DOC 6T€+( ‚ŒMÿÿ0#x kA4öŠÀ‡€€€djLX RomanP—¥Courier`â> LX Sanserif®äCG TimesP* Letter Gothic t=LX Letter Gothic`œ& LX Prestige`'CourierCondensed`0UniversŒH LX Courier`³–/œ˜@k@Ç@Ç@ð@ð@ð@x@&@&@x@ð@BASIC102 2 2 >^5@A"€€Zd##(-27<Layout 0ÿgþA"€€Zd""',16;main(@A"€€Zd'"',16;indent(@A"€€Zd,',16;@ shiftindentA"€€Zd""',16;Layout 4A"€€Zd""',16;Layout 5A"€€Zd""',16;Layout 6A"€€Zd""',16;Layout 7A"€€Zd""',16;Layout 8A"€€Zd""',16;Layout 9€+(Z€dZdA"€€Zd### H Z#gGazetteerp.>>>€@€+(X€p@xZdA"€€Zd""" ØZx" o'7.MONUMENTSINFRANCE. " Ød" $'mmNote.Frenchorthographyisconfusedforseveralreasons.Accentsareoftenomittedoncapitallettersand" ‡mmtheusageofaccentshaschangedoverthelastfewcenturies.ModernFrenchwritersoftenusemodernforms," I@@whilenonFrenchwritersoftenomittheaccentsentirely.E.g. 33NètreisoftengivenasNotre,eveninFrance.In" ÿjjplacenames,thereisatendencytocombinewordswithhyphens,e.g.StGermaindesPrŽs,butthisisnot" 1qqconsistentlydone.ThewordsRue,Avenue,Place,etc.aresometimescapitalisedandsometimesnot.InParis,I" +willindicatethe arrondissementsbye.g.5e ,exceptthefirstis1er 00.TheFrenchpostcodesforParisbegin75and" thenhavethe ::arrondissementnumbergivenasthreedigits,e.g.the5th ,,arr.hascode75005.Ihavegenerallyput" ŸUUthehousenumberbeforethestreetname,thoughtheFrenchoftendoittheotherway." Øx" Ð ' 7A.PARIS." Ø" Ì '7A1.INSTITUTIONS. " Ød" $', CEMETERIES. RRManydetailscomefrom[Culbertson&Randall(3)].SeealsothePanthŽonbelow." Ø" ' MONTMARTRE $$CEMETERYisat20AvenueRachel,18e &&.Afreelist/mapisprovidedbythe Mairie de" %%Parisattheentrance.JeanBernard @@LŽonFOUCAULT(18191868)isburiedinDivision7[Culbertson&" ŠhhRandall (3),pp. 112-114].AndrŽMarieAMPÂRE(17751836)isinDivision30[Culbertson&Randall(3)," m??pp. 112113&127],withhisson,anotablelinguist.Andreas //HinzreportsthathefoundLUCAS'sgravehere," nearto ooOffenbach,butitismostlyillegibleLucasisnotonthelist/mapandwhenIvisitedin1998,Ifoundthat" Jssthemainlistsareinthecemeteryofficewhichisnotopenonweekends.IwasunabletofinditinJan2002,but@P+(Å €údZdA"€€Zd""" FZ..Hinzlatertoldmeitisacrossthepathfrom ::Offenbach,whereIdidnotlook.[Hare (2),p.488]says De" • ppBougainville'stombishere,butIhavenowfoundthathehadbeeninthecemeteryofSt.Pierre,onthetopof" Montmartre,justwestof SacrŽ QQCoeur,andthisisonlyopenon1Nov.HehasbeenremovedtothePanthŽon,qv," þbut[MGG bb]sayshisheartremainsatSt.Pierre.Thelist/mapmentionsaCharlesFourier(philosopherand" «HHeconomist),butIdon'tknowifheisanyrelationtothemathematician." '''GALOISwasburiedinacommongravein  MONTPARNASSE CEMETERY,3BoulevardEdgar Quinet," 14e &&,in1832,butnotraceofitremains [Solovyov].Alexander ++ALEKHINE(18921946),WorldChessChampion" ))in19271935and19371946,isburiedin 11MontparnasseCemeterywithanappropriatestatue [Schonberg,p.171]."  UrbainJeanJoseph ZZLEVERRIER(1811-1877)isburiedinDivision11[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.171].Henri" ÃPOINCAR³(18541912)ishere[MGG ]. Nicolas 88CONT³(17551805),inventorofthepencil,isburiedin" ¯//Division25[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.181]." €'PÂRE LACHAISE CEMETERY,16rue de Repos(orBoulevard MŽnilmontant),20e ,isthelargestin" qqParis,establishedin1804whenthecitywasoverflowingwithcorpses.Mapsofthefamousgravesareobtainable" ¿??neartheentrances,buttheydon'tlistallofthefollowing. Gustave %%FROMENT(18151865),inventorofthe" rrgyroscope(butseeunderPanthŽon,below,andFoucaultinSection7A2)andatelegraph,isburiedinDivision1" oo[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.10].FranúoisARAGO(17861853)isinDivision4[Culbertson&Randall(3),pp." Ú8&10;MGG  ].Edward $$BRANLY(1844-1940),inventorofthe Branly %%decohererusedinearlyradio,isinP`+(¿€údZdA"€€Zd""" YZ00Division10[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.23]. 44AugustinJeanFRESNEL(17881827)isinDivision14" $$[Culbertson&Randall(3),p. 31]. JeanBaptiste DELAMBREisinDivision10. Michel CHASLES(17931880)" 66isinDivision17[Culbertson&Randall(3),p. 33]. Auguste **COMTE(17981857),thephilosopher,isin" ‘22Division17[Culbertson&Randall(3),pp.3336;MGG //].JeanFranúoisCHAMPOLLION(1790-1832),the" QQdeciphererofhieroglyphics,isinDivision18[Culbertson & Randall(3),p. 36;MGG ].MONGEwasalsoburied" %%hereinDivision18facingtheGrand  Carrefour[MGG 55].ThetombisshownintheOpenUniversityprogramParis" .andtheNewMathematics YY,partofthecourseonHistoryofMathematics.In1989,theremainsweretranslatedto" ÔddthePanthŽon,qvbelow.J. N.HACHETTE,Monge'sassistant,isbesidetheMongetombandFOURIERis" Ynearby.JosephLouis KKGAYLUSSAC(17781850)isinDivision26[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.34;MGG ]."  Allan KARDEC(previously LŽon JJRIVAIL)(18041869)beganasamathematician,thenwroteoneducationand" ±iigrammar,beforebecomingtheleadingspokesmanforspiritualism!HeisnowinDivision 44[Culbertson&" $KKRandall(3),pp.5354],havingpreviouslybeeninMontmartre.Thereisa ""LALANDEtombinDivision46butI" ==don'tknowifthemathematician/astronomerisburiedthere. //ThŽophileGRAMME(16261901),Belgianinventor" £nnofadynamoin1869,isinDivision94[Culbertson&Randall(3),p. 85].