DOC 6T,* 0- A4djLX RomanPCourier`> LX SanserifCG TimesP* Letter Gothic t=LX Letter Gothic`& LX Prestige`'CourierCondensed`0UniversH LX Courier`/y- @@@@@@x@&@&@x@@2 2 2 ;(@A"mmxx##n(-27<Layout 0gA"mmxx""n',16;main(@A"mmxx'"n',16;indent(@A"mmxx,'n,16;@ shiftindentA"mmxx""n',16;Layout 4A"mmxx""n',16;Layout 5A"mmxx""n',16;Layout 6A"mmxx""n',16;Layout 7A"mmxx""n',16;Layout 8A"mmxx""n',16;Layout 9,*xxxxA"mmxx##n#n x#nW RELICSp.>>>P,*X@xxA"mmxx""n"n x"n "n7AREGISTEROFRELICS "n "n z"n:CompiledbyDavidSingmaster"n "n bx"n$GG87RodenhurstRoad,London,SW48AF,UK;email:ZINGMAST@LSBU.AC.UK."n "n 2 "n.Lastupdatedon ."n "n "n 'n INTRODUCTION "n "n ^'nXXAnytravellersoonnoticesthemultiplicityofholyrelics.AccordingtoCavendish,an"n __edictof787requiredeachchurchtopossessarelic,despiteSt.Augustine'scriticismofthe"n \\tradeinrelics.TheCouncilofTrentencouragedchurchestosetupimagesofChrist,Mary"n j^^andtheSaints.Ontheotherhand,theChurchhasinsistedsincetheMiddleAgesthatrelics"n M__cannotbesold,onlytheircontainerscanbe.Similarly,IslamdoesnotallowtheKorantobe"n n sold,butthebindingcanbe."n h'n\\Istartedfilingnotes,clippingsandreferencesonrelicsintheearly1970s.Inorderto"n P``correlatethemassofmaterial,Islowlystartedenteringinformationonacomputerfileinthe"n TTearly1980s.Inautumnandwinter,1986-87,Ienteredthemainbodyofinformation."n 'nVVThisregistertendstoconcentrateonactualphysicalrelicsandonsemi-mythological"n d^^sites.ThematerialisdominantlyChristianbutsomeothermaterialhasbeengatheredatthe"n bbend.IhavenottriedtoincludethemanysitesmoreorlesshistoricallyconnectedwithChrist,"n aaPeter,Paul,etc.,normaterialofclassicalmythology.Myinformationhasbeengatheredrather"n \\randomlyasaresultofreadingguidebooks,histories,newspaperarticles,etc.,aswellas"n visitingactualsites."n g'nYYThetreasuriesofmajorchurchesorpalacesoftencontainamultiplicityofreliquaries,"n --manyofwhichcontainmultiplerelics,often 00unclearlylabelled.Itisrareforthesetobe"n 'adequatelycatalogued.In Feb1996,Ivisitedthe Schatzkammer(Treasury)ofthe  HabsburgsP ,*e xxxA"mmxx""n"n xXXinViennawhichmaybethemostextensivecollectionintheworldwithmuchmorethanI"n 99couldrecord.However,thereisasubstantialcatalogue [Baueretal.]withdetailed"n ``descriptionsof430itemsandcolourphotographsofmostofthem.89ofthesecontainrelics"n %ccconsequentlyIwillnotdescribealloftheseindetail,andImayjustgiveapagereference.In"n b%%2002,IvisitedtheCathedralofSt. 55Trophime,Arles,BouchesduRhne,whichhasawhole"n @==chapelpackedwithreliquaries.InoticedbitsofSS.Anne, ""TrophimeandUrsula,butIdidn't"n --havetimetorecordthehundredorsoothers."n 'nXXSomeitemshavefullbibliographicalreferencegivenimmediately;recurrentsourcesare"n O %%abbreviated,withdetailsattheend."n  'n,n BG =BlueGuide."n 'n,nBION =BelieveItofNot."n : 'n,nDBS=Seenbymyself."n A'n,nIHT  =InternationalHeraldTribune."n 'n,nMGG =MichelinGreenGuide."n 'n sv.= svat(inCzech);  sveti(in SerboCroatian)."n x'n Notreshouldbespelled 99Ntre,butnotallsourcesusethecircumflex,soIhave"n F consistentlyomittedit."n %'n""Ihavegivenstate,county,Land, 77departmentorprovincenamesformostcitiesorsites"n F\\in:France,Germany.Ireland,Italy,Netherlands,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates.Although"n DDnotessentialforlargecities,thesemaybeusefulforothersites."n "n 'n CONTENTS. %%Pageslastupdatedon17Dec2003."n "n OldTestament46n;n)=nApproximatelyin"n mNewTestament116n;n)=n chronological"n 'n Christ111n6n;n)=norder."n f 'nTrueCross,etc."n 4'n,nRRTrueCrossandNails:multiplementions,theninalphabeticorderoflocation17"n 'n,nCrownofThorns27 ,*xxxxA"mmxx""n"n x'n,n LanceofSt.  Longinus29 ,*u xxxA"mmxx""n"n Q x'n,n Teeth30"n 'n,nBlood&Sponge30"n 'n,nHoly Grail&GlastonburyThorn33"n 'n,nVeronica'sVeil35"n  'n,n Shroud35"n 'n,nHolySepulchre38"n 'n,nFootprints38"n I 'n,nGethsemane39"n 'n,n Stigmata39"n 'n,n%%Miscellaneous(Navels,umbilici)39"n 'n--Mary(includingMaryMagdalene&Martha)39"n _ 'n,nMilk.  Misc.40"n  'n,n Clothes41"n  'n,n Houses42"n 'nImages"n K'n,n>>PaintingsoftheMadonna,inalphabeticorderoflocation44"n 'n,nStatuesoftheVirgin48"n H 'n,nPaintingsofChrist49"n 'n,nStatuesofChrist49"n Saints(andsome **Blesseds)(inalphabeticalorder)50128"n 'n Abiba, Acca,  Adjutor, Adrian, Agatha,  Agnes(& Emerentiana), Aidan, Alban,  Aldhelm,"n  Alne,Blessed  Alessio  di  Jacopo   Strozzi, Alexis,  Alkmund, Amador, Ambrogio(=Ambrose),"n   Amphibalus,  Anastasia,  Anastasius thePersian,Blessed  Andreadi Scozia, Andrew, Anne,"n Anselm,  Anthony??, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of Padua,  Antioco,  Antolin,  Apollinaire,"n |  Apollonia,  Aquilinus,  Asterio, Athanasius (of Santiago); Athanasius (of Alexandria),"n @ ZZAthanasius (of Mt. Athos),Augustine of Canterbury,Augustine of Hippo,Bacchus,Barbara,"n x Barnabas,Bartholomew, Bartolo,Basil,  Baudime, Bede,  Benedetto  Manasseri,"n XBenedict (and  Scholastica), Bernadette,Bernard, Bernardino of Siena, Beata Berta,  Bertram,"n @ Beuno, Biagio,  Birinus (=  Berin),  Blaise (= Vlaho), Bline,  Boniface, Brecan,Brendan, Briac, ,*xxxA"mmxx""n"n x Bridget,  Britius, Bruno, Cado,  Callisto, Callistus,Candid,  Candida (=  Wita =  Wite),"n a Beato Pietro Capucci,Carlo  >>Borromeo,Catherine of Alexandria,Catherine of Siena,Cavan,"n  Cecilia,  Cennydd, Cerbone,Chad, Charalambos,Charlemagne, Christodulos,Christopher,"n N Christophoros  Cynocephalos,Clare (=   Chiara), Clemens  Maria   Hofbauer,  Clement, Colman,"n   Colonat,  Columba (=   Columkille), Concordias,Constance,  Cornely,  Cosmas and  Damian,"n ) Crescenziano,  Crispin&  Crispianus,  Crohane,  Cucufas, Cugat,  Cuthbert,  Cyprian,  Cyr,Cyril,"n mDaniel, Darerca,David(= Dewi), Declan, Degna,  Demetrius,  Denis (=  Denys =   Dionysius),"n  Dvote, Disen, Doged,Dominic,Domingo de la   Calzada, Donato, Donatus,Dorothy, Dumine,"n , Dwynen, Dyfrig (= Devereux),King  Eadward the Martyr,  Eanswythe, Edbert, Edburg,Edith,"n  Edmund, GGEdme=EdmundofAbingdon,Edmund the Confessor,Edward the Confessor,"n  Edward   Arrowsmith, Efflam, Efisio, Egidio, Eilian,"n ] Elizabeth of Hungary (=   Elisabeth of   Thuringia), Eloy,  Emmerich, Enda,"n F  Endelieta (=   Endellion),  Engelbert,  Erkenwald, Erme,  Ermengol,  Ermenilda,  Ermenio,"n   Josemaria Escriv,Ethelburga,  Ethelreda,  Eugenia,  Eulalia,  Euphemia,  Euphrosyne,"n E  Eusebius of   Cremona,  Eustace (=   Eustache),  Eustochium,  Eutropius, Exupery,Fabian,"n  Faith (=  Foy), Fausta, Felicissimus,  Felicita,  Felix,Pope  Felix,  Felix of   Cantalice, Fermo,P,*mxxxA"mmxx""n"n x Fiacre,  Fidelio,  Filippo (=   Phillip), Fillan, Finan, Finbar,  Fortunade,  Fortunato, Fosca,Francis,"n % Francis of  Paola,Francis Xavier,  Frideswide,  Fridiano (=   Frediano?),  Fridolin, Froiln,Front,"n  Gabriel,  Galgano, Galla  Placidia (not a saint?),  Gamaliel,  Gaudenzio,"n Antoni  Gaudi (proposed), Gavino,  Gellrt,  Genesio, Genevive,George, Gereon,"n   Germain of  Autun,  Germanus  (Germain, of Auxerre), Germiniano,Gertrude,"n   Gervasius &   Protasius, Gildas,Giles, Giovanna,(Blessed) Giovanni   da Salerno,  Giuliana,"n  Giulio(=Julius),  Giustina, Giusto,  Godelive, Godric,  Gommarus, Gonry,  Goncalo,  Gonsalo,"n  LLGovan,Gregory,Gregory V (Patriarch),Blessed Gregory X (Pope),Gregory of   Nazianzus,"n 2Gregory of Spoleto, Guthlac,Guy of   Anderlecht,  Gwynhoydl,  Hadelin, Hedwig,"n   Helena (=  Elena),  Heliodorus, Henrin, Henri??,Henry  II the Saint,Henry VI, Herbot,Hermes,"n ,,Hilary,Hippolytus,Hubert,Hugh,Hyacinth, Idesbald,Ignatius of Antioch,"n  Ignatius (of  Mytilene),Ignatius  Loyola, **Illtyd,Irene,Isabel,Isabella,Isidore,"n  Isidore of Seville, Isidro, $$(Istvn  see Stephen),(Ives  see  Ya, Ivo &  Yves), Ivo,"n   Jacopone da  22Todi,James??,James the Greater,James the Less,"n  !!Jnos (= John, but which one??),  Januarius, Jaoua,Jerome, Joan of Arc,Pope  Joan, Joana,P@,*uxxxA"mmxx""n"n x John??,John  Chrysostom,John Fisher,John   Kemble,John  Nepomuk,John ofBeverley,"n 377John of Damascus,John of God,John of the Cross,John  Schorne,John the   Almsgiver,"n ==John the Baptist,John the Divine,John the Evangelist,John XXIII,Joseph of   Arimathea,"n Juan Diego,Judas, Jude, Judical,Julian,  Juliana, Junius  (Junien),Just, Justin,  Justinian,"n Kenelm,  Kentigern,  Ketevan, Kevin, Kieran, Kilian, (Ladislaus  see   Lszl),  Laichtin,"n  Lambert,  Landelin, Landry, Ven. S. Veronica   Laparelli,  Laserian, Lszl,Lawrence,"n  Lawrence   O'Toole,  Lazarus, Leocadia,Pope Leo, Leonard,Leopold, Lry,  Leuffroi,  Lewinna,"n W  Liborius,  Librada, ))Longinus,King Louis,Louis of Toulouse,  Lucidius, Lucy, Ludger,"n L Ludmilla,Luke,Blessed Luke  (Hosios   Loukas),  Lunaire, Lurach,  Luxorius,  Magloire,"n  Magnus,  Malachy,  Marcarius, Marcel, Marcellian (?