's second patron saint in 1945. She is buried in the chapel of the Convent, but there are bones of her right arm in a reliquary in the Basilique de Ste©ThÀ)ÀrÀ/Àse. Her house in Lisieux is a museum containing her first communion robe. Her birthplace and the site of her baptism are preserved in AlenÀ'Àon. [Ward, pp. 142©143 & 149. à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 145. Tony Kelly; A saint in calvados country; ÃÃThe IndependentÄÄ (27 Sep 1997) Time Off, p. 6.] ÁÁSt. THOMAS is venerated at Mylapore, India and at Ortona [sic, but presumably Cortona, Toscana], Italy, where his reliquary survived the last war [Curd, p. 39]. See also under Adam. There is a finger in S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome [DBS]. King Andrew II of Hungary obtained the right hand on the Fifth Crusade in 1218 [Runciman-3, p. 149, note 3]. ÁÁRelics of St. Thomas, probably received from Constantinople, were in the church built by St. Ambrose in Milan, now St. Nazarius [Gauthier, p. 58]. ÁÁThere is a cross reliquary in St. Liutwin, Mettlach (Pfalz), which includes relics of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew, Paul, Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 70©71 & 80]. (Mettlach is actually in Saarland.) ÁÁThe cross reliquary known as 'Charlemagne's Chessboard' now in (the Museum of) Santa Maria, Roncesvalles, Navarra, Spain, includes some relics of Thomas [Gauthier, pp. 130©133]. ÁÁThe Schatzkammer, Vienna, has a set of reliquary busts of all twelve Apostles: Andrew, Bartholomew, James, James the Less, John, Judas, Matthew (twice??), Peter, Philip, Simon, Thomas, with John the Baptist and St. Paul [Bauer et al., pp. 330©331]. ÁÁTradition states that St. Thomas went to the Malabar Coast of India (present©day Kerala) and founded the church there. However, there is no evidence to support this. Because he came from Syria, the church is described as Syrian. He is said to have landed near Cranganore (now Kodungalloor), Kerala, in 52. The Marthoma Pontifical Shrine there has one of his wrist bones, from the hand that was poked into the side of Christ, supposedly the only relic of Thomas outside Italy. The church of Valiapally, Kottayam, Kerala, has a stone Persian cross attributed to him, said to have been presented to the first church he founded at Cranganore. However, recent scientific dating places it in the 7C. Thomas is said to have meditated on the hill outside Malayatur, near Kaladi. a bit east of Cranganore, where indentations in the rocks are claimed to be his footprints. He is said to have been martyred at Mylapore, now a suburb of Madras and to be buried there in San Thome Basilica, Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu ÀMÀ this is on the site of an earlier Syrian church which was discovered by the Portuguese in 1525 when the tomb was found to contain the head of a lance, a pot with some blood©stained earth and some bones. Unfortunately the Portuguese considered the St. Thomas Christians as heretics and tried to extinguish the sect. There are currently 21 Christian denominations in Kerala. [Christopher Turner; à ÃIndia: Kerala and the SouthÄ Ä; Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne, Derbyshire, 1998, pp. 11, 96, 110, 131, 216©217. William Dalrymple; The incredible journey; ÃÃThe GuardianÄÄ Saturday Review (15 Apr 2000) 3.] ÁÁIn the Schatzkammer, Vienna, is a reliquary with a relic of St. THOMAS AQUINAS (c1225©1274) [Bauer et al., pp. 303©304]. ÁÁThe crucifix which spoke to Thomas Aquinas is in the church of San Domenico Maggiore, Naples. Thomas was living in the adjacent Dominican Monastery. [Jan Lukas; à ÃNaplesÄ Ä; Spring Books (Hamlyn), London, 1965, p. 70.] ÁÁHe died in the guest house of Fossanova Abbey, Lazio, Italy [à ÃMGG-Italy (1995)Ä Ä, p. 113]. He is buried in the À(Àglise des Jacobins, Toulouse, Haut©Garonne [à ÃMGG©FranceÄ Ä, p. 255; à ÃMGG-Dordogne+Ä Ä, p. 177]. ÁÁSt. à ÃTHOMAS BECKETÄ Ä was killed in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 ÀMÀ the spot is marked. Part of one of the swords used to kill Thomas was found afterward and preserved in the Altar of the Sword's Point at Canterbury until 1538. His first tomb was under the Trinity Chapel. The name is often given as Thomas À!À Becket, but [McGow, p. 39] says the À!À is not properly part of his name ÀMÀ his father was Gilbert Becket and he is named Thomas Becket in all contemporary records. ÁÁ[Gauthier, p. 88] says a mausoleum to house the remains was built in 1220 but was destroyed by Henry VIII. ÁÁErasmus visited the shrine about 1512 and said it contained the hair-cloth and breeches of the Saint, his handkerchief (marked with his sweat and blood), his skull, a rusted sword-point and 'a world of bones'. According to [John Blackwood; à ÃLondon's ImmortalsÄ Ä: Savoy Press, London, 1989, p. 102], Erasmus is describing a visit by John Colet to Canterbury, where he was shown bits of a tooth of Thomas, his hair©shirt and bleeding limb(!) and was offered 'a soiled rag which was supposed to have been one of the saint's handkerchiefs'. ÁÁIn 1888, a mass of bones, including a skull with a hole in it, was found in the crypt. It was conjectured that this was the Saint's skull, but careful examination showed the hole had been made by a digger's spade. ÁÁThe former chapel called The Corona or Becket's Crown held a reliquary supposed to contain part of the Saint's tonsure [à ÃA Guide to Canterbury CathedralÄ Ä; The Dean and Chapter; 48th ptg, nd; p. 10]. ÁÁ[G. Bernard Wood; à ÃSecret Britain A Tourist's Collection of Hides, Ghosts and StratagemsÄ Ä; Cassell, 1968, p. 176] says there was a wood cup conveniently handy to catch Thomas's blood. This was sold to Woodspring Priory, near Weston©super©Mare, North Somerset, but concealed during the Cromwellian period. It eventually got to nearby Kewstoke, where it was hidden in a church wall. It was eventually found, 'still stained with human blood', and placed in Taunton Museum, Taunton, Somerset. ÁÁÁÁMISCELLANEOUS SITES, in alphabetical order. ÁÁHis boots and penkni