[Hare (2),pp.244245]saysLouis" 2AAPOINSOT(1777-1859)isburiedtotheleftofthemainpath,near Rossini." ]'::LAPLACEwasburiedhere,butin1888hewastranslatedto ++Mailloc,nearBeaumont,qvinSection7B," !44andthetombwasmovedtoBeaumont.Theremainsof  AB³LARDand !!HŽloÏseweretransferredtoPÃre`0+(¹€®dZdA"€€Zd""" aZ LLLachaisecemeteryin1817,wherethegravesareashrineforunhappylovers [Okey,pp.9093].Andreas Hinz" v66reportsthatCamilleJORDANishere,nearVictorHugo." 'Both CURIEswereburiedat SCEAUX  DD[Wymer,p.6:32],butin1995,theyweretranslatedtothePanthŽon" Ý  sheisthefirstwomanthere." 'iiTheMontparnassearealiesoveracomplexofoldquarriesandtunnelsknownastheCatacombsandstacked" DDwithbonesremovedfromoldcemeteriesin1785entranceinPlace DenfertRochereau,14e ,ontheeastsideof" étheapproachto Av. ,,GŽnŽralLeclerc.LAVOISIERwasburiedhere." Ø" Ø" 'ACAD³MIEDESSCIENCES.[ MGGFrance 88]considersthe1635foundingoftheAcadŽmieFranúaise" û''asalsothefoundationoftheAcadŽmie EEdesSciences,butothersconsideritbeganabout1664asaseriesof" š]]meetingsofscientists,notablyPascal,Descartes,Gassendi,HuygensandMersenne.In1666, Colbertinvited" qmmthemtomeetintheRoyalLibraryandtheirfirstmeetingwason22Dec1666.In1669theyadoptedthename"  AcadŽmie Royale 88desSciencesandtransferredtomeetingintheLouvre. ##ColbertgotHUYGENStocomeasthe" qqfoundingDirector,livinginthebuildingfrom1666to1681.ItwassuppressedbytheConventionon21Dec1792" 111anditsfunctionswerevestedinabranchofthe BBInstitutNational.In1816,theoriginalnamewasreadoptedand" Pthe Institutwasrenamedthe  Institut deFrance.Arago, Bailly, 11Biot,Borel,Buffon,L.Carnot,Cauchy,Clairaut" F (electedatage18),Condorcet, 22d'Ocagne,D'Alembert,Fourier,Lacroix,Lagrange, Lalande,Langevin,Laplace,"  Legendre,  Lemonnier, 00Libri,Monge,Navier,Ozanam,Poinsot,Poisson, $$Pronyweremembers.Monge&Carnot0°+(g€dZdA"€€Zd""" 5Z==wereexpelledin1816.FontenellewasthefirstSecretary. **DelambrewasPermanentSecretaryandwas" qqsucceededbyFourierin18221830.AragosucceededFourier.Clairautwaselectedatage12in1725.Borelwas" bbPresidentin1934.VaucansonwasInspectorofMechanicalInventionsinthemid18C.DARBOUXwas°€+(u€€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ëZUUperpetualsecretaryintheearly20C.TheAcadŽmieoccasionallyawardsagoldmedal "HenriPoincarŽ"in" á;;mathematics.Therecipientshavebeen:Hadamard(1962); Deligne(1974);J. G.  Thompson(1992).Itis" gpresentlyatPlacede l'Institut,23 Quaide Conti,6e <<seebelow.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 128]sayyoucan" _EEasktolookarounditandthereisaquantityofbustsandportraits." 'OOIn1665,thefirstscientificjournal(atleastinavernacularlanguage),theJournal des súavans wasstarted.It" ¢&&soonbecametheorganoftheAcadŽmie Royale desSciences.(ThePhilosophicalTransactions alsostartedin" D551665,andseemstojustprecedethis.TheAccademia dei 77Linceihadashortlivedjournalsometimeinthe17C." 55TheAcadŽmieformallybeganitsownjournalwiththe  Histoire de  l'AcadŽmie Royale  desSciences in1729,which" ˆ &&summarisedtheproceedingsfrom1666.)" 'ffAtajointmeetingoftheAcadŽmiedesSciencesandtheAcadŽmiedesBeauxArtson19Aug1839,Arago" uufirstpresentedDaguerre'sphotographicprocess,thefirstpracticalmethod.Withinfourmonths,thirtyeditionsof" 9nnDaguerre'sbooklethadappeared.Aragoimmediatelymadesuggestionsforapplicationstoastronomy.[Darius," h  pp.1011.]" Ø" 'nnIntheearly17C,nineloversofliteratureestablishedaregularmeeting.In1635,Richelieuorganizedthem" _intoanAcadŽmie NNLibreorACAD³MIEFRANùAIS.[Hare (2),pp.512513]saystheideawasdueto"  Chancellor ..SŽguier.ItmetinthePalaisRoyal,though[MGG 44]saysearlymeetingswereacrosstheroadat6Rue" £de kkValois,butthismaythenhavebeenanoutbuildingofthepalace.BachetandPascal'sfatherwerefounder+(©€FdZdA"€€Zd""" µZ..members.[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.105. @@Okey,p.213.]HareaddsthatafterRichelieu'sdeathin1642," ‡ HHSŽguierbecamePresidentfor30yearsandtheAcadŽmiemetintheHètel SŽguier,whichwasinthe Cour des" c  Fermes,1er ,betweenRue du BouloiandRue $$duLouvre,butwasdemolishedafter SŽguier'sdeathin1672.Its" rrmainfunctionhasbeentoregulatetheFrenchlanguage.In1762,itregularizedthespellingofsome5000words," •))aboutaquarterofthoseincommonuse. Estrebecame ätre,  roybecame ##roi,etc.ThisAcadŽmiesuffered" (FFinterruptionandreorganizationin17931816,similartotheAcadŽmie ##desSciences.Fontenelle,Buffon," 6 D'Alembert, ]]Bailly,Voltaire,LaplaceandFourierweremembers.ThethirdgreatacademyistheAcadŽmie des" yInscriptionset XXBellesLettres,sometimescalledthePetiteAcadŽmie,datingfrom1663.Fontenelleand Bailly" ^^werethefirsttwopersonstobemembersofallthreegreatacademies[Arago,p.156].Since NapolŽon'stime,all" the ""AcadŽmieshavebeenhousedinthe  INSTITUT ((DEFRANCE,foundedin1795,atPlacede l'Institut,23 Quai"  de Conti,6e  ,facingthe Pont des $$Artes.Thebuildingwasfoundedby --Mazarin'swillof1661astheCollegeofthe" RHHFourNations,openedin1688butexpropriatedbytheConventionin1795 [Okey,p.222]or1790[MGG ].The"  ==InstituthasafamousstatueofVOLTAIREinthenudebyJean  Baptiste Pigalle(eponymofPlace  Pigalle)" Ðpp[Cronin,p. 246],butIhaverecentlyseenit(oracopy?)intheLouvre,qvbelow.Thereisanotherstatueof" ÚVoltaireinthesmallPlace HonoreChampion,behindthe InstitutattheendofRue  deSeine.p+(ï údZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" $'XXAVIATIONhassignificantoriginsinParis.ThebrothersJoseph(17401810)andJacques ³tienne"  (1745-1799) ..Montgolfiersentupthreehotairballoonsat 77Annonay,nearLyon,thelaston5Jun1783.Theythen" †;;travelledtoParistobuildlargerballoons.TheAcadŽmie 66desSciencesheardofthisanddecidedtobuildtheir" õ**ownballoon,buttheydidn'tknowhowthe @@Montgolfiershadobtainedliftsotheydecidedtousehydrogen," „llrecentlydiscoveredbyCavendish.J. A. C.Charleswascommissionedtocreateahydrogengeneratorandthe" ``brothersRobertcreatedarubberisedfabric.TheylaunchedanunmannedballoonfromtheChamps deMarson27" yhhAug1783.SupposedlysomeoneaskedBenjaminFranklinwhatusethismightbeandhemadethereply"And" 877whatuseisanewbornbaby?"Meanwhile,on19Septhe 77Montgolfierssentupasheep,aduckandaroosterand" |RRtheylaterevensentupsomepeopleintetheredballoons,includingthephysicist Pilâtre de RozierinOct1783," fromthefactoryof RŽveillonat31Ruede ##Montreuil,FaubourgSt.Antoine,11e !!.On21Nov1783,theylaunched" ++thefirstballoonflight,fromtheChâteau de la Muetteinthe Bois //deBoulogne.Thereweretwopersonsonboard:"  thepilot, Pilâtre de $$Rozierandapassenger,theMarquis d'Arlandes.([MGG &&]saystheystartedfromtheadjacent" àJardinRanelagh,16e  ,wherethe AllŽe CCPilâtredeRoziercommemoratesthelaunchsite.)Theywentfor25" Ù88minutes,coveringfivemiles,andlandedunharmedatLa ButteauxCailles,13e .On1Dec1783(1782??)," ñ11CharlesandoneoftheRobertsascendedfromthe ,,TuileriesGardensandtravelled27milesto Neslethis" NIIballoonwastheancestorofalllatergasballoons.[C.H.GibbsSmith;''Aeronautics1:EarlyFlyinguptothepP+( 逮dZdA"€€Zd""" sZ ReimsMeeting //;HMSOforScienceMuseum,1966,items1&2.MGG &&.]Alate18Caccountsaystheywent" ppabout20milesandlanded,butthenCharleswentuponhisown,ascending3052yardsandrecordingthepressure" ™iiandtemperatureandcamedownsomefourorfivemilesfurtheron.On6Sep1804,GayLussacascendedat" -rrParisto23,400ftandlatermadeseverallongerascents,takingsamplesoftheairwhichprovedtohavethesame" o compositionatallheights." Ø" Î'TheBIBLIOTHÂQUE NATIONALE,58Rue deRichelieu,2e ,wasthepalaceof Mazarin,wherehis" š//libraryof35,000volumeswasopentoscholars ??[Okey,p.222].ThecollectionsdatebacktoCharlesVinthe" âii14C,whosecollectionwasinLaTourdeLouvre.Inthe15C,thesecollectionsweremovedtotheChâteau" Ñ jjd'Amboise,butcamebacktoParisinthe16C.Acopyrightactwasmadein1537requiringacopyofevery" Û ((printedbooktobegiventothelibrary." '11Ithasoneofthefive(ortwo)knownRomanhand ))abaci(cfBritishMuseuminSection2B)." 'Stewart Culin[UUChessandplayingcards.Catalogueofgamesandimplementsfordivinationexhibited" JJbytheUnitedStatesNationalMuseuminconnectionwiththeDepartmentof Archologyand  Paleontology" kkoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaattheCottonStatesandInternationalExposition,Atlanta,Georgia,1895 ." ]IN:>>ReportoftheU.S.NationalMuseum,yearendingJune30,1896 .GovernmentPrintingOffice," 55Washington,1898,pp.665942[thereisareprintby ==AyerCo.,Salem,Mass.,c1990],p.863]saysthattheoldest" {00EuropeanchessmenhavebeenintheBibliothÃque ==NationalesincetheRevolution.Thesearesixivorypieces," ppreputedlygiventotheAbbeyofSt.DenisbyCharlemagne.Thedressandornamentsonthepiecesare9CGreek.PÐ+( —€„dZdA"€€Zd""" šZ@@[IwonderifthisisbecausetheywereagiftfromByzantium?]" ]'hhThelibraryincludestwoGutenbergBibles,MSSbyPascal,Voltaire,Rousseau,Diderot,andtheoriginal" ‚ plasterfor <>andsucceededhisfatherasDirectorin1784,butwithdrewto 33Thuryin1794.HedirectedtheFrenchsideofthe" Ú>>surveylinkingFranceandEngland,usingacircledesignedby Bordaandbuiltby Lenoir.Cassiniusedtwo" Bvvdifferentmodelsfortheshapeoftheearthandobtained9'18.6"and9'20.6",butfeltthefirstvaluewasmore" sppcorrect.Roy,ontheEnglishside,obtained9'18.8".In1987,theOrdnanceSurveyandtheParisObservatory" mmcommemoratedthebicentenaryofthismeasurementbyredoingitusingspecialGPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)" Íbbequipment.Theresultswereaccuratetofewcentimetres,butmysourcedoesn'tstatethevalue.  [DŽbarbat.]0À+(#¥ÐdZdA"€€Zd""" Z' aaLALANDEwasDirectorfrom1768untilhisdeathin1807.LAPLACEwasalsoadirector.ARAGOwas" ::Laplace'sassistantfrom1806andthenwasco-workerwith 55BIOT[Arago,pp.1415&18]andlaterDirector.In" ‡1825,Arago,Mathieuand SSKaterdeterminedthedistancebetweenParisandGreenwichas9'21.62"oftime." ˆddThereisamonumenttoAragoontheMeridianjustacrossBoulevardAragoatthesouthernendofthe" 77Observatorygrounds.TherearestatuestoLAPLACEand 55LEVERRIER(infrontofthebuilding)andaplaqueto" ^ggRoemeronthefrontofthebuilding.FOUCAULTwasphysicisthere(seealsounderthePANTH³ON,below," ˜AAandunderFoucaultinSection7A2).LUCASwasanassistantto !!LeVerrierinc18641870.Pierre FATOU" Á workedherefromabout1906.À0€+($u€údZdA"€€Zd""" 8Z'22In1902,Christie,Dysonandothers,workingwith 77Loewy,theDirectoroftheParisObservatoryandusing" kfftelegraphiclinks,determinedthedistancebetweenGreenwichandParisas9'20.932"and9'20.994 «.013"" NDDwiththevariabilityduetothepersonalequationsoftheobservers." á'eeThemeridianofParispassesthroughthebuilding,beingofficiallyfixedon21Jun1667(thesummer" ôNNsolsticeofthatyear).ThereisalargeSouthBearingbetweentheBoulevard JourdanandtheAvenue de la" Ž Tunisieinthe Parc Montsouris,14e  ,nearthe RERstationCitŽ ..Universitaire.ANorthBearingof1736ison" mMontmartreneartothe Moulin de la  Galette[MGG ==].Francerefusedtoadoptthe1884treatyfixingthePrime" =kkMeridianatGreenwichuntil1911.TocommemoratetheMillennium,alargenumberofmedallionsbearingthe" ÝhhnameARAGO,withaNandSarrow,wereinstalledalongthemeridianacrossFrance.Theyarenotlarge," Éjjperhaps10cmindiameter,setintothesidewalk(=pavement(UK))andnotveryconspicuous.Thereisone" lqqbehindtheLuxembourgPalace,closetothesentryatthewestsideofthepalace,clearlyshowingthatthegreat" PuuvistathroughthegardenstotheObservatoryisnotquitedirectlysouth.Anotherisinfrontofthepalace,onthe" EsouthsideofRuede Vaugirard,betweenRue GaranciÃreandRuede ,,Tournon.Anotherisattheentrancetothe" Ÿ LouvrefromthePlace duPalaisRoyal." G'iiTheObservatoryhascontainedtheInternationalTimeBureausinceitsfoundingin1919.Thissupervises" cCoordinatedUniversalTime RR(UTC).TheObservatorystartedthefirstspeakingclockserviceon14Feb1933." rrThereisasmallmuseumwhichhasoccasionaltours(firstSaturdayofeachmonthat2:30youmustwritetothe0+(%O€údZdA"€€Zd""" 4Z""Directorinadvanceat61Ave.de ##l'Observatoire,F-75014,Paris) --[Baillie & Salmon,p. 138]say"Visitingthe"  \\Observatoireisacomplicatedprocedureandallyou'llseeareoldmapsandinstruments."[MGG ]saysthereis"a" oosmallmuseumofoldinstruments,modernequipmentintheparkanddomeoftheupperterrace."Thegardensare" __open,butnotinthewinter.RueCassiniisjustnorthofthebuildingandthereareaAvenue de l'Observatoireand" a  Fontaine de ==l'Observatoirenearby,whileBoulevardAragoistothesouth." '__Anunusualpoliticalapplicationofmathematicsoccurredin1904whenthethreemathematicians APPELL," ³UUDARBOUXandPOINCAR³wereappointedtostudytheauthenticityofthememorandum(the  'Bordereau')" ±whichhadledto //DREYFUS'convictionasatraitorin1894.The **'macromicromÃtre'oftheObservatory,an" ujjinstrumentformeasuringastronomicalplates,wasusedtomakealargenumberofmeasurements,whichwere" ~nncarriedoutbyvariousmembersofthestaffoftheObservatory.Themathematicians'reportdemonstratedthat" *  Bertillon's eereassemblyofthepiecesofthememorandumwasincorrectandhisstatisticaldeductionsfromitwere" ¶@@unjustified.Thememorandumwasdeclaredaforgeryin1906and ))Dreyfuswasrehabilitated.See[Suzanne" d YYDŽbarbat;Anunusualuseofanastronomicalinstrument:TheDreyfusaffairandtheParis 'macromicromÃtre';" NJ. fortheHistoryofAstronomy PP27(1996)45-52],thoughthisisnotveryclearhowthemeasurementswereused." Ø" !' ThePALAIS DELA &&D³COUVERTE,Ave.FranklinRoosevelt,8e ++,islocatedinpartoftheGrandPalais." ÎItwasestablishedbyJean TTPERRINin1937topresentsciencetothepublic.Itisoneoftheancestorsofthe0+(&I€TdZdA"€€Zd""" Zttmodern'handson'sciencecentresratherthanamuseumintheclassicalsense.Thereisaplaque,withbasrelief," .commemorating 33Perrin,onthewestsideofthelittleSquareJean 22PerrinwhichliesonthenorthsideofthePalais" ·..butwhichisnowusedastheforecourttothe ??PorteChamps³lysŽesoftheGrandPalais.ThePalaishasfine" ¹``demonstrationofturningasphereinsideoutbymeansofasequenceofmodelsfollowingBernard MORIN's" Ë method." Ø" B'ThePANTH³ON,Place duPanthŽon,5e @@,wasoriginallyintendedasanewChurchofSte.GeneviÃveand" ºVVhasalternatedseveraltimesbetweenchurchandmonumentsee[Cronin,pp.104105; Okey,pp.254255;" jjHare (2),pp.359362].ThebonesofVOLTAIREandROUSSEAUwerebroughtheretoinitiatethePanthŽonon" ‹ll11Jul1791and11Oct1794,respectively.However,littleofthemmaybehereasthetombswereopenedby" ((fanaticsin1814.Voltaire'sheart(cf LLFerney,outsideGeneva,SwitzerlandinSection10),brain,onefootandtwo" ..teethweretakenasrelicsatvarioustimes. ==[Ayer.Culbertson&Randall(3),pp.9397.][DaveDutton;Horrors ;" „nnFutura,London,1989,pp.4041]saysthatin1814Voltaire'scorpsewastakentoarefusedumpandburiedin" 7nnquicklime.However,theirpresencehassurvivedwhilemanyoftherevolutionaryheroesplacedhereweresoon" » displaced ((Mirabeaulastedlessthattwoyearsand 66Maratlastedaboutfivemonthsandsomewerereplaced" µbeforetheyevengothere!  BERTHOLET, DE 88BOUGAINVILLE(thenavigator/explorer,though[Hare (2)," p. 488]saysthetombof De UUBougainvilleisinMontmartreCemetery,buthewasinthecemeteryofSt.Pierre,on" ï$$thetopofMontmartre,justwestof SacrŽ 99Coeur(onlyopenon1Nov)andhisheartremainsthere),0 +('€údZdA"€€Zd""" sZRRL. N. M. CARNOT,M.F.S.CARNOT,CONDORCET,LAGRANGE,LANGEVIN,MONGE,PAINLEV³," @ PERRIN,Braille, Dumas(broughtin2002),Hugo,  Malraux, Marat,  Mirabeau, Zolaareallhere.DESCARTES" %oo(qvinSection7A2)wasbroughttoSte.GeneviÃvein1665,butwasmovedduringtheRevolution[Eves(4),p." 4415;Scott,p.6].ThereisastatueofVoltaireby CCHoudoninfrontofhistombinthecrypt[Hare (2),p. 361;DBS]." znnOnthemainfloorofthePanthŽon,therearesomecommemorativeinscriptionsonthepillars,includingoneto"   BERGSON." '[Pierre Chevallier&Daniel  Rabreau; LePanthŽon ::;EnglishtranslationbyKathleenWilsonChevalier[sic];" ) Caisse  nationale desMonumentset desSites,1977.DBS.MGG .]" 5'eeFOUCAULT(qvinSection7A2)setuphispendulumhereinMar1851attheurgingofPresidentLouis"  Napoleon([MGG aa]says1849).(ThechoiceofthePanthŽonwasundoubtedlyprimarilybasedonitsheight,butit" (LLwasalsothemostconspicuoussymbolofthestrugglebetweentheChurchand ##reason/revolution/anticlericismin" œmmParis.AtthetimeitwasaseculartempledevotedtothegreatmenofFrance,mostofwhomweredistinctly" ssanticlerical.ManyofthecontemporaryreportsreferredtoGalileoandattackedthechurch.)Heuseda67mwire" [33anda28kgball.Hewasassistedbytheengineer Gustave 33Froment,whomadetheball.Thewirebrokeonthe" //firsttrial,strikingterrorintoFoucaultand HHFroment!Theydesignedakindofparachutetopreventsuchaccidents." ippTheperiodwasabout16sec.A6mdiametercirculartable,markedinquartersofadegree,wassetoutonthe" wwfloor,insidealargerrailing.Afteroneperiod,theballcouldbeseentohavemovedabout2.5mmonthisscale. €+((—€ÞdZdA"€€Zd""" öZ[[Foucaultplacedlittleridgesofsandonthetabletorecordthepathoftheball.[C.L. Stong; TheAmateur" q Scientist ??;Simon&Schuster,1960,pp.290301]saysthelinesmoved11o %%18'perhour,correspondingto2.6" OOmmperperiod.Healsogivesanintuitiveexplanationthatthemovementis15o ##perhourmultipliedbythesine" ó..ofthelatitude.ThelatitudeofParisis48o 51',correspondingto11.29o =11o 17.69'perhour.Thereare" Ycontemporarypicturesin[ Foiretetal.,p.16]andin <<[Deligeorges].Thedemonstrationfirsttookplacebeforea" rrfashionableaudienceon26or31Mar1851someoftheladiesfaintedwithexcitementandotherspectatorssaid" «__theycouldfeeltheearthmovebeneaththem!Byanironictwistoffate,Napoleonmadeacoup d'ŽtatinDec" Ýgg1851,formingtheSecondEmpire,whichrestoredthePanthŽontothechurchandFoucault'spendulumwas" Œ promptlystoppedandremoved." ('RRFoucaultthendesignedanimprovedsupportanddrivemechanismfortheExposition Universelleof1855." >'88In1902,afterthelaicisationofthePanthŽon,Camille Flammarionand  Alphonse Bergetsetupthe€0€+()u€€®dZdA"€€Zd""" ¯Znndemonstrationagain.Theywantedtousetheoriginalball,buttheMusŽewouldnotpermitit,sotheyuseda" uu20 kgballthathadbeenusedintheCathedralofReimsin1851.Theywereabletousetheoriginalrailing.Their" 6==wirewasalengthofpianowire,donatedbythepianomakers 33Pleyel,buttheydiscovereditwas60cmshortand" nsstheyhadtoraisetheirtable.ByJul,theywereabletotestitandtheyhadagrandopeningon22Octwithover" °oo2000personsattending.TheballwasheldattheendofitsswingbyasilkcordwhichtheMinisterofPublic" Ñ>>Instructionburnedwithacandletoprovideasmoothlaunch." «'HHIn1995,thedemonstrationwassetupagaininthePanthŽon,byJacques Foiret,engineerofthe" ConservatoireNational ^^desArtsetMŽtiers,forashortexhibittolaunchanationalsciencefestivalon5Oct1995," vvbutithasbeensopopularthatitwasstillpresentinJan1998.Thereisapleasantvideopresentationshowingthe" ±qqinstallationofthependulumandsomeofthehistory,butonecannotgetuptotherailing.Foucault'soriginal" uu28 kgleadandbrassballof1851wasusedinitiallyin1995,butin1996itwasreplacedbya47kgballsimilarto" h thatusedby [[Flammarionin1902,thoughthatweighedonly20kg.Theoriginalrailingwasusedagain. Foiret" 7UUdevisedanewsafetymechanism.Theperiodis16.5secandthependulumadvances272o perdayor3.11666...'" tUUperperiod,whichcorrespondsto2.7198...mmperperiodonthe6mcircularscale. eligeorges,p.16]notes" _IIthatsome10%ofFrenchpeoplestillthinkthesungoesaroundtheearth!" . ' [Deligeorges. Foiret.]" Ø" 'ThesouthsideofthePLACE DELACONCORDE,8e 66,hasafountainwithgroupsofstatuaryrepresenting" W ((MarineNavigationandInlandNavigation.0 +(* pdZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" 'Place du  ParvisseeNotreDame,above." Ø" '..Housenumberingwasfirstusedin1463onthe PONTNOTREDAME,4e  .However [Okey,pp.155156]" vvindicatesthatthisbridgewasreplacedafteritscollapsein1499andseemstoimplythatitwasthenewbridgethat" È--hadnumbering.[A.Brown,p.35]gives1463." Ø"  'TheRUE DU CHERCHEMIDI,6e  ,nearSt. 66Sulpice,commemoratesasundialwhichhadtwopersons" Xaalookingfornoonwhenitwas2:00pm.No.19hasaplaquerepresentingthis.[Hare (2),p.432.]" Ø" 'InthechurchofSAN  SULPICE,6e KK,thereisameridianlineinthepavementofthesouthtransept,engraved" /by OOLEMONNIERin1743.Againstthewallofthelefttranseptis'acuriousGnomon Astronomicus'.[Hare (2),"   pp. 421422.]" Ø" –'OOTheFrenchSENATEiscomprisedofdistinguishedcitizens,appointedforlife. De BOUGAINVILLE," >``LAGRANGE,LAPLACE,MONGEwereSenators.CAUCHY'sfatherwasSecretaryoftheSenate,whichwas" B ''thenhousedintheLuxembourgPalace,6e ." Ø" 'TheSORBONNE,7Rue ''des³coles(orPlacedelaSorbonne),5e **,wasfoundedasatheologicalcollegeby" Robert deSorbonne(or  Sorbonor  Cerbonor EERathelois)(12011274),chaplaintoSt.Louis(=LouisIX),in1253" \\thefoundationisdepictedinthemuralsonthefirstfloorbalconyoverthelobbyofthe GrandeAmphitheatreand" [EELouis'sCharterisondisplayintheNationalArchives(intheHètel de Soubise,60Rue desFrancsBourgeois)." ==However,thefundingcamefromthequeen'sphysician,Robert 11deDouai,whodeservestoberemembered.Atthe" –nntime,therewerealreadyaboutadozencollegesinParis,buttheseseemtohavevanishedandtheSorbonneis  +(+s€údZdA"€€Zd""" §ZqqconsideredtheoldestpartoftheUniversity.Itoriginallyhad16studentsandwaslocatedinahousenearthe" ÒkkRomanbaths,butitmovedseveraltimesasitexpanded.Bytheendofthe14C,theuniversityhadsome40" kkcolleges;bytheendofthe15C,therewereabout50andJohnEvelynrecords65collegesinthelate17C. [Okey," 'rrpp.9697.]Inthelate17C,RichelieurebuiltthecollegeandchurchoftheSorbonnehistombmonumentisin" Ó::thechurchwhichistheonlypartsurvivingfromhiswork 33[Okey,pp.214&329].Inthechurchisapicture" ssshowingRobertSorbonnepresentingpupilstoSt.Louis[Hare (2),p.370].[Hare (2),p. 369]saysthequadrangle" Õoobythechurchis'remarkableforitscurioussundials'.AfterabriefclosurebyNapoleon,theUniversitywas" Tiireorganizedin1808andthefacultiesofliterature,scienceandtheologywerelocatedhere[Pengelley&" .ttPengelley,p. 115].ReferencestotheUniversityofParisgenerallyrefertotheSorbonneuntilthereorganization" y;;ofthe1970s.Themainbuildingdatesfrom1889.TheRue 33des³colessiteisnowhometotheUniversitiesof"   Paris-IIIand  ParisIV." 'The ``GrandeAmphitheatreiswhereFranceandtheworldhonouredPASTEURatagreatmeetingon27Dec" jss1892tocelebratehisseventiethbirthday.Itcontainsmuralsrepresentingscience,medicine,etc.andstatuesof" ÈNNSorbonne,Descartes,Lavoisier,Pascal,etc.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 115.]" -',,In1458,theMasteroftheMintwassentto AAMainztolearnaboutprinting,butnothingcameofit.In1463,"   Fustand kkSchÑfferbroughtsomeprintedbookstoParisforsale,buttheywereconfiscatedattheinstigationofthe" ¯mmscribesandbooksellersthekingpaidacompensationof2500crownsin1474.In1479,twodoctorsofthe @+(,m€údZdA"€€Zd""" Z Sorbonne,  Guillaume FichetandJean de la Puin,invited Ulmer ))GeringandtwootherSwissprintersfrom" 33ConstancetoestablishapressintheSorbonne.([MGG <<]saysthispresswasestablishedbyLouisXIin1469.)By" j 1473,Peter  Kayser,John  Stohland Ulmer @@GeringwereprintingintheRueSt.Jacques,atthesignofthe Soleil" D nnd'Or,whichsignwaslongatokenoffineprinting.RomantypewassoonsupersededbyGothicabout1480,but" ±--Romantypewasreintroducedabout1500.At ??Gering'sdeath,therewere40pressesinParis,butthesewere" Žrrreducedto24toinsuresufficientprofitabilitythatprinterswouldnotbetemptedtoprintprohibitedorshoddy" BBbooks.In1556,anorder,supposedlyattheinstigationofDiane 22dePoitiers,requiredavellumcopyofeverybook" áoopublishedtobedepositedintheRoyalLibrarythisseemstobethefirstsuchorderbutcfBibliothÃque" œ   Nationale. [Okey,pp. 148-150.]" H'^^MERSENNEwasastudent.CAUCHY(17891857)wasAssistantProfessorofMechanicsin1823-1830" eIIandProfessorofMathematicalAstronomyfrom1848.BONNETtaughthere. LIBRIwasprofessorof" probabilityfrom1831. OOCHASLES(17931880)wasProfessorofHigherGeometryfrom1846.LIOUVILLEwas" A!!Professorin1857-1873.Charles CCHERMITE(1822-1901)wasProfessor,c1870-c1897.DARBOUXsucceeded" { ccCHASLESasProfessorofHigherGeometry.PAINLEV³wasaProfessorhere.MarieSklodovska(CURIE)" ‰mmenteredin1891andcameinfirstinphysicsin1893andsecondinmathematicsin1894.PierreCuriebecame" qqProfessorofPhysicsattheSorbonne,butwaskilledbyacartin1906andMariewasappointedtosucceedhim" ®XXtheirfirstwomanprofessor.Shegavetheworld'sfirstcourseonradioactivityhere. [Wymer,chap.6.]Paul@À+(-g€dZdA"€€Zd""" 8Z hhAPPELL(18551930)wasdeanoftheFacultyofSciences,c1904.GOURSATtaughtherefrom1885.Charles" j Emile OOPICARD(18561941)wasprofessorfrom1886.TANNERYwasprofessorfrom1903. ³lie CARTAN" Enn(18691951)cametoteachin1909andwasnamedprofessorin1912untilhisretirementin1940.PrinceLouisÀ€€+(.u€€®dZdA"€€Zd""" 3ZVictor de ccBROGLIEwasherewhenhereceivedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1929forhisdiscoverythatmatter" ®hadwaveproperties. NNFR³CHET(18781973)wasprofessorin19411949.Gaston(Maurice)JULIA(1893" À 1978)wasaprofessor." y'iiBesidesthemuralsonthefirstfloor,thereareothermonuments,includingstatuesofArchimedesandof" vvChemistry,etc.[Cronin,pp.9091].IhaverecentlynotedafriezeofbustsonthesidefacingRueSt.Jacques,but" á &&didnothavetimetorecordthenames." Ø" ' TheTOUR DE 88L'HOROLOGEistheNEcorneroftheConciergerie,onthe Quai de  l'Horologe,1er  ,bythe" u Pont mmauChange.Itisassertedtocontaintheoldestpublicclockintheworld,datingfrom1370[Cronin,p.39;" µMGG gg],thoughperhapsadozenotherclockslayclaimto14CoriginsandIhavenotseenParismentionedin" {**discussionsofearlyclocks.[DonLemon;''Everybody'sScrapBookofCuriousFacts ;Saxon,London,1890," <HHp. 38]saysthefirstclockresemblingamodernclockwasmadebyHenry &&VickforCharlesVofFrancein1370," ;ssapparentlyreferringtothisclock.LegendsaysthatCharleswasunhappywiththeIVforfourandsaiditought" GvvtobeIIIIandthishasbeenfollowedeversince.[Hare(2),p.266267]saysthetowerisrestoredand'partially" ä[[old'andthattheclock"commemoratestheoldestclockinParis,constructedbytheGerman Henri  Vic,and" 2qqerectedbyCharlesV."Thiswouldhavebeen1370,butitseemsthatnothingoftheoriginalclockremains.The" $rrleafletfortheConciergeriesaysthetowerwasbuiltbyJohntheGoodinthe14Candthattheclockwasreplaced" ›bythepresentclockin1585. PP[Okey,p.312]saystheclockwasrenewedin1588andthatthebellwascastin" ukk1371andwasusedtosignaltheSt.Bartholomewmassacreat2:00on24Aug1572.[Hare(2),pp.103&266€ +(/ €údZdA"€€Zd""" ]Z267]saysthebellofS. Germain BBl'AuxerroisgavethefirstsignalfortheRightBankandtheTour de  l'Horologe" þXXgavethesignalfortheLeftBankalittlelater.Hareaddsthatthetowerismodern." Ø" ‘'99TheUNIVERSITYofParisbeganabout1109whenWILLIAMOF CHAMPEAUXbeganlecturingon" -XXlogic[Ball(5),p.222].SeealsoAbŽlardinSection7A2,whichdatesitto1208.[ MGGFrance ]datesitto" ss1215.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 114]sayitwasestablishedbyInnocentIIIinthe13C.AbŽlard'steachingdrew" ppawaysomanyofWilliam'sstudentsthatheretiredinc1113,becameamonkandfoundedtheAbbeyofSt.Victor," intheareaofRue  duCardinal JJLemoine,SWofRueMonge[Hare (2),p.347].JohannesSACROBOSCO(=John" nnofHolywoodorHalifax)(c12131256)cameherein1221andwasprofessorofmathematicsuntilhisdeath.The" ssSorbonne,cfabove,wasestablishedin1253.Atthetime,therewerealreadyaboutadozencollegesinParis,but" ?pptheseseemtohavevanishedandtheSorbonneisconsideredtheoldestpartoftheUniversity.Anymastercould" |nnstarthisowncollegeoncehehadpermissionfromtheBishop'sChancellor.Bytheendofthe14C,therewere" sssome40colleges;bytheendofthe15C,therewereabout50andJohnEvelynrecords65collegesinthelate17C."  PP[Okey,pp.9697.]In1349,therewere502professors;in1403,therewere909 $$[Okey,p.105].However,itisnot" PPclearwhenthemultiplicityofcollegesreallycametogetherasauniversity $$[Okey,p.98]saysthewordalready" Toccursinstatutesof1215. TT[Okey,pp.9899]saysthefourmainfacultieswereformedintheearly12Candthe" +OOstudentsandstaffhadformedthemselvesintofournationalgroupings:French,  Picards,NormansandEnglishby @+(0ý€TdZdA"€€Zd""" cZoothistime.By1245,thesegroupsweremeetingtoelectaRector,whosupersededtheChancellorasheadofthe" ÓjjUniversityandeventuallybecameakindofsovereignovertheLeftBankwhichhad10,000students.Asat" ÆllOxfordandCambridge,theprivilegesofstudentsledtomanyconflicts,oftenbloodyandsometimeslethal." A'jjAspartoftheexpulsionoftheJewsfromSpain,fourcamelloadsofmanuscriptswerebroughttoParisin" Akkthe13C,containingtheworksofandcommentariesonARISTOTLE,translatedfromGreektoArabictoLatin." @ppThestudyofAristotlewasinitiallyprohibitedbutAquinas(c12251274)managedtoreconcileAristotleandthe"  Church. [Okey,p.103.]Inthe13C, &&AlbertusMagnus,ThomasAquinas,Duns !!ScotusandRogerBacontaughtat" % Paris [Okey,p.104]." 'XX[Ball(5),p.227]claimsthatthefirststudenttofailoutofauniversitywasaPaul Nicolaswhowasrefused" (??hisdegreeinParisin1426,despitehistakinglegalaction." M' Petrus[Peter] [[RAMUS(15151572)wasastudentandpresentedabrilliantthesisthatallofAristotlewas" __wrong!Helaterfoundedthechairofmathematicsandwroteapopularbookonarithmetic.His  Dialectica wasa" ØmmlogictextwhichwasveryantiAristotleandmuchsimpler,rapidlydisplacingAristoteliantreatisesinmany" uuuniversities,e.g.atCambridgeby1580andatDublin,untiltheriseofBaconandDescartesinthelate17C/early" £18C dd[McDowell&Webb,p.7].JohnDEElecturedhereonEuclid,inEnglish,in1550[Ball(5),p.19]. DE" š--MOIVREwasastudentofphysicsinthe1680s." Ž'hhTheUniversityresistedtheReformationandgenerallysankintoscholasticisminthe1516C.Inthe17" qq18C,thenumberofcollegesreduced.WhentheJesuitswereexpelledin1763,theUniversitytookovertheLycŽe@`+(1Q€xZdA"€€Zd""" ZLouis hhleGrandandmadeittheseatoftheUniversityandthemaincollege,suppressing26smallcollegesand" leavingonlyten. &&[Okey,pp.105106.Hare(2)p.365.]" \' ³lie 88CARTAN(18691951)wasprofessorin19121941(or1940)." <'mmIndividualswereoftenassociatedwithseveralofthehighereducationalinstitutionsatthesametime.The" *ss1970sreorganizationhassplittheUniversityinto13independentunitscfSorbonneaboveandfiveofthese," ˆ;;alongwithfivetechnicaluniversities,areinthesuburbs." 'The ??UniversitŽParisVisnamedRenŽDESCARTESandisonBlvd.St.  GermainbytheOdeonMetrostop" à [MGG ]." Øx" » '7-A-2.INDIVIDUALS. " Ød" ë' Seealso:  Arcueil,  Fresnes, ''PortRoyaldesChamps,inSection7B." Ø" '22ABELlivedat41RueSt.Marguerite,FaubourgSt. 44Germain,inJulyDecember1826[Ore,pp.136,143&" ; %%156].(Ican'tfindthisonmymap.)" :'Peter(=Pierre)AB³LARD(or IIAbelard)(10791142)wasadistinguishedmedievallogicianandteacher." pllHecametoParisasastudentattheschoolofNotreDameandsoonwasengagedinamajorcontroversyabout" (ppwhetherabstractionscouldbeunderstoodwithoutknowledgeofanyspecificcasese.g.canoneunderstandthe" ä conceptof aaqueenlinesswithouteverknowingaboutqueens?Despiteitsapparentsilliness,thequestionhas" ttprofoundtheologicalimplicationsconsiderreplacing'queen'by'god'inthepreviousexample.Further,AbŽlard" .--wasattractingawaythepupilsofWilliamof @@Champeaux.ConsequentlyAbŽlardwasdismissed.Afterteaching" w atnearby eeMelunforawhile,hesetuphisownschoolatMt.Ste.GeneviÃve,nearthepresentPantheon,onthe" CnnLeftBank.Afewschoolshadalreadybeenestablishedinthearea,butmanymorefollowedAbŽlardanditwas`à+(2g€dZdA"€€Zd""" ZuuthenaturalareafortheUniversitytobeestablishedin1208.HisillfatedaffairwithHŽloÏseproducedasonwho" /LLwasnamedAstrolabe!!Atthattime,helivedinherfamilyhouseat10Rue ##Chanoinesse,northofNotreDame." 6Theylivedatnearby9Rue des  Chantres. II[Okey,p.305.][Hare (2),p.314]saysHŽloÏselivedinahouseattheà0€+(3u€€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ZcorneroftheRue des  Chantresand Quai aux BBFleurs,wheretherewasacommemorativeplaque.IntheSorbonne," –nnthefirstfloormuralsincludeAbŽlardteaching.TheremainsofAbŽlardandHŽloÏseweretransferredtoPÃre" fhhLachaisecemeteryin1817,wherethegravesareashrineforunhappylovers.[Cronin,pp. 8284&90. Okey," h  pp.9093.]" —' ^^ALBERTUSMAGNUS(1193(or1206)1280)taughtattheDominicanconventonthesiteof14Rue" ñ <>Buridan'sdiscipleshadplacedabargeofstrawunderneathto" ú catchhim. (([Okey,p.68.]HelivedintheRueSt. Julien le  Pauvre,5e  [Okey,pp.313314]." œ' Nicholas LŽonard OOSadiCARNOT(17961832)wastheengineerandthermodynamicist,inventorofthe" ’@@Carnotcycle,etc.Heisnottobeconfusedwith(hisfather?) Lazare ''NicolasMargueriteCarnot(17531823)," Ännmilitaryengineer,amajorfigureintheRevolutionandanimportantwriteronmathematics,particularly'the`0+(9O€údZdA"€€Zd""" —ZHHgeometryofposition',norwiththelatter'sgrandson,(MarieFranúois) &&SadiCarnot(18371894),engineerand" Î PresidentofFrancefrom1887." n'ThereisastatueofJacques KKCARTIER,theexplorer,atthecornerofAve.FranklinD.Rooseveltandthe"   Cours la Reine,8e  ,justNof Pont des  Invalides." 'Four ]]CASSINIsweresuccessivelydirectorsoftheParisObservatory(qvinSection7A1)fromits" TTfoundingin1672tilltheRevolution.ThefirstCassini,GiovanniDomenico(=Jean Dominique)(1625-1712)" 2nncametoParisin1669andbecameaFrenchcitizenin1673.In1671-1673,hefoundthesecondandthirdmoons"  ofSaturn  (Rheaand ]]Japetus).(Huygensfoundthefirstofthemoonsin1655.)In1672,CassiniandRichermade" ssthefirstreasonablemeasurementofthesun'sdistancecfunderObservatoryinSection7A1.In1675,Cassini" Piidiscoveredthe'divisionofCassini'intheringsofSaturn.In1684,hefoundtwomoremoonsofSaturn (Tethys" and ssDione).[Miniatietal.,pp.6970.]ItwasthisCassiniwhodescribedthe'ovalsofCassini'anddiscoveredthe" š pplibrationofthemoon,thepolarcapsofMarsandthediscrepancyintheeclipsesofthemoonsofJupiterlater" jppshowntobeduetothefinitespeedoflight.CassinialsoworkedattheChâteauofSt-Germain-en-Laye,inthe" 66westernsuburbsofParis.Heisburiedinthenearby ..St-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas,252RueSt.Jacques,5e  modern" n11plaqueinthefloorbythealtar.Hisassistant <>18491851.Cauchydiedathiscountryhouseinthesuburbof Sceaux.[Smithies.  Giacardi& Roero,pp. 132" ,134.]" _' ZZMichelCHASLES(17931880)taughtgeodesy,astronomyandappliedmathematicsatthe³cole" eePolytechniquein18411851.HewasappointedtoaspeciallycreatedchairinHigherGeometryatthe FacultŽ de" ppSciencesoftheSorbonnein1847.HefoundedtheSociŽtŽMathŽmatiquedeFrancein1872.HeisburiedinPÃre" D LachaiseCemetery." L'The du ,,CHáTELETslivedattheHètelLambert,27-31 Quai d'Anjou,åleSt.Louis,4e ,[Crosland,vol.3," X66p. 72].[Eastman,p.107,withphoto]saysitis13 Quai  d'Anjou,åle StLouisandthattheMarquis  duChâtelet€p+(;÷€®dZdA"€€Zd""" Zboughtitforhiswife  Gabrielle (Emilie le  Tonnelier de Breteuil,Marquise %%duChâtelet)andVOLTAIREtolivein" ¹iiandthattheylivedthereintermittentlyfrom1733to1748.[Cronin,p. 191]saysitis2RueSt.Louis en l'åle." ' Ernst aaFlorensFriedrichCHLADNI(17561827)wasProfessorofPhysicsinBreslau(qvinSection8)when" YYhedevelopedChladnifiguresc1800.HecametoParisin1808topresenthisworkatthe InstitutandLaplacehad" ÷HHhimgiveatwohourdemonstrationtoNapoleon,