=  Marcellinus),Marcia,"n Margaret or Marina,Margaret  !!Clitherow,Margaret of Scotland,  Margherita,"n Z Maria de la  Cabeza, Maria  Goretti,Marino (=  !!Marinus),Mark,Martial,Martin,"n **Martyrs of Trier,Mary of Egypt,Matthew,  Matthias, Maur,Maurice,  Maxellendis,"n   Maximilian,  Maximina,  Maximinus,  Maximus, Mdard, Men (=  Mewan),  Meinrad,"n :  Melangell, Merri,Michael,  Mildred, Milln,  Miniato,  Moderandus, Moling,  Monenna,"n Monica,  Muiredach   O'Heney,  Mungo (=   Kentigern), Nabor,  Nazarius (=   Nazaro),  Nectaire,"n  Neot,Nicholas (=  ''Nicola),Czar NicholasII,Nicholas of  Fle,Nicholas (of  Lesbos),@`,*M xxxA"mmxx""n"n ,xNicholas the Less,  Nicodemus, Nicola da Tolentino,Non, Nonna,Norbert, Oda, Odile,"n  Oleguer,Oliver Plunkett, Omonia, Osmund,Oswald, Oswin, Osyth,  Pancras, Pantaleon(e),"n ,Patrick,Paul,Paul the   Aurelian (= Pol), Paula, Paulinus,Pedro   Gonzlez Telmo,Peter,"n 66Peter of Verona (= Peter Martyr),Peter the Exorcist, Petroc,  Petronilla,  Petronio,  Philibert,"n i Philip   (Phillip), 22Philip Howard,Philomena,(Blessed) Pierre Rouge,  Pilate &   Procula,"n Padre  Pio,Pontius, Poppo,  Prassede,  Procopius,  Prosdocimus, Protasius,Quentin,"n  Quintilianus,  Quiriace, Quirin,  Ragener, Ramon,  Ramonde  Penyafort, Ranieri,Raphael,"n n Regina,  Regnobert, Regula, Remaculus,Blessed  Remigio  de'   Girolami,  Remigius (=  Remi),"n J))Richard of Chichester,Richard Reynolds,  Rocco (=  Roch), Romana, Ronan, Rosa (of Lima),"n   Rosalia,  Roseline,  Rumbold(=  Rumwold), Saba, Sabina, Sabine, Sabus,Samson, Sebald,"n L Sebastian,  Seiriol, Senan,  Sergius,  Sernin (=   Saturninus),  Servatius, Servius,Seven Sleepers,"n `  Severin,  Sexburga, Siard,  Sicaire,  Sigismund, Simeon the Apostle,"n  Simeon   Stylites (&  Symeon  11Stylites the Younger),Simon,Simon Stock,Simon  Tybald,"n   Sixtus &  Sinicus,  Spyridon, //Stanislas,Stephen,(King) Stephen of Hungary,"n UStephen ?? & Stephenof Muret,  Sunidonius, Swithin,Sylvester,  Tarasio, Teilo,"n 9 Ten Thousand Martyrs,Teresa of  55Avila,MotherTeresaofCalcutta,Teresa of Lisieux,"n <the  Theban Legion, ::Theodora,Theodore(ofSantiago),Theodore the Byzantine,`p,* E0 PxxxA"mmxx""n"n x22Theodore the Martyr,Theodore the Tyro & Theodore   Stratelates,  Theodosius,  Theoktiste,"n   Theophano, Thrse (= Teresa of  11Lisieux),Thomas,Thomas Aquinas,Thomas Becket,"n **ThomasMore,Thomas of Hereford (= Thomas   Cantilupe),  Thuriau,  Thuriauf,  Tiburtius,"n # Timothy, Totnan,  Trophime,  Tryphon, Tydfil, Ubaldo,The Uncounted Martyrs, Urs, Ursmer,"n C,,Ursula (and her 11,000 virgins),Valentine,  Valerian, Vanna, Venan,Veronica,Victor,"n  Vincent &  Vincentio,Vincent dePaul,Vincent   Ferrier (or  Ferrer),Vincent   Madelgaire,"n Vincent of Saragossa,  Vittore, Vitus,  Vivaldo,  Walburga,  Warnebert, Waudru,"n L  Wenceslas (=   Vclav),  Werbergh,  Wigbert, $$Wilfred,William,William of Perth,"n William of York,  Willibrord,  Winefred, Wita or  Wite,  Withburga,  Wulfstan (=   Wulstan),"n _  Yerasimos, Yrieux, Yves, Zaccheus,Zachary (=   Zaccaria),  Zanobi,Zeno."n "n  MiscellaneousChristianity128'n "mmxx,'nXXArthur;BuryCross;Protestantism;Papalviscera;JohnStyles'heart;General128'n  Dragons128'n Q  Hell129"n "mmxx""n"n   Islam130"n ] Buddhism132"n m Hinduism134"n   Sikhism135"n Confucianism135"n %%MiscellaneousNonChristian135138"n 'n Greek(incl. BBCentaursandSirens);CentreoftheWorld;DunCow;Griffins;"n 'n,nMermaids;Phoenix;  Roc136"n 'nUnicorns136138"n ^##MISCELLANEOUSINDIVIDUALS139143p,* u xxx"mmxx""n"n x'n%%Alfred,Babbage,Beethoven,Bentham,  Bragadin, Brutus,Byron,CharlesI,"n  Buffalo Bill  ##Cody,Columbus,Cromwell,Dickens, Donnelly,Einstein,Galileo,  Geronimo,"n "  Geronimo of !!Oran,HeinrichI,HelenofTroy, Ned  $$Kelly,Livingstone,Merlin,Mozart,"n Napoleon,Nelson,Newton,  Pizarro, Bonnie Prince  Charlie,Richardthe  Lionheart,"n P Robert the  Bruce, &&SantosDumont,Shakespeare,Washington"n "n **Winter'sGibbet,Sarajevo,Auschwitz143"n > References143"n "n "n 'n,n OLDTESTAMENT "n "n A'nRRA15CpilgrimtoBethlehemwasshownthefieldwhereGodscoopedtheclaytomake"n 1 ADAM ++.Thesamefieldcontainedthebushwhere  Cainslew Abelandthecavewhere Adam"n Y))andEvefirstmadeloveaftertheFall. 00[Gascoigne.]JewishbeliefisthatGodcreated Adam"n ZZontheStoneofFoundation,therockenclosedintheDomeoftheRockinJerusalem[Sally"n ))Richardson;Jerusalem,Threetimesholy;Focus No.4(Mar1993)79]."n 'nTTTheHolyRomanEmperor,RudolfII,managedtoobtain"twonailsfromNoah'sArk..."n DDalumpofclayoutofwhichGodformedAdam..."[Humphreys,p.61]."n 'nIslamiclegendsaysthat  ADAMmetEVEonthemountainof Arafat,nearMecca[John"n ))Andrews;Airlinebowstoeasterncustom;Guardian (2Sep1976)??]."n 'n ((Adam'sfootprintisintherocksonMt. ,,Serendip,SriLanka.Thisisalsoknownas"n : Adam'sPeakor Pico Adam.(Islamicmythsaysthat ((Adamhadtostandhereononefoot,for"n 99200years,aftertheexpulsionfromEden.)[JohnGrant;ABookofNumbers  ;Ashgrove"n UUPress,London??,1982,p.209.][RobertPaulJordan;TimeoftestingforSriLanka; Nat.@,* @ xxx"mmxx""n"n x Geog. NN155:1(Jan1979)143.]ThesecondreferencenotesthatPortugueseChristian"n xSSmythologyconsidersitamarkofSt.Thomas,theHindusconsideritafootprintof  Sivaand"n \\theBuddhistsconsideritafootprintofBuddha.[Timbs(2),p.110]saysJohnDavythinks"n this'isaworkofart'."n 'n Theskullof >>AdamisbelievedtohavebeenuncoveredonGolgothaafterthe"n  Crucifixion."n 'n MarcoPolo[Book  III,Chap. 88XXIII;Everyman'sLibrary,Dent,London,1908]saysthe"n  Saracensbelievethetombof AAAdamisatthesummit,while'theidolaters'sayitcontainsthe"n 611bodyofBuddha,whodiedhere.Anotesays"the ))Mahometanssay,thatwhentheywerecast"n adownfromParadise, %%AdamfellontheislandofCeylonor Serendip,andEvenear  Joddahin"n laaArabia."Othernotessaythereisafootprint.Onenotecallsit"animpressionofthefootof"n ==Buddha,insomerespectssimilartothoseintheKingdomsof AvaandSiam."  Marcosays,"n KYYconcerningBuddha,"someofhishair,histeeth,andthebasinhemadeuseof,arestill"n q..preserved,andshownwithmuchceremony.The ++Saracens,ontheotherhand,maintainthat"n thesebelongedtotheprophet ??Adam."Headdsthat"twolargebackteeth,togetherwithsome"n JTTofthehairandahandsomevesselofporphyry"weresentfromtheKingofCeylonto Kublai"n  Khanin1281."n "n 'nThetombofEVEisin FFJidda.Itisofcolossalsize,asbefitsthemotherofallmankind."n [BIONBookofWomen >>,p.40.]Itwasapilgrimagesiteforbarrenwomen.Itwas"n 00demolishedbyIslamicfundamentalistsin1959. [Shyam  Bhatia;FearstalkstheSaudis;"n Observer (5Nov1989)11.]"n "n ,'nUUThestumpoftheTreeofKnowledgeofGoodandEvilstandsonthesiteoftheGarden@,* Mxxx"mmxx""n"n x ofEdenat ==Kurnah,Iraq,attheconfluenceoftheTigrisandEuphrates[NewBION  ,p.52]."n 'nAsourcesaysthe DDSumeriansviewedtheGardenofEdenasbeingatthesouthernendof"n ~##Iraq,borderingtheGulf,butthatGenesis %%placesitintheArmenianmountains."n 'n""TheGardenofEdenisinDamascus [Azzi,pp.516&525]."n 'n55TheSamaritansbelievetheGardenofEdenwasonMt. Gerizim,near  Shechemin"n Samaria[LaFay,p.759]."n 'nPPSomehaveclaimedthattheGardenofEdenwasatGlastonbury,Somerset[Bailey,"n p. 46]."n 'nXXTheskinoftheserpentthatseducedEvewascollectedbyCharlesGuntherandisinthe"n ChicagoHistoricalSociety [Weschler,pp.1415&3637].0,*  xxx"mmxx""n"n x'nVVItiscommonlybelievedthattheTreeoftheKnowledgeofGoodandEvilwasanapple,"n butthisisnotstatedinGenesis )).Islamictraditionsaysitwasafig. [McGow,p.9.]"n 'n==AccordingtotheMormons,theGardenofEdenwasinMissouri."n F'nGGDuringtheMiddleAges,theGardenofEdenwasplacedinCeylon[W.J.  Wintle;The"n romanceofmapmaking;TheHarmsworthLondonMagazine 9(1902)271]."n "n 'nThealtarsof  CAINand 99ABELaresupposedtohavestoodontheRockinJerusalem"n j  [Becker,p.40]."n C'nThebushwhere  CAINslew ABELwasnearBethlehem [Gascoigneseeunder Adam"n above]."n 'nThespotwhere  Cainslew AbelisatDamascus  [Ritson's  Polychronicon  ,quotedby"n  Timbs,p.1]."n 'n Thetombof ABELisreputedtobe An-Nabi %%Habil,abarrenpromontoryabovethe"n  TTBaradaRiver,nowenclosedinastonebuildingwithadome,19milesNWofDamascus"n   [Azzi,pp.512,516,529&530]."n 'n Atombin 33Serachs,Afghanistan,isclaimedtobethetombof CAIN[ GiantBION ]."n "n u'n""TherearetwopeaksofMt.ARARAT (Ar ))Da)GreatArarat,5165m,andLittle"n ZZArarat,3925m.Thepeakrisesaboveaplainatabout1000m,makingitperhapsthemost"n ``outstandingpeakintheworld.ThepreChristianArmeniansregardeditastherestingplaceof"n XXtheARKandaftertheirconversiontoChristianity,early4C,afragmentoftheArkwas"n x]]enshrinedatJacob'sWell,ontheNEslopeofthemountain.[Freely,pp.326327.][Freely"n [[(2),pp.503504]changesthistotheNWslopeandaddsthatthesanctuarystooduntilthe"n 9  early20C."n .'nDDTheearliestversionoftheFloodstoryhastheshiplandingonMt.  Nisir,then Pir Omar0,*  xxx"mmxx""n"n .x Gudrun,a9000 FFftpeakinnorthernMesopotamia[MichaelWood;Hook,lineandsinker;The"n f DailyTelegraph (22Jan1994)15]."n p'n!!TraditionsaystheArklandedat  Kufa,near ++Najaf,inIraq(?),wherethereisaMuslim"n ''shrinecalled'TheShip'[Wood,ibid.]."n #'nIn3C,theBabylonianpriest ::BerossussaidtheArklandedinthe'KurdishMountains'."n ::Genesisactuallyonlysaysitlandedin'themountainsof ''Urartu',whichcoversallofArmenia!"n KKThespecificpeakAraratwasnotmentioneduntilmuchlater.[Wood,ibid.]"n 'nYYJosephus,writingin1C,recordsthattheArmeniansofMt.Araratweredisplayingrelics"n oftheArk[IrvingM. Klotz;%%DiamondDealersandFeatherMerchants ;Birkhuser,Boston,"n 1985;p.106]."n }'nMM[Timbs,p.2]saysacrossmadefromwoodoftheArkwasatachurchinNova"n  Schamachia.Near AAErivanistheplacewhereNoahfirstplantedthevineandnearby"n  WWNachichevan,meaning'placeofdescent',waswhereNoahsettleduponleavingtheArk."n 'n Archdeacon &&NourifoundtheArkon25April1892[EnglishMechanic 56-184,citedin"n JCharlesForte; NewLands "";(1923),AceBooks,1973;p.36]."n 'nTheArkwaslocatedonMt. 44Judiin1949,withNOAH'sTombnearby.Itwasalso"n 0[[locatedonMt.Araratin1856,1876,1892,1916,1953,c1956,c1966,1969and1974.There"n %%isapieceofitattheMonasteryof  Echmiadzin.  [Michell& Rickard,p.69.]"n 'nIntheearly1960s, Fernand <==reproducestwonewspaperarticlesontheseexpeditions.]As !!Klotznotes,itwouldbeniceto"n >>haveamapshowingwhereeachofthesediscoveriestookplace!0,*uxxx"mmxx""n"n Jx'nInthe1980s,Tom ,,Crotser,leaderoftheHolyGroundMission, Frankston,Texas,said"n ^[[hehadtravelledtoTurkeyninetimesandhadfoundremainsoftheArkandoftheTowerof"n  \\BabelonMt.Ararat.HealsopredictedtheSecondComingofChristwouldbe18Sep1988."n  [Kevin  McClure;The  ForteanTimes BookoftheMillennium ;JohnBrownPublishing,"n s London,1996,p.87.]"n 'n InSep1991, Allen CCRoberts,founderofArkSearch,waskidnappedbyKurdishguerillas"n __ineasternTurkey.Afterhisrelease,hereportedhavingfoundtheArkatleast"fossilised"n NNanimaldroppingsandpetrifiedwoodinavaguelyboatshapedrock".[Richard  Colby;The"n Arkgetsintodeepwater; TheGuardian Online (12Dec1996)7.]In1992, Robertstoured"n aaAustraliaclaiminghehadscientificevidenceofribs,petrifiedwood,fossiliseddungandstone"n S anchors. 88Robertsisquotedinonereportwiththesameansweras Navarra:"Whatelsecanit"n vbe?"In1994, Ian KKPlimer,headofEarthSciencesattheUniv.ofMelbourne,visitedthesite"n ^^andfoundordinaryrockandmud,roughly110millionyearsold.Hereportedthisinhis1994"n 1book,TellingLiesforGod .In1997,hesued --Robertsformisleadinganddeceptiveconduct"n " undertheTradePracticesAct. BBPlimerhadtosellhishousetofinancethecase.Sadly,helost"n asthejudgeruledthat DDRobertswasnotengagedinatrade,thoughthejudgedidagreethat"n  HHRoberts'claimswerefalse.Inaseparateaction,thejudgefoundthat Robertshadbreached"n 77copyrightofanAmericanbookonthesiteoftheArk. !!Plimerisplanningtoappealand"n  33Robertsissuinghimfordefamation![Christopher **Zinn;Scientistsues'Noah'sArkfinder';0`,*=  xxx"mmxx""n"n Px TheGuardian (7Apr1997)8.Christopher //Zinn;LitigantsseeArkverdictintwolights;The"n ?Guardian JJ(3Jun1997)14.]Insummer1997,theGeologicalSocietyofLondonmade Plimer"n 22anHonoraryFellowinrecognitionofhisstruggle [Anthea $$Gerrie;UKthrowsalifelinetoArk"n 4 sceptic; TheObserver "",(7Sep1997)30].InDec1977, &&Plimerlosthisappealandwasheaded"n 55forbankruptcy[Noah'sArkfightendsinbankruptcy;DailyTelegraph (6Dec1997)15]."n 5'nYYIn1994,aTexasbasedgroupreportedfindingtheArkorataleastaburiedshiplike"n object7000 PPftupamountainontheTurkishIranianborderabout20milesfromMt.Ararat."n ##Thesiteisjustbelowthepeakof ::alJudi,namedastherestingplacebytheKoran.Itwas"n 515  ftlongand139 EEftwideclosetoNoah's300cubitsby50cubitsandoneexpedition"n AAmembersaiditcouldbe100,000yearsold.[Wood,ibid.Martin Wroe;Noah'sArk'found"n 6near  MtArarat'; TheObserver (16Jan1994)2.]"n 'n;;NOTE.Acubitisusuallyconsideredtobeabout18"=1.5 ft,possiblyupto"n ]]22" = 1.83 ft.TheBiblesaystheArkwas300cubitsby50cubits.Thiswouldbeabout450 ft"n by75  WWftforan18"cubit,whichisreasonablyconsistentwiththe1984impression,orabout"n #550  ftby92 HHftfora22"cubit.The1994measurementscorrespondtocubitsof1.72  ftforthe"n lengthand2.78 77ftforthewidth,whichseemunreasonablyinconsistent."n "n 'nThereisatombofNOAHat Cizre,Turkey[BION14 ]."n 'n>>ThereisatombofNoahnearBaalbek,Lebanon[Timbs,p.214]."n 'nSSNoah'saxewasamongtherelicsplacedbyConstantineinthebaseoftheColumnof"n Constantine(=BurntColumn= ,,emberlita)inConstantinople(=Istanbul)  [Boulanger,`P,*` xxx"mmxx""n"n xp. 86]."n 'nTheTalmud GGsaystheRockinJerusalemisovertheentrancetoanabysswherethe"n Floodstillroars [Becker,p.40]."n 'nTTTheHolyRomanEmperor,RudolfII,managedtoobtain"twonailsfromNoah'sArk..."n DDalumpofclayoutofwhichGodformedAdam..."[Humphreys,p.61]."n "n 'nDDApillarofsaltontheshoreoftheDeadSeaiscalledLOT'sWife[BION13 ;BION27 ,"n  p.118.]."n "n 'nPPTheOakofABRAHAM,wherehemettheangelsoftheLord,standsontheplainof"n  Mamreh,twomileswestof Hebron[NewBION  ,p.52]."n m'n88SamaritantraditionsaysAbraham'ssacrificewasonMt. GeriziminSamaria[LaFay,"n h]]p. 759].OthertraditionsaysitwasontheStoneofCreationorSacredRockintheDomeof"n 33theRock,ontopofwhatisconsideredtobeMount %%Moriah,Jerusalem[SallyRichardson;"n YJerusalem,Threetimesholy;Focus No.4(Mar1993)79; Becker,p.40;  Jahshan&  Jahshan,"n  pp. 22&25]."n 'n!!AbrahamandJacobbothcampedat Sichem,abitsouthof Nablus [Becker,p.64]."n |'nTheTombofthePatriarchs,in 55Hebron,isreveredasthetombofAbraham,Isaacand"n SSJacob.Thiswasuncoveredinthe12C.[Runciman-2,p.319.]ThisistheCaveof"n  Machpelah,near FFHebron,whichAbrahamboughttoburySarahandliesunderthepresentP,*u xxx"mmxx""n"n `x Haram ##elKhalil.Abraham,Sarah,Jacob, 22Leah,Isaac,RebeccaandJosephareburiedhere."n  [Becker,pp.6162;  Jahshan& >>Jahshan,pp. 6365].However,IslamictraditionsaysAbraham"n 00isburiedatMeccaandtheTombofJosephisat  Shechem(=  Nablus).  [Jahshan&  Jahshan,"n ++p. 71]statesJoseph'sbodywasbroughtto %%Shechem,butperhapshewasmovedto Hebron"n later?"n 'n55RelicsofthePatriarchsAbraham,Isaac,Jacoband  Sarawereinanivoryhornat"n HAAAngers,MaineetLoire,in1255andarenowintheAngersMuseum [Gauthier,p.38]."n r'nc1137,Henryof DDBloisgaveWinchesterCathedral,Hampshire,alargecrossreliquary"n ]AAcontainingmanyrelics,includingrelicsofthethreePatriarchs [Gauthier,p.56]."n "n #'n Jacob'sWell (Bir Yakub),dugbyJacob,isnear Nablus(theancient Shechem),covered"n ZbyaGreekOrthodoxchurch [Luis ""Marden;TheothersideofJordan; Nat. Geog.  126:6(Dec"n 1964)790825seep.818; Becker,p.64]. [Roberts,III71& RobertsCrolly,IV6]recorded"n >>itas'aheapofrubbish'.TheChurchisoftenattributedto  Helena,butprobablydatesfrom"n ySSc400.ThisisthewellwhereJesusmetthewomanofSamaria,soitisalsocalled Bir"n    Samariyah."n 'n33JacobburiedhiswifeRachelattheTombofRachel (Qubbat Rahil),abitnorthof"n XXBethlehem.ShediedgivingbirthtoBenjaminwhiletheyweretravellingtoBethlehem."n . [Becker,p.59.  Jahshan& Jahshan,p.50.]"n /'nJACOB'SPILLOWisdescribedinGenesis ++28:1822.Themorningafterhisdreamhe"n 7PPtookthestoneandsetitupasapillar,as'God'shouse'ataplacehecalled  Bethel(= Beth el,*- xxx"mmxx""n"n `xaa=houseofGod).Helaterbuiltanaltaratthesiteandtherewasacity,eventuallydestroyed"n 'by ]]Josiah,butthesitevanishedfromhistoryaftertheBabyloniancaptivity.Oneversionsays"n !itwastakentoEgypt.  Gahelus(or  Gathelusor GedylGlays),sonof Cerops,KingofAthens,"n Owasmarriedto NNScota,daughterofthePharaoh.DuringthetimeofMoses,theyfledwiththe"n 11StonetoSicilyorSpain,fromwhenceitwentto Tara,Co.Meath,Ireland. Gathelusisthe"n ]]supposedfounderoftheScottishnation.AversionsaystheywenttoSpainandbuiltacity"n called Brigantia,nowthesiteof 00Compostela.ItwascarriedtoIrelandbySimon Brech,c700,"n ==whowascrownedonit.Anotherversionsaysthetwosonsof  Gathelus(or Milesius,aKingof"n 99Spain)conqueredIrelandandfoundedtheScottishrace."n 4'n00AnotherversionsaystheStonewasremovedfrom ##BetheltothesecondTemple,where"n Z11itservedaspedestaltotheArkoftheCovenant."n 3'n\\Anotherversionisthatitis"thesealofwitnessofpromisesmadetoIsrael"andthatits"n sccpossessoristherepresentativeofthelosttentribesofIsrael.Thisversionsaysitwasinthe"n ``TempleatthetimeoftheBabyloniancaptivity(c580)andthatJeremiahfledwithittoEgypt,"n c//thencetoSpainandtoIreland,accompaniedby BaruchandthePrincess Tephiofthelineof"n TTDavid.AvariantsaysshebroughtittoIreland,accompaniedbyaguardianandone  Baruchor"n B ""Brug.Shemarriedthelocalking ::Eochaid,convertedhimandhispeopletoadoptingtheTen"n --CommandmentsandwascrownedontheStoneat ++Tara,establishingtheKingdomofDavidin"n \\IrelandwhichdescendedthroughScotlandtothepresentRoyaltyofEngland!Theseversions,*xxx"mmxx""n"n Hxassociatetheword !!TarawiththeHebrewTorah(Law)."n 'nVVAnotherversionsaysJacob'sPillowwascarriedtoIrelandbyIsraeliterefugeesfrom"n  ++Nebuchadnezzar'ssackofJerusalemin-586."n ''nHHLegendstendtoagreethattheIrishuseditasacoronationstone,the 'Lia Fil'or'Stone"n ofDestiny'at KKTara,Co.Meath,thoughsomeversionssayitwasinArgyll,Scotland.The"n ZZmodernstatueofSt.PatrickissupposedtobewheretheStonewassited.Itwassaidto"n XXproduceathunderoussoundwhenthelegitimateprincewascrowneduponit.KingFergus"n  \\MacEark,anIrishprince,laterbecameKingofScotlandandtooktheStonetoScotland.It"n wasat 33DunstaffnageinArgyll,Scotland.In846,Kenneth ""MacalpinmovedittotheAbbeyof"n 77Scone,nearPerth,incommemorationofhisunitingthe $$PictsandScots.Itcontinuedasa"n ( coronationstone."n 'n%%Anotherversionclaimsthatthetrue ::LiaFailneverleftIrelandandisthepillarstonestill"n  standingon OOTaraandmarkingthegravesofthosewhodiedintheuprisingof1798.Others"n fsaythisstoneisof KKDruidicorigin.Weighing14tons,itisunlikelytohavebeentransported"n   veryfar!"n 'nVVAnotherversionsaystheStoneatSconederivesfromanaltarstone,possiblythaton"n which 55BonifaciuscelebratedEucharistafterconvertingthe  PictstotheusageoftheRoman"n calendarabout710."n ,* xxx"mmxx""n"n x'nPPTheBlarneyStoneissaidtobeJACOB'sPillowbroughtbackduringtheCrusades"n  [AnthonyButler;TheBookofBlarney ; 00WolfePublishing,1969,pp.12-13].Aguideto"n ^^BlarneyCastlesaysitmayhavebeenbroughtbackfromtheCrusades,oritmaybethepartof"n theStoneofSconegivento Cormac **MacCarthy,KingofMunster,byRobertthe  Bruce,in"n --gratitudeforMunster'saidattheBattleof Bannockburnin1314  [SeanPetit;BlarneyCastle"n (TheStoryofaLegend ((;BlarneyCastleEstate,1989,p.24]."n 'n]]A1994Corkvisitors'guidesaysabouttheBlarneyStone:"othersbelieveitis...'Jacob's"n aaPillow',andbroughttoIrelandbyJeremiahtheProphet.Itismostlikelytohavebeenbrought"n backduringtheCrusades.""n "n 'nUUTheauthentichistoryoftheStoneofSconeonlybeginsatScone.In1296,EdwardI"n "\\tookittoWestminsterAbbey,LondonthoughancientrumourassertstheScotsreplacedthe"n 5XXrealstonewithafakebeforeEdwardgottoSconeandthattherealstonewashiddenat"n ( UUDunsinaneCastle,nearPerth,untilthe19Cwhenitwasmovedtoanearbyfarm.[R.  Brasch;"n wHowDidItBegin? ; 33Longmans,Australia,1965,pp.195-196.Welfare& Fairley,pp.150"n 5^^151.]EdwardplaceditinanewoakchairattheshrineofEdwardtheConfessor.Aboutthat"n __time,itwasalreadybelievedtobeJacob'spillow.Inthe1328TreatyofNorthampton,Edward"n  \\IIIagreedtoreturntheStonetoScotlandbutthiswasneverimplemented.Asearlyasthe"n [[14C,itwassaidthataScotwillrulewherevertheStoneisandthiswasconfirmedwhen"n James ++VIofScotlandbecomingJamesIofEngland!"n C'n44TheactualStoneofSconeisofScottishsandstone[ BG-London ,p.29],ordark,*-  xxx"mmxx""n"n x purplishred ;;freestone,26"by16"by11"(or10~"),weighing336lb.[ Erlend  Clouston;"n s..Heavyweightroyalrelicwitharockyhistory; TheGuardian ##(4Jul1996)3]statesitismade"n !fromsandstonefromnear ==Oban.Anotherauthorityopinesitissandstonefromwestern"n [[ScotlandandthatthemostprobablestoryisthatitwasthepillowonwhichthedyingSt."n  Columbarestedhishead."n 'nUUTheStonewasstolenbyScottishnationalistsin1950andanotherrumouristhata"n copywasthenmade[Welfare& ??Fairley,p.151].ItisclaimedthattheoriginalisinDull,"n  ))Perthshire,intheChurchoftheKnights TemplarsofScotland  [Clouston, op. cit.above]."n ZZHowever,itwasknownthattheStonehadbeenrepairedbythenationalists,sowhenthese"n :]]rumoursfirstsurfacedin1972,theStonewasXrayedandtherelevantmetalrodswereseen,"n ^^sotheStoneiscertainlytheonethatthatthenationalistsstole.Thisinformationwasnot"n releaseduntilJul1996.[ Erlend ++Clouston;StoneofDestinyprovedgenuine; TheGuardian "n l==(17 Jul1996).]In1996,theStonewasreturnedtoScotland."n r'nc1137,Henryof DDBloisgaveWinchesterCathedral,Hampshire,alargecrossreliquary"n IIcontainingmanyrelics,includingapieceofthestoneofJacob'spillow [Gauthier,p.56]."n D'nQQMuchofthelegendarymaterialaboveisderivedfromasmallbookletwithlittle"n yWWidentificationthelastpagehasacolophonwhichIassumeistheauthor/publisher"n [H.  Munro(269Great ColmoreStreet,Birmingham);$$England'sCoronationStoneandWhat"n isSaidaboutIt ;theauthor??,nd  [c1930s]]."n "n J'n99Therewas'AnOrangegatheredfromaTreethatgrewover  Zebulon's   Tombe'in,*xxx"mmxx""n"n x--Tradescant'sArk,London[Tradescant,p.43]."n "n 8'nTTLegendclaimedthatthepyramidsofEgyptweretheGranariesbuiltbyJOSEPHinthe"n 77yearsofplenty.ThisismentionedasearlyasJulius ))Honorius(5C)andwasusedasamotifin"n g[[adomemosaicofSt.Mark's,Venice.Source??([Timbs,pp.7576]givesa16Cversionof"n +VVthisstory,butthinksitunique,though[p.157]mentionsitasacommonopinion.)[BION8 ,"n 9``p.148]saysthegranariesofJosepharestillstandingatThebes,Egypt.Josephwasburiedin"n theCaveofthePatriarchsat Hebron [Becker,p.62]orat Sichem,justsouthof Nablus,where"n 22theTombofJoseph(andhistwosons,Ephraimand %%Manasseh)isneartheFieldofRuins"n & [Becker,pp. 64-65; Roberts,III71; RobertsCrolly,IV11]. !![RobertsCrolly,IV14]saysall"n 177ofJacob'stwelvesonswereburiedhere,aswasJoshua."n "n <'nTTTherearethreeplacesclaimedtobewhereMOSESwasfoundinthebulrushes:under"n ##theBenEzrasynagogue,Cairo;at ..RodaIsland,nearby;atMemphis,afewmiles upriver"n  [Arden,pp.2,3&7].[TheWondersofNatureandArt  ;William Milner,Halifax,1839,"n r++p. 396]saysitwasadjacenttothefamous  Nilometerat $$Makkias,ontheislandoppositeOld"n Cairo. ,* xxx"mmxx""n"n Nx'nXX"AjarallegedtocontaintheoriginalEgyptiandarknessinflictedbyMosesisachurch"n  relicin Doberan-Mecklenberg,  Ger[many]"[BION2 ,p.48].(Bad Doberanisin"n M MechlenburgVorpommern.)"n H'nVVThesitewheretheChildrenofIsraelcrossedtheRedSeahasbeendisplayedformany"n years[Timbs,p.76]."n 'nWWTheMonasteryofSt.Catherine,atthefootofMt.Sinai,claimstobethesiteofthe"n  burningbush //[Arden,pp.8,12,23&25].Ac450recordby Etheriareportsthatthe'same"n ybushisalivetothisday' [Forsyth,p.95]."n 'n Jebel &&Musa(generallycalledMt.Sinai)and Jebel ##Hilal(muchtothenorth)areeach"n tclaimedtobeMt.Sinai [Arden,pp.8-9]."n "'nXXManyofthespringsintheSinaiandnearbyareclaimedtobeduetoMosesstrikingthe"n P rock,e.g. Ayn  Musabelow Jebel Nebo 33[Arden,pp.31&36].TheRockofMoses,whichhe"n strucktoproducewater,isin WadielLeja,westofMt. ''Horeb,notfarfromtheConventofSt."n ++Catherine.Itisabout15by10by12ft. [RobertsCrolly,V21.]"n 'nTTThestonefromwhichMosesdrewwaterwasamongtherelicsplacedbyConstantinein"n 88thebaseoftheColumnofConstantine(=BurntColumn= emberlita)inConstantinople"n 0 (= Istanbul) [Boulanger,p.86].But[InsightCityGuide:Istanbul ;p.53]saysitwasbitsof"n YYtherockwhereMosespartedthewatersandthesewereacrossthestreetinthePalaceof"n  ??Lausus.AbasreliefoftheVirginintheCappellaZenofSan  Marco,Venice,isclaimedtobe"n 33carvedfromtherockfromwhichMosesstruckwater [Buckley&Robinson,p.52]."n U'nGGTheserpentofbrasssetupbyMosesinthedesertisintheChurchof Sant'  Ambrogio, 0,*- P xxx"mmxx""n"n  xMilan,  Lombardia[BION4  ,p.137]."n 'nTheMonasteryof  Varag(= ==Yedikilisse),nearLakeVan,Turkey,isclaimedtobeasite"n whereMosesprayed[John  Noonan;Van;  AramcoWorld (Mar/Apr1973)19]."n 'n Jebel  Harun,near $$Petra,Jordan,isidentifiedasMt. Hor,whereAARONdiedandis"n l55buried.His'tomb'isinthemosqueonthesummit. [Arden,p.35. RobertsCrolly,IV61.]"n ((SamaritantraditionsayshediedonMt. $$GeriziminSamaria[LaFay,p.759]."n 'nKing Andrew AAIIofHungaryobtainedpartofAaron'srodontheFifthCrusade,"n j''1217-1218[Runciman-3,p.149,note2]."n p'n Jebel OONebo,Jordan,iswhereMosesdiedandheisburiedatanunknownsitenearby."n X,,IslamictraditionsaysthetombofMosesis Nabi  Musa(or Nebi Musa),betweenJerichoand"n theDeadSea. [Arden,pp.9&36. Becker,p.67.  Jahshan& Jahshan,p.81.]"n x'n77ThestaffofMoseswhichbloomedwasatConstantinople [Baueretal.,p.165]."n "n 'n@@An11CinventoryrecordstheARKoftheCovenantasbeinginS. MariaMaggiore,"n  Rome,  Lazio,Italy [Masson,p.329]."n e'nSSTheArkhasbeensoughtformanytimessinceitvanishedfromhistorybetween10C"n ]]and6C.ArecenttheoryclaimsitwasremovedfromJerusalemc650duringthereignofthe"n _apostateKing $$Manassehandeventuallyarrivingin ))Axum,Ethiopia,whereitremainstothis"n 1day.[Graham Hancock;Thelostarkfound?;ObserverMagazine (22Mar1992)2026.This"n  isbasedon Hancock'sbook:77TheSignandtheSeal:AQuestfortheLostArkofthe"n  Covenant ;Heinemann,1992.]"n A'n\\TheBritishIsraelites,whobelievetheBritonswerethelosttribesofIsrael,believethe0P,*}xxx"mmxx""n"n nxArkisinthemoundof FFTara,Co.Meath,Ireland.Around1900,agroupofBritishIsraelites"n I33badlydamagedthemoundbyillegaldigging.[John  Michell;EccentricLivesandPeculiar"n TNotions RR;(Thames&Hudson,1984);Cardinal(Sphere),1989,p.176.]Anothersourcesays"n  thesiteistothenorthofthe Lia ,,Fil(seeaboveunderJacob)andcalledthe  Rathofthe"n Synods."n 'n[Focus RR(Mar1998)44]summarisesvarioustheories,sayingthatpossessionoftheArkis"n ==supposedtoconferinvincibilityonanarmy.Thissaysthat HancocksaysthattheArkwas"n stolenfromSolomonbyhisson >>MenelikandtakentoEthiopia.However,theArkisdescribed"n __asbeinginJerusalemforseveralcenturiesafterSolomon.SomethinkitishiddennearMount"n Y XXNebointheSinai.ThelatesttheoryisthatitwashiddenundertheTempleduringthe"n 0\\Babylonianinvasionof586andrecentexcavationshaveindicatedapossiblesecretchamber"n S undertheDomeoftheRock."n "n 'nThetombofJOBisnear ??Salalah,Oman,attheedgeoftheEmptyQuarter.Thereporter"n __wasshownthebodylyingundercloths:"thebody,thelumpinessunderthecloths,stilllooked"n .__alarminglysolid",butdidnotactuallyseewhatwasunderneath.[ValerieJames;Insearchof"n frankincense;TheDailyTelegraph ##Travelsection(19Dec1998)12.]Pp,*u0 xxx"mmxx""n"n x'nJob'stearswereinDon 55Saltero'sMuseum,London,inthe18C[PeterJackson;Peter"n n))Jackson'sLondonisStrangerthanFiction --;AssociatedNewspapers,London,nd[1951?],"n p. 13].[Welfare& @@Fairley,p.2]saytherewasanecklaceformedfromJob'stears."n 'nTTAskullwasdepositedintheMuseumoftheLondonMissionarySociety,London"the"n ``animalisconsideredbynaturalists...tobetheUnicornoftheancients,andthesamethatis"n 'describedinJob XXXIX."[JohnCampbell;TravelsinSouthAfrica ;vol.2,p.294quoted"n 1inJohnTimbs;((PopularErrorsExplainedandIllustrated ;NewEd.,David Bogue,London,"n 1856;p. 337]."n "n 'nEEJONAHissaidtohavebeenspewedoutofthewhaleatatowercalled Baba Yunus"n _ Kulesi,10kmsouthof Iskanderun,near 66Sarisaki,Turkey[Freely,p.364;Freely(2),p.568.]"n 'nYY[Timbs(2),pp.4748]givesastorythatthewhalecarriedJonahfromtheMediterranean"n `..aroundAfricaanduptheEuphratestoNinevah."n 'nLLAtraditionaltombofJonahwasononeofthemoundsacrosstheTigrisfrom Mosul,"n Iraq[Timbs,p.28]."n "n 'nDAVIDwasborninBethlehem."n 'n Ron ##Wyatt,fromTennessee,claimsthat $$GOLIATH'sskull,withDavid'sstone"n **embeddedinit,hasbeenfound![Richard %%Colby;TheArkgetsintodeepwater; TheGuardian"n  Online (12Dec1996)7.]"n 7'nCCDavid'stombissaidtobeonMt.Zion,butwasmorelikelyonMt. Ophel,respectively"n $IIinthewestandthesouthofJerusalem.ThereisaTombofDavidinthe DormitionAbbeyon"n j Mt.Zion. [Becker,pp.5455.] ??[Roberts,III27]recordsit'sbeingonMt.Zion,butitwasa"n I((mosqueandChristianswerenotadmitted."n "n 'n''ApieceofSOLOMON'stemplewasatDon 00Saltero's,London[Jackson,loc.cit.atJob].pP,* xxx"mmxx""n"n 7xCCOtherversionssaytherewere'relicsoftheShebaQueen'[Richard  Edmonds;ChelseaFrom"n ""theFiveFieldstotheWorld'sEnd ; 11PhenePress,London,1956,p.55,quotinga1723"n !  magazine.]"n 'nSS"'Therearegardens,supposedtobethoseofKingSolomon,intheneighbourhoodof"n s^^Bethlehem.Thefriarsshowafountainwhich,theysay,isthe'sealedfountain'towhichthe"n \]]holyspouseintheCanticlesiscompared;andtheypretendatradition,thatSolomonshutup"n VVthesespringsandputhissignetuponthedoor,tokeepthemforhisowndrinking.'"n = ]]Maundrell'sTravels.SeealsothenotestoMr.Good'sTranslationoftheSongofSolomon.""n P  [Moore,p.86,note3.]"n P'n TwospiralmarblecolumnsinS. --Marco,Venice,arereputedtohavecomefrom"n Solomon'sTemple [Okey(2),p.308]."n 'n((AringofSolomonwasatConstantinople [Baueretal.,p.165]."n C'n Acupof ,,ChosroesI,KingofPersiac575,wasatSt. ##Denis,outsideParis,whereitwas"n @@displayedasthecupofSolomon.ItisnowintheBibliothque Nationale,Paris.[Hare (2),"n p. 508]."n 'nobertT.Gunther&A.V.  Simcock;''RobertT.GuntherandtheOldAshmolean ;"n LLMuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Oxford,1985,p.3]saysthemonksofSt. Denisexhibiteda"n KKfootofSolomonandanarmoftheQueenofShebaasproofoftheirmeeting."n ;'n44TheJerusalemAltarintheCathedralofWashington, ""D.C.,iscarvedfromstonestaken"n BBfromthequarrythatsuppliedthewallsoftheTempleofSolomon[BION8 ,p.6]."n "n G'n Theheadsof  SHADRACH,  MESHACHand $$ABEDNEGOweresupposedtobeinthe"n } Cathedralof Sv.  Marijain !!Rab,Croatia[Cuddon(2),p.29]."n "n 'nUUTheremainsoftheThreeYoungHebrews(=theabove??)areinthereliquaryknownatP,*=xxx"mmxx""n"n x %%'Begon'sLantern'intheBasilicaof  Ste.Foy, ConquesenRouergue, Aveyron  [Gauthier,"n   pp. 5862]."n "n Y'nThereisaTombof EZEKIALinthevillageof AlKifil,near  Hillah,Iraq."n "n )'n44TheremainsofDANIELareinthereliquaryknownat ""'Begon'sLantern'intheBasilica"n Eof  Ste.Foy, ConquesenRouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier,pp.5862]."n @'nAARelicsofDanielareintheReliquaryoftheHolyThornfromthe GrandselveTreasury,"n  Quercy,nowinthechurchof  Bouillac, TarnetGaronne [Gauthier,pp.168171]."n 0,*xxx"mmxx""n"n x'n Theskullof &&HABAKKUKisinthereliquaryknownat ""'Begon'sLantern'intheBasilica"n Eof  Ste.Foy, ConquesenRouergue, Aveyron [Gauthier,pp.5862]."n "n 'nUUTheTreeofISAIAH,whichswallowedhimtoprotecthimfrompersecutors,isnearthe"n LPoolof SiloamjustsouthofJerusalem [Becker,p.51]."n 'nAboneofISAIAHwasinSt.  Denis,Seine ##StDenis,butwasdestroyedinthe"n **Revolution[Culbertson&Randall,p.199]."n "n 'n SSELIJAH'smantlewasinConstantinopleinthe11C[Runciman-1,p.50.].Thereisa"n )AAchapelofElijahonMt.Sinai,wherehefledintothewilderness [RobertsCrolly,V43]."n "n 'n ELISHAand JJOBADAIAHseeunderSt.JohntheBaptist,below.Elisha'sWellisabit"n northofJericho [Becker,p.67]."n "n 9'nInthe 44KedronValley,Jerusalem,arethesupposedTombsof  ABSALOM,"n # JEHOSHAPHATand !!ZACHARIAH,buttheydatefrom1C  [Jahshan& Jahshan,p.44]."n "n  "n m 'n,n NEWTESTAMENT "n "n 9'n,nTTCHRIST.Ihaven'tattemptedtolistalltheholysitesinJerusalem.ForJohnthe"n Baptist,seeunderSaints."n "n <'n88TheGrottoorChapeloftheAnnunciationisinNazareth [Roberts,IV19]."n 'nIIAstonewhereMaryrestedwhilepregnantwaspointedoutto15Cpilgrims [Gascoigne]."n $$In1997,therockwhereMaryrested 99enroutetoBethlehemwasdiscoveredinEastJerusalem."n AChurchofthe JJKathisma(theSeat)hadbeenbuiltaroundtherockoutcropbutthechurch"n 99wasdestroyedin8/9Candthesitewasdeserted.[David ""Sharrock;Jerusalembuildersfind"n FMary'srestingplace; TheGuardian (10Nov1997)11.]"n 'nXXTheChurchoftheNativityinBethlehemisonthesitefirstcommemoratedbyabasilica0p,* e` xxx"mmxx""n"n xWWofConstantinein325andtheshapeofthatbasilicaisstillapparentdespiteseveral"n  destructionsand DDrebuildings.ActuallythePersiansspareditin614becauseofthe"n ^^representationsoftheMagiinamosaiconthefacade,whomtheyrecognizedasPersians.The"n [``GrottooftheNativitysimplycontainsaholeinthefloorsurroundedbyasilverstarlabelled"n  Hic de Virgine  MariaJesus  Christus natus 22est1717.Thestarvanishedin1847thisand"n X88someotherreligiousructionswereamajorcauseofthe CrimeanWar! [Becker,pp.5960.]"n #AAThereisanaltarattheplacewhereJosephsatduringthebirth  [RobertsCrolly,III11]andan"n altarwheretheMagiknelt [RobertsCrolly,III13;  Jahshan& Jahshan,pp.5455]."n 'n44SomeofthegroundwhereChristwasbornwasatthe MinsterofWimborne  Minster,"n  Dorset[Treves,p.116]."n 'nZZAtthetimeoftheNativity,amiraculousfountofoilappearedinRome,Lazio,Italy,on"n UthesiteofS.  MariainTrastvere[BG-Rome 44,p.233].Further,theSibylofTiber(Tivoli)is"n JJsaidtohaveannouncedthecomingofChristtoAugustusatthetopofthe CapitolineHill,"n  whereS. Maria d'Aracoeliisnow[MGG-Italy (1995) ,p. 199].However,"n 1[MGG-Italy (1995) ==,p. 223]saysthisannouncementtookplaceatTivoli,Lazio."n 'nWWItisgenerallybelievedthattherewerethreeWISEMENorMAGI,buttheonlyBiblical"n description,inMatthew ??2:115,onlysays"wisemenfromtheEast"withoutanynumber."n ,'n Accordingto <>Jahshan,p.56]saysitiseastwardsalongMilkGrottoStreet."n G'nIIThereisanancientoaktreeattheChurchofSt.Abraham,justnorthof Hebron,where"n 00theHolyFamilyrestedontheFlightintoEgypt [Becker,p.61]."n 'nGGOntheflightintoEgypt,theHolyFamilyrestedunderthesycamoreof  Mataryeh,in"n  ZZMataryeh,sixmilesnortheastofCairo.NearbyisawellwhichthechildJesuscausedto"n ; appear.[NewBION JJ,p.52.]TraditionsaystheHolyFamilystayedinthetown,perhapsfor`,*'pxxx"mmxx""n"n }x!!sevenyears.Itisalsospelled  Materea. ))[Horton,op.cit.underforeskin,p.61.]"n ]'nOORelics'oftheBlessedTreethatbeforeOurLord,BlessedMary,BlessedJoseph"n CCprostrateditself'areintheReliquaryoftheHolyThornfromthe GrandselveTreasury, Quercy,"n qnowinthechurchof 22Bouillac,TarnetGaronne[Gauthier,pp.168171]."n 'n UU[Roberts,IV19]relatesthatinNazareth,oneisshown"theworkshopofJoseph,the"n \\stoneonwhichChristsatwithhisdisciples,andthefountaintowhichtheVirginwentfor"n water."n :'nThe RRColonnaSanta,againstwhichChristleanedwhilespeakingwiththedoctorsinthe"n [[Temple,isveneratedinSt.Peter's,Rome,Lazio,Italy,thoughitisactuallya4Ccolumn"n c[BG-Rome LL,p. 262].PartoftheseatonwhichhewaspresentedattheTemplewasat"n C..WestminsterAbbey,London[Kent,p.74].The **ElAqsaMosque,ontheRockinJerusalem,"n T**hasa'footprintofChrist'bythepulpit 44(mimber),saidtohavebeenmadewhenhewasinthe"n Temple [Becker,p. 42]."n 'n>>TheSchatzkammer,Vienna,hasapieceofan'apron'ofChrist [Baueretal.,p.181]."n kTheGermanwordis 55Schrztuchwhichalsotranslatesaschild'spinafore."n k'nOOJesuswasbaptisedbyJohnatthePlaceofBaptismat'BethanybeyondJordan',"n L$$identifiedbysomeasbeinginWadi 66AlKharrar,butIsraeliarchaeologistsidentifyitas Qasr"n   elYehudor Kasr  al-Yahudor Qasir <>atMilan;andadds'ItissuchararityasthisthatIsawat ""Vendome[LoiretCher]inFrance,"n )^^whichtheytherepretendisatearthatourSaviourshedoverLazarus,andwasgatheredupby"n RRanangel,whoputitintoalittlecrystalvial,andmadeapresentofittoMary  Magdalen.'"n 3//Addison'sRemarksonseveralPartsofItaly." [Moore,p.43.]"n 'n00LazaruswasraisedfromthedeadatBethany,or ElAziriyehor ElAzaryeh,which"n ZZderivefromLazarus.ThehousesofMarthaandMaryandofSimontheLeperareshown,and"n ""thereistheSepulchreofLazarus [RobertsCrolly,III19;  Jahshan& Jahshan,pp.7980]."n i'nIn Zamrdi,Hungary,is 99Szamrk(DonkeyRock)whicharchaeologiststhinkwasan"n aaancientMagyarsacrificialsite,butcurrentmythologyclaimstobearthehoofprintofChrist's"n ?donkey[HungaryTheRoughGuide ,1992,p.149]."n "'nWWTheMountofTemptationiswestoftheoldcityofJericho.ThereisaGreekOrthodox"n <>oneofthesoldiersbyoneofChrist'sdisciplesandtakento Galatia,whenceitwanderedto"n  ,,Jaffa,Persia,JerusalemandConstantinople.`,*/ xxx"mmxx""n"n x'nTTThereliquaryoftheSeamlessTunicintheBasilicaofSt.Francis,Assisi,Umbria,"n 5\\containsrelicsofthepillaroftheFlagellation,theropethatboundChrist,theseamless"n SSgarment,othergarmentsofChrist,theCrossandgarmentsoftheVirgin[Gauthier,"n  pp. 158-160]."n 'nPPRelicsoftheclothesofChristareintheReliquaryoftheHolyThornfromthe"n  22GrandselveTreasury,Quercy,nowinthechurchof %%Bouillac,TarnetGaronne[Gauthier,"n  pp. 168171]."n Z'nLLAcrossreliquarynowintheClevelandMuseumofArt,Ohio,includessweat,  'caligis'"n BB(vapourorbreath??)andclothesofChrist[Gauthier,pp.9698]."n 'n44ThereisareliquaryoftheHolySepulchreinSanta $$MariaCathedral,Pamplona,Navarre,"n DDSpain,whichalsocontainssomeofhissweat[Gauthier,p.154155]."n Q'n!!TheSchatzkammer,Vienna,hasan 44ostensorywithafragmentofthereedandrelicsof"n SS.Lambert,Peterand  Sigismund [Baueretal.,p.244]."n 4'n::[Florence]saysportionsofthereedarein:St.Julian, Lungarde;theConventof"n  ##Andeschs,Bavaria;theConventof Vatopedi,Mt.Athos."n ^'nUUTheslabofporphyryuponwhichthebodyofChristwaslaidandanointedafterbeing"n 3__takendownfromtheCrossusedtobeintheChurchofSt.SaviourPantocratorinIstanbul.It"n 88hadbeenbroughtfromEphesus,Turkey.[Cuddon,p.69.]"n 'nXXTheStoneofUnction,intheChurchoftheHolySepulchre,isthestoneonwhichChrist"n YYwasanointedafterbeingtakendownfromthecross.[Anon;Easter,1973Bigcrowdsat"n ?""ceremoniesinJerusalemandRome;IHT ""(23Apr1973).LaFay,p.777.  Gascoigne.]"n  However, PP[Becker,p.35]saysthestonedatesfrom1810buthemaybereferringtothe"n %FFcoveringslab??[Florence]describesitaaredmarbleslab,about9  ftlongby4 ftwide.`0,*0xxx"mmxx""n"n x'nTherewas(is??)a @@SainteAmpouleofholyoilintheCathedralofRheims(=Reims,"n , ::Marne),usedforthecoronationofkingsofFrance[Isaac  D'Israeli;AmenitiesofLiterature ;"n Newed.,nd[1894?], GGWarne,London,vol.1,p.244].TheTreasuryoftheBishopsofRheims"n hasareliquaryoftheHoly Ampula[ MGG-France ,p.216].An 'ampulfullof  chrism'was"n VbroughttoSt. //Rmibyasnowwhitedovefortheanointingof ClovisatRheims.Thissame"n % ampulwasusedbySt. Bonifacetoanoint PepintheShortinthe8C. [Okey,pp.3536.]"n 'nPPAbout200mnorthoftheDamascusGateofJerusalem,ontheNablusRoad,isthe"n  GARDENTOMB EEwhichmanyProtestantsectsbelievetobethetombofChrist[Anon;"n Easter;1973;op.cit.above;  Jahshan& 11Jahshan,p.35].ThiswasdiscoveredbyGeneral"n ZZGordonin1882andisacharacteristictomboftheperiod,butisactuallyfromByzantine"n times. WW[Becker,pp.4344.]MostChristiansregardtheHolySepulchretobeintheChurchof"n VVthatname.TheChurchalsocontainsthesiteoftheCrucifixionandtheAltarofthe"n \\CrucifixionisoveraholeassertedtobewheretheCrosswaserected,andthesitesofthe"n J""thieves'scrossesarealsomarked ??[Becker,p.37].IntheChapeloftheAngelsisapartofthe0P,*1u` xxx"mmxx""n"n x11stoneonwhichtheAngelsatattheResurrection ++[Becker,p.38]andaportionofthestone"n 88which"wasrolledawayfromtheSepulchre"[Florence]."n 'n53 cartloadsofearthfromGOLGOTHA werebroughttomakethe Campo SantoinPisa"n ~ [Lyall,p.76]. BBRoss&Erichsen[pp.197-201]sayitwas53galleyloadsfromMt.  Calvary,"n broughtbyArchbishop Ubaldo ::Lanfranchiin1188or1192."Someofthisearthhadbeen"n XXtakentoRomebefore,whereitwasfoundthatinthreedayscorpsesburiedthereinwere"n ]]]entirelyconsumed,whichisamostmarvellousthing.""Ihaveheardtheoldmenofthecity"n ddsaythatbeforethefleetwithitsloadenteredintoPisa,itputinnearthechurchofS.Giovanni"n  al ZZGaetaniandthat...manybaskets-fullofthesaidearthwerecarriedashoreandsetdown"n \\outsidethedoorofthechurch.Ihaveheardtoothatthisspot,whichthoughnarrowstill"n RRservesasaburialplace,sharesinthemiraculouspropertiesoftheearthofthe Campo  Santo.""n 4 ``Montaignerepeatsthestoryoftheearthinthelate16C,buthasonedayinsteadofthreedays."n 5'nAcapsulereliquaryfrom Eu,nowintheMuse Dpartemental des Antiquitis,Rouen,"n $$SeineMaritime,containedrelicsof  Calvary[Gauthier,pp.106107]."n 'nNNEarthfromPalestinewastakentoRome,Lazio,Italy,forthecemeteryatthe  Cappuccini"n O (= S. M. della  Concezione)[BG-Rome  ,p.176]."n 'n''EarthfromJerusalemwasbroughttoS.  Crocein !!Gerusalemme,Rome[Hare,p. 425]."n 'n##IntheSchatzkammer,Vienna,isan 11ostensorywithapieceoftheShroud,twostones"n |55fromtheHolyPlacesandrelicsoffourothersaints [Baueretal.,p.298]."n 'nTheChurchof CCNeuvySaintSepulchre,Indre,France,wasbuiltin1040tohouseaP0,*2 P xxx"mmxx""n"n (xhandfulofearthfrom  Calvary[BION14 ]."n i'nMMTheSanctuaryoftheAscensioninJerusalemmarksthespotfromwhichChrist"n ascendedintoheaven[ GiantBION ]. 88[Becker,pp.4849]saystheChapeloftheAscensionis"n =((onthespotanditisinthevillageof EtTurontheMountofOlives."n 'nThreestonesfrom ??CalvarywerepresentedbyGeneralGordonin1880tohisfriend"n H.   Waller,parsonofSt.Nicholas, 55Twywell,Northamptonshire,wheretheyareondisplay"n [Gould,pp.5657,withphoto]."n 'nWWInc1137,HenryofBloisgaveWinchesterCathedral,Hampshire,alargecrossreliquary"n @@containingmanyrelics,includingstonesfromtheAscensionand Calvary[Gauthier,p.56]."n 'n Emmausiseither ElQureibeorat  Amwasorat Abu ##Ghosh.Thesearetothenorthand"n 66westofJerusalem,about10to20kmfromJerusalem. [Becker,p.64.]"n 9'nUUTheSchatzkammer,Vienna,hasareliquarywithseveralitemsandanidentifyingband"n JJatthetop.Thisdoesnothaveadetailedmuseumlabel,butthephotoin Baueretal.,aidedby"n X__mymemory,indicatesitcontainsrelicsoftheThreeMagi,oftheskullofSt.Christopher,of"n [[the11,000Virgins,ofSt.Stephen,oftheHolyLand,of(illegible)andofPopeSt.Leo."n  [Baueretal.,p.235.]"n 3'nYY[Florence]saysvariouschurchespreserve"atoothoftheSaviour,apieceofHisbeard,"n YYandasmallphialcontainingoneofthetearswhichHesheduponhearingofthedeathof"n \XXLazarus.AnothercuriousrelicisalegoftheassuponwhichJesusrodeintriumphto"n MMJerusalem."ThereisapairofChrist'ssandalsintheBenedictineAbbeyof  Trves,Gard"n !  [Florence]."n S'n00SomehairsfromthebeardofChristwereatthe MinsterofWimborne Minster,Dorset0,*3pxxx"mmxx""n"n A x[Treves,p.116]."n Q'nWWAccordingtoa'willofChrist'foundataBuddhisttemplesouthofTokyointhe1930s"n [[(butlostintheWar),Christspenthis20sstudyingBuddhisminJapanbeforereturningto"n N//Palestine.Hewasnotcrucifiedhisbrother **Iskiriwas.AfterwardChristbroughthis"n $**brother'sbodybacktoJapan,settlingin 77ShingointhenorthofJapan.Hisdescendentslivein"n A]]thetown.Therearetwotombs,surmountedwithcrosses,containingChristandeitheralock"n of NNIskiri'shairoroneofhisbonesandalockofMaryMagdalene'shair.[Hugo  Gurdon;A"n  Saviourfor Shingo;##TheDailyTelegraphWeekendSection (2Apr1994)12.]"n 'nSSIn2002,ascholarpublishedadescriptionofanossuarydatedto63andinscribed"n ``"James,sonofJoseph,brotherofJesus".Thisraisesmanyquestions,particularlywhyittook"n zLL2000yearstobemadepublic.[MarkEllis;Burialbox'evidenceofJesus'; DailyMirror (22"n  Oct2002)7.]"n "n "n T 'n,nTRUECROSS,ETC. "n "n ]'n,nTRUECROSSANDNAILS"n  ,*4u xxx"mmxx""n"n x'nVVSincepiecesoftheTrueCrosscomprisethelargestnumberofChristianrelics,itis"n \\appropriatetosketchitsstoryhere.TheLegendoftheTrueCrossevolvedinthe38Cand"n ~coverstheperiodupto FFHelena'sdiscoveryofiton3May326.Fromthatpoint,thestoryis"n -aabasicallyhistorical,andthediscoveryisalreadymentionedinwritingsofSt.Cyril,Bishopof"n ___JerusalemandfriendofConstantine,dated348.[Dean]givesabriefoutlineofthethestory."n "n 'nRRWhenAdamwasdying,hesentSethtoEdentobegfortheoilofforgiveness.The"n [[angelwiththeflamingswordrefused,butletSethapproachtheTreeofLife.Therewasa"n ``childsittinginitwhogaveSethaseedfromitandtoldhimtoburyitinAdam'smouth.From"n YYthisgrewatree.TheMonasteryoftheCrossintheWestofJerusalemmarksthesiteof"n YYAdam'sgravewherethetreegrew,withasilverringbythealtarshowingwhereitstood"n  aa[Becker,pp.5556].ThetrunkofthetreewastakenbytheIsraelitesintoEgyptandthenback"n q``toIsrael.Inthewilderness,MosesuseditasthepolefortheBrazenSerpent.InJerusalem,"n __theoriginofthewoodwasforgottenanditwasbuiltintoabridge.TheQueenofShebahada"n ``visionofthewoodanditshistoryandidentifiedit.Solomonthenremovedthewoodforusein"n <YYtheTemple,butbecauseitkeptmiraculouslychangingitssize,itcouldnotbeusedfor"n \__buildinganditwaslaidinthePoolofBethesdaandlaterusedtomaketheCrossforChrist's"n  crucifixion."n +'nWW[Timbs(2),p.97]givesadifferentbackground."TheCrosswasgenerallysupposedto"n |XXhavebeenmadeoffourkindsofwood,signifyingthefourquartersoftheglobe,....""n [[However,thefourkindsarenotagreedupon.Hegives:palm,cedar,olive,cypress(four  ,*5- ` xxx"mmxx""n"n xbbincorruptiblewoods);pine,cedar,box,cypress.Whileotherssayitwasmadeentirelyofoak."n ^ZZThecedarwascutdownbySolomonandburiedbythePoolofBethesda,thenfloatedtothe"n @FFtopfortheCrucifixionwhenitwasusedfortheuprightpartsofthe"n XXcross.Anotheraccountsaysthewoodwasaspen,whoseleaveshavenotceasedtrembling"n y sincethattime."n 'nWhenthe80yearold AAHelenacametoJerusalemonpilgrimageandtoestablishchurches"n YYattheHolyPlaces,sheheardthatthelocationoftheTrueCrosswasknowntothelocal"n Christians,knownas IIJudaicChristiansbecausetheyhadbeenJewsratherthanGentiles.(The"n  ZZJudaicChristianswereatoddswiththeotherChristiansandwereeventuallycondemnedas"n !!hereticalinthe6C.)AJew(or @@JudaicChristian),withtheaptnameofJudas,wassaidtoknow"n iaathelocationoftheCross,butrefusedtotelluntilhehadbeenputintoawell.Heeventually"n s]]revealedthattheCrosswasburiedatGolgotha,currentlyarubbishdump.Thesiteisunder"n =theChapelofSt. JJHelenaintheChurchoftheHolySepulchre.Threecrosseswerefoundand"n hZZthetrueonewasdetectedbylayingadeadman(orasickwoman)onthemtheTrueCross"n +YYrestoredhimtolife(orcuredher)thishappenedon3May326.Traditionsaysitwas"n *discoveredbySt. Quiriace,BishopofJerusalem //[Dunlop,p.165].[Gauthier,p.50]indicates"n l..thesitewasadjacenttotheHolySepulchre. 00[Becker,pp.33&39]saysthereisaChapelof"n DIItheDiscoveryoftheCrossattachedtotheeastendoftheChurch,while  [Jahshan&  Jahshan,"n \\p.20]callittheGrottooftheFindingoftheCross.Itwaspartofanancientcistern."n WWConstantinebuiltabasilicaoveritin335,butitwasdestroyedin614.Muchofthe @,*6xxx"mmxx""n"n MxUUsurroundingrockwascarvedawaytoleavejusttheSepulchreandthetopofGolgotha"n essentiallyfreestanding ::[Becker,p.33].ThereisalsoanadjacentChapelofSt.  Helena,with"n [[anichesaidtohavebeenwhereshesatwatchingtheexcavationanddiscoveryoftheCross"n  [Becker,p.39;  Jahshan& BBJahshan,p.20],encouragingtheworkmenbysprinklinggoldcoins"n ^^intothepit.TheAltaroftheCrucifixionisoverahole,claimedtobewheretheCrosswas"n (@@erected,andthesitesofthethieves'scrossesarealsomarked [Becker,p.37;  Jahshan&"n  **Jahshan,pp.2021].Traditionalsosays ))Helenawasinspiredinadream,whileon Paros,"n wherethechurchof  Panaghia Hecatonpyliani(or ..Katapoliani)marksthesitethislegenddid"n ++notappearinthefirsttwobiographiesof ,,Helena.[Lancaster(2),p.132.Bradford,"n pp. 140-141.]"n 'n UUHelenadivideditintothreepartsonepartwenttoConstantineinConstantinople;"n \\anotherpartwenttoRome;thethirdpartstayedinJerusalem.[Timbs,p.5]mentionsonly"n GGConstantinopleandJerusalem,sayingthegreaterpartwasinJerusalem."n 'nYYAtthistimeConstantinealsoacquiredtheNails,whichweresufficienttomakeahelmet"n _88forhimselfandabridleforhishorse[Timbs,pp.67]."n "n 'nWWThepartinJerusalemwasdescribedalreadyin348whenSt.Cyril,BishopofJerusalem"n y]]andfriendofConstantine,wrote:"thewholeworldisnowfullofpiecesoftheHolyCross,"n ``whichexistsherewithusandfromwhichChristiansdetachparticlesbyreasonoftheirbelief"@ ,*7u` xxx"mmxx""n"n x aa[Baueretal.,p.159;Timbs,p.5].Cyrilassertsitmiraculouslygrowsandgoesontocompare"n CNNitwiththeloavesandfishes[Timbs,p.5].Inthelate4C,theSpanishnun Egeriaspentthree"n YYyearsinJerusalemandrelatedthattheHolyWoodwaskeptinagoldandsilverboxina"n ZZchapelofConstantine'sChurchoftheHolySepulchre.Thestoryofthediscoveryandthe"n connectionwith %%Helenafirstoccurintheearly5C."n D'nWW[Runciman-1,pp.10-11,17,49]saysthepieceoftheTrueCrossandotherrelicswere"n pfoundbythePersiansunder  Chosroes 88IIaftertheirconquestofJerusalemin614andsentto"n "theNestorianChristianQueen MeryemofPersia. ..Heracliusrecoveredtherelicsin628still"n \\intheircases,withsealsunbroken[Florence])andreturnedthemtoJerusalem,puttingthe"n sXXwoodonanaltarintheChurchoftheHolySepulchre.Thoughmanyfragmentsweregiven"n XZZaway,[Dean]saystheboxanditsremainingwoodremainedinJerusalemuntiltheCrusades"n L\\whenitwastakenouttohelptheCrusaders.KingGuyofJerusalemhaditinhishandwhen"n hewascapturedby //Saladin'smenafterthebattleoftheHornsof Hattinin1187.Saladin"n h^^offeredittoRichardIaspartoftheransomforsomeprisoners,butRichardrefusedandhad"n z[[theprisonerskilled,soSaladintiedtheboxtothetailofhishorseanddraggeditinto"n 1  fragments."n 8'nXXOntheotherhand,[Runciman1,pp.1011,17,49;Timbs,p.6]saythatin638(?),the"n ))relicswereremovedtoConstantinopleby 00HeracliusbeforetheArabconquestofJerusalem"n andpreservedat Aghia EESophia.[Timbs]continuesthestory,sayingthatduringthechaotic"n depositionofMichael IIVIIin1078,theCrossanditscasewereacquiredbyacitizenofAmalfi P,*8 xxx"mmxx""n"n x[[andplacedinMonteCassino.ItnextappearsintheCrusadesanditwasbrokenintwoand"n H^^halfwascapturedbySaladinand'mostprobablydestroyed'(thoughthereisanaccountofits"n miraculousrecoverybya FFGenoese).Theremainingpiecestookpartinbattlesintheearly13C"n P[[andwasreturnedtothe(Latin)EmperorinConstantinople,buta'new'CrownofThornshad"n >00becomethemostpopularlyveneratedrelicthere."n 'nXXOnthethirdhand,[Runciman-1,p.294]saysthatOrthodoxpriestshadtaken'themajor"n ]]portionoftheTrueCross'withthemwhentheywereexpelledfromJerusalembeforethesiege"n B]]of1099.AftertheCrusaderconquest,theyweretorturedintorevealingwheretheCrosswas"n c``hidden.Fromthistimeon,theCross(orpiecesofit)wasfrequentlytakenintobattlebythe"n [[Crusaders.[Runciman-2,pp.75,79,89,132,148,153,154,158,161,164,166,204,338,"n F\\339,374,390,416,432,434,455.Runciman-3,pp.161,169.]In1187,theTrueCrosswas"n ,>>carriedbytheBishopofAcreintotheBattleoftheHornsof Hattinandwascapturedby Taki"n / ]]ed-Din,nephewofSaladin[Runciman-2,p.459].Itthenbecameanobjectiveinthestruggle"n VVbetweenCrusadersandArabs[Runciman-3,pp.50,53,54(note1),59&63].By1192,"n PVVSaladinhadreturnedittotheHolySepulchre,butotherfragmentswererecoveredand"n presentedtoRichard  Lionheart 77[ibid,p.68].TheQueenofGeorgiaofferedtobuyit [ibid,"n p. 74].DukeLeopold BBVIofAustriatookafragmenthomewithhimin1219.WhenSultan"n  HHal-KamilagreedtoreturntheTrueCrossin1221,itcouldnotbefound [ibid,p.170]."n "n /'nWWThepartinRome,Lazio,Italy,wasrediscoveredin1492forsomereasonithadbeen"n walledupinSantaCrocein ??GerusalemmeseeunderRomebelow.ButothersourcessaytheP,*9xxx"mmxx""n"n 9xEmperor TTTheodosiuspresentedthegreaterpartoftheCrosstoSt.Ambroseanditwasplaced"n inthemainchurchinMilan, Lombardia.The $$Hunscarrieditawayandburntit.  [Mackay,"n r  p. 696.]"n "n 'nUU[Gauthier,p.115]saystheCrosswasinConstantinoplein320(!)andoozeddropsof"n [SSHolyBloodwhencutseeunderBloodbelow.Inthe11C,theCrownofThorns,the"n 5WWSeamlessGarment,alltheothermajorrelicsofthePassionand'Veronica'sVeil'from Edessa"n !(modern TTUrfa,Turkey)wereallatConstantinople[Runciman1,pp.1011,17,49].[Gauthier,"n ;^^pp.58&160.]saysmanyrelicsofChrist,includingpiecesoftheCrossandsomenails,were"n inthe JJBucoleonChapelofthePalaceinConstantinoplebeforetheSackof1204. [Baueretal.,"n ccp.165]saysthatitwasbelievedthatthelargestthreepiecesoftheCrosswerehere,aswellas"n <00aringofSolomonandthestaffofMoses.But[EverymanIstanbul ,pp.148149]saysthe"n IIrelicsoftheTrueCrossandtheCrownofThornswereintheTreasuryof Haghia  Sophia(now"n ``theMuseumDirector'sOffice)builtbyJustinian.[Dean]saysitwaskeptintheChapelofthe"n R]]Pharosandquotesacontemporarydescription:"twopiecesoftheTrueCross,aslargeasthe"n [[legofaman".ThepartinConstantinoplewascapturedintheSackof1204,buttheLatin"n EmperorBaldwin JJIIpawneditandtheCrownofThornsandthesewereredeemedbySt.Louis"n \\andmovedtoParisabout1238.[Runciman3,p.263]saysBaldwinsoldtherelicswhichhad"n F]]survivedthe1204SackofConstantinople,before1249.[Timbs,p.6]saystheyweresoldto`,*:uPxxx"mmxx""n"n _xIILouisin1238.[Hare(2),p.277]saystheCrownwentfromEmperorJean de Brienneanda"n 33greatportionoftheCrosswentfromhissuccessor &&BaudouintoLouis,butgivesnoother"n  details.SeeunderParisbelow."n "n "n u'nGauthier[p.56]saysA. ==Frolowhastracednearly1000crossreliquariesintwomajor"n  publications."n F'nW.W.Seymour[''TheCrossinTradition,HistoryandArt ;1898,p.121]listspieces"n . inthefollowingplaces.'n  A"mmxx,'nParis Sainte  Chapelle.[Hachette-Paris 00,pp.31,34,35]mentionsthis,butsaysitis,n 5""nowintheTreasureofNotre-Dame.'n  ParisS. Germain.'n .66RomeinthetopoftheobeliskinPiazzaS.Pietro[MGG-Italy (1995)  ,p. 205].'n Seville.'n MalmesburyAbbey.'n R  BromholmMonastery.'n  ++Tracton(Monastery?),nearDublin,Ireland.'n   Etchmiazin (Etchmiadzyn),Armenia.'n 7  Jerusalem."n %A"mmxx""n',111HealsocitesthepiecesnowatRheims(=Reims, Marne),inS.Crocein Gerusalemme,Rome,"n DDandformerlyatHolyCross,describedbelow.Hesaysthepiecesin Etchmiazin,S.Croceand"n a,,Jerusalemarethethreeprincipalpieces.[&&BION!GreatandStrangeWorksofMan ;Tor"n (Tom ==DohertyAssociates),NY,1992,p.101]saystheCathedralof Etchmiadzyn,builtby"n  AATiridatesin303,wasthefirstbuildingtobetoppedbyacross."n "n "n 'nSSApieceoftheTrueCrosswasreputedlyinthegoldencrossmadein1162tohonour"n \Princess,laterSaint, 88Eufrosina(?1173),thegranddaughterofthefounderof  Bielarus"n  (formerly ,,Byelorussia).Thecrosswasinamuseumin ))Mahilow(Ican'tlocatethisitmaybe"n anewspellingof LLMogilev)until1941whenitdisappearedduringtheNaziinvasion.In1993,` ,*;e@ xxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n 9xaathenewcountrywasappealingforitbackasasymbolofitsnationalidentity,butitslocation"n wasunknown.  [IanBlack; 22Bielarusseeksreturnofancientsymbolofunity; TheGuardian "n (14 Oct1993)11.]"n \'n[Gauthier,p.57]says ??AmauryIofJerusalem,12C,acquiredalargepieceoftheTrue"n ''CrossfromthechurchofSt.Georgein  Lydda(= Ramleh)."n J'n--EmperorBaldwingaveapieceoftheCrossto ""PhilipAugustus[Gauthier,p.74]."n 'nWWTheHolyRoodofScotlandwasacrosscontainingapieceoftheTrueCross.Thepiece"n MMwasgivenbyCharlemagnetoanancestorofSt.Margaret,QueenofScotland. [BryanH.Fell;"n TheHousesofParliament CC;8thed.,Eyre&Spottiswoode,London,1958,p.49.][Dean]says"n jPPthispieceisbelievedtohavecomefromWalthamAbbey,London.Itwaskeptat  Holyrood"n P((Abbey,Edinburgh,untiltheReformation."n 'n [Stein& MMMacNee,p.38]saytherearefourteennailsatleastsixteenarementioned"n L//below,thoughsomeofthesemayberepetitions."n "n 'nDDMISCELLANEOUSLOCATIONSINALPHABETICORDERnotethatsomeofthe"n 55reliquariesmaynolongercontaintherelevantrelic."n "n 'nTheImperialCrossofEmperor Conrad ++IIcontainedtheHolyLance(qv)andsmall"n cWWfragmentsoftheTrueCross.ItispartoftheImperialCrownJewels,onceatAachen,"n LLNordrheinWestfalen,Germany,butitisnowintheImperialTreasuryofthe Hofburg,Vienna"n \\withareplicaintheRathausofAachen.TheHolyLanceisalsopartofthisTreasureat"n ZZAachen,theLanceisdisplayedasaseparateitem,saidtohavebeenpurchasedbyHenryI"n ~\\(c920)fromKingRudolphofBurgundy.Itisjustthebladeofalance,hollowedoutwitha"n ((nailfromtheTrueCrossinsertedinit. p,*<xxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n x'nRRIntheearly13C,BishopWilliamofBeaumontbroughtapieceoftheTrueCrossto"n **Angers,MaineetLoire[Gauthier,p.140]."n }'nTheArmenianprince  Aplgharib 44PahlavunibroughtapieceoftheCrossin1034from"n Constantinopleto ((Ani,whoseruinsaresome50kmeastof Kars,Turkey.Therelicwas"n L]]installedintheChurchoftheHolyRedeemeranddevotionsweretobeheldnightlyuntilthe"n ::SecondComing![Freely,pp.323324;Freely(2),p.500.]p`,*=u@ xxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n x'n--AfragmentoftheCrosswasinthechurchat Apamea,northSyria [Kate Dourian;Road"n 1HHfromthesandsoftimeleadstoSyriancitythatwashosttoCleopatra;Guardian (13Jul1994)"n :11]."n 'nTTThereliquaryoftheSeamlessTunicintheBasilicaofSt.Francis,Assisi,Umbria,"n 55containsrelicsoftheCross[Gauthier,pp.158160]."n 'nThecathedralat Astorga,Castileand ,,Len,Spain,hadacrossmadefromtheTrue"n &&CrosswhichhadcomefromtheKnights  Templarsat Ponferrada,Castileand  Len,Spain"n [Gauthier,p.100].[ MGG-Spain ::,p. 54]saysthereisnowa13CgoldfiligreeHolyCross"n W  reliquary."n 1'nIIAlargepieceoftheTrueCrossisintheChurchoftheAnnunciation(or Catholicon)in"n CtheMonasteryof LLVatopedionMt.Athos,Greece[Lancaster(2),p.77=Lancaster(3),p.82;"n  de Jongh,p.272]."n i'nYYSplintersoftheTrueCrossareinacrossreliquaryinthetreasuryoftheMonasteryof"n Grand Lavra,Mt.Athos,Greece [de Jongh,p.280]."n 'nYYThelargestpieceonMt.AthosisintheChurchoftheFortyMartyrsintheMonasteryof"n   Xeropotamou [de Jongh,p.296]."n 'n##AfragmentisintheChurchofthe **Analypsis(Ascension)intheMonasteryof"n  Esphigmenou,Mt.Athos,Greece [de Jongh,p.297]."n 'nPartsareintheChurchof Ayios StephanosintheMonasteryof Kastamonitou,Mt."n Athos,Greece [de Jongh,p.298]."n 'nWWThereisapieceoftheTrueCrossandaHolyThornintheSacristyoftheBasilicaof"n S.  00Nicola,Bari,Puglia,givenbyCharlesofAnjou [ENIT,p.35]."n e'nThecathedralin HHBarletta,Puglia,hasareliquaryforafragmentoftheTrueCross,but"n //it'snotclearifthefragmentisstillthere[MGG-Italy (1995)  ,p. 63].``,*> xxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n wx'nThe  hpitalat GGBaug,MaineetLoire,FrancehasarelicoftheTrueCross.Thiswas"n givenbyThomas,Bishopof !!Hierapetra,tothecrusaderJean d'Alluyein1241.Uponhis"n ::returntoFrancein1244,JeangaveittotheAbbeyofla Boissire.[Rorimer,p.66.]"n n'n&&TheMonasteryoftheHolyCross,near //Thurles,Co.Tipperary,Irelandhadapieceof"n . theTrueCross,givenbyPascal  IItoKing Murtagh $$O'Brien.Seymour[loc.cit.above]"n 77mentionsthispiece.Aftermanyyears,itcametothe $$Ursulinenunsin1809andisnowin"n _theirconventin Blackrock,Co.Cork.  [Aodhagan  Brioscu;IrishChurches ; Folens,Dublin,"n c1976,p.18. Jim  Cantwell;HolyPlacesofIreland "";NewEnglishLibrary,London,nd"n n [c1976],p.58.]"n 'nThechurchof EEBromholm,Norfolk,hadarelicoftheTrueCross,resultingfromthe"n 00SackofConstantinople[Hutton,p.117].[Rick  O'Brien;East AnglianCuriosities ;The"n 44DovecotePress,Wimborne,Dorset,1992,p.14]says BromholmPrioryisin Bacton,Norfolk."n )]]In1223,awanderingmonkwithhistwochildrengavethePrioryapieceoftheTrueCrossin"n ``exchangeforaplaceinthePriory,whichsoonbecamefamousandrich.HenryIIIvisiteditin"n !LLthe1230sandendowedthePriorywithlands.ChaucerreferredtoitintheCanterburyTales "n  as'Holy  Croisof GGBromeholme'.Therelicraised39peoplefromthedeadandcured19of"n ;;blindness.AttheDissolutionin1535,therelicwaslost."n "n !'n--ThereisasplinteroftheTrueCrossinthe ++Jeruzalemkerk(=ChurchoftheHolyCross)"n UUinBrugge(Bruges),WestVlaanderen,Belgium.ItwasbroughtbackfromJerusalemby"n  Anselmo QQAdornesin1471.Thechurchitselfwasbuiltbyhisfatherandunclein1427-28`,*?mxxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n 1xZZbasedondrawingsoftheoriginal12CCrusaderChurchoftheHolySepulchre,whichburned"n Pdownbythe16C.[Jan ..Sjoby;ABelgiancountandhisfamilychurch;IHT (3May1974)??]"n l'n**ThereisapieceoftheTrueCrossatSt. **Edmund'sCollege,Cambridge[Conversation"n 6  withWill Ryan]."n 'nCCTherewasapieceoftheTrueCrossinthechurchofSantaCruzin CaravacadelaCruz,"n  TTMurcia,Spain,butitwasstolenin1934.In1231,thiscrosshadgonemissingand"n VVmiraculouslyreappearedwhenapriestcelebratedmassbeforetheMoorishkingwhohad"n ! capturedhim.[ MGG-Spain  ,p.85.]"n 'n<>(Pantokrator)inConstantinoplehadarelicoftheTrueCross"n ZZwhichwaspillagedinthe13CandwoundupinAlsace[Lancaster(2),p.91].Perhapsvia"n 3  S. Louis??"n K'nBrotherElias(or  Elia)of <>(Genova),Liguria,obtainedin1336acrossreliquary'ofthe"n w 66Zaccarias'fromSt.JohnofEphesus[Gauthier,p.98]."n S'n""Acrossreliquarywassenttothe %%GrandmontTreasury,HauteVienne,by  AmauryIof"n j==Jerusaleminthe12C.Thiswasdistributedtothechurchof Milhaguetin1792which"n .[[depositeditintheMuseumorCathedralatLimoges,HauteVienne,fromwhichitwasstolen"n SSin1980.Therelicmayhavebeenlostin1792.[Gauthier,pp.34,3637&5657.]"n ]'n//ThereisapieceoftheCrossinthechurchof Guerno,France[BION24  ,p.44]."n 'n**ThereisapieceoftheTrueCrossinthe Cistercianabbeychurchof Heiligenkreuz,"n MMAustria.ItwasbequeathedtoAustriabytheKingofJerusaleminthe12C. [CarolesChester;"n EssentialVienna ..;AAPublishing,Basingstoke,1992,p.69.][Vienna  ;Verlag  Bauer,nd"n O<<[c1996],p.123]saysitwaspresentedbyLeopoldVin1188.,*CuP xxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n x'nWWTherewasalargepieceoftheTrueCrossattheAbbey(?)ofImpruneta,Toscana,south"n $ofFlorence,presentedby Filippo degli Scolari[Hutton,p.164165]."n 'nSSTherewasarelicoftheTrueCross,broughtfromtheHolyLandinthe10C,atthe"n chapeloftheHolyCross (Kreuzlingen)inSt. Ulric'sBasilica, Kreuzlingen,Switzerland"n : [MGGSwitzerland  ,p.120]."n w'n''TherewasapieceoftheTrueCrossin ++Kruishoutem,Oost-Vlaanderen,Belgium[Jan"n V 33Sjoby;10millioneggschangehandseveryTuesday;IHT (12Apr1974)],butitisnot"n ementionedin[MGG-Belgium/Luxembourg  ,p.272]."n ('n""ThereisacrossreliquaryinSt. GeorgCathedral,  Limburgan der Lahn,Hessen.Itwas"n 66broughtbackfromthe4thCrusadein1207byHeinrich von Ulmen,giventoaconventin"n  ++Stuben,movedtoTrierin1788andthento --Limburgin1827.[Gauthier,pp.6869&72.]"n #'n,,ThecapsulereliquaryofSt.GeorgeandSt. **Demetrius,ofc1100Byzantinework,hada"n c^^pieceoftheTrueCrossinsertedinitbythe18C.ItisnowintheBritishMuseum,London."n k [Gauthier,pp.4244.]"n 'n++TherewasapieceoftheTrueCrossinDon **Saltero'sCoffeeHouseandMuseum,akind"n ''ofexhibitioninLondon,in1760[John O'London[pseud.of Wilfred  Whitten]; MoreLondon"n 1Stories  ;George Newnes,London,1928,p.161]."n 'n++ApieceoftheTrueCrosswasgiventoSt. ,,Helen's,Bishopsgate,Londonin1285[Kent,"n p.77]."n "'nJJThereisarelicoftheTrueCrossinSt.MagnustheMartyr,London.[J.  Wittich;"n DiscoveringLondonCuriosities ??;Shire,Aylesbury,1973;p.60.Kent,p.78.]Kentsaysthe"n ) &&churchstillclaimstohavethepiece.0,*D P xxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n 7x'n,,TherewasapieceoftheTrueCrossatJohn ##Tradescant'sArkinSouthLambeth,"n Q&&London,accordingtoadescriptionby Georg  Christoph Stirnin1638[M.Welch;The"n  Tradescants... ;1978,p.6; Weschler,p.96].[Arthur  MacGregor;ArktoAshmolean ;"n R??AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford,2nded.,1988,p.11]saysHenrietta Mariaentrustedthe"n S \\Tradescantswithsafekeepingofafragmentandpartofthis'whichcasuallyhadbeenbroken"n  fromit'was CC'deteyned'attheArk.However,Ican'tfindthisin[Tradescant]."n 'nVVTherewereseveralpiecesoftheTrueCrossinWestminsterAbbey,London,includinga"n [[greatpartwithmanyotherpiecesandagreatpartofoneofthenailsgivenbyEdwardthe"n mSSConfessor[Kent,p.74].ApiecewasinanaltaratthefootofthetombofHenry VII,"n WestminsterAbbey  [JudiCulbertson&TomRandall;PermanentLondoners ;RobsonBooks,"n s London,1991,p.55]."n |'nGGThereisapieceoftheTrueCrossinWestminsterCathedral,London.[ BG-London ,"n p. 12.Kent,p.78.]"n r'n00TherewasacrossreliquaryattheMonasteryof &&Lorsch[Gauthier,p.185].(Probably"n the ,,LorschinHessen,abitnorthofMannheim??)"n 'n Luccasee: Farneta."n 'nTheMuseoComunalein ??Lucignano,Toscana,hasamassivereliquarycalledtheTreeof"n  [[Lucignano.Itwasmadeduring13501471toholdsomesplintersoftheTrueCrossandsome"n ++(unspecified)Franciscanrelics.[Susanna  Buricchi; Musei  dentrole Mura ; Officinedella"n  33Cultura,Arezzo,nd[obtainedin2001],pp.2527.]"n u'n[Gauthier,p.57]says ??AmauryIofJerusalem,12C,acquiredalargepieceoftheTrue"n ''CrossfromthechurchofSt.Georgein  Lydda(= Ramleh).00,*Exxx%A"mmxx""n',1"n x'nCCTheReliquaryChapeloftheRoyalConventoftheIncarnation(Real Conventodela"n  XXEncarnacin)inMadrid,Madrid,Spain,contains'some1500relics'.Ofthese,themost"n 88famousareabitoftheTrueCrossandthebloodofSt.  Pantaleon.[ MGG-Spain  ,p.146.]"n 'nMaltaseeunderRhodes."n K'nSSThereisacrosscontainingsixfragmentsoftheTrueCrossintheBasilicaofSt."n Barbara,Mantua  (Mantova), ;;Lombardia.Itis9CworkformConstantinople.[Gauthier,"n  pp. 26&29.]"n T'n""ThereisacrossreliquaryinSt.  Liutwin,  Mettlach %%(Pfalz)[Gauthier,pp.7071&80]."n  ##(MettlachisactuallyinSaarland.)"n 'nWWThereisa'HolyNailoftheCross'inatabernaclenearthealtaroftheCathedralof"n  Milan,  Lombardia [Converso,p.13]."n 'n::ThereisacrossreliquaryintheSacredHeartConventat Mons(Bergen),Hainaut"n [Gauthier,p. 149]."n k'nCCThe'IronCrownofLombardy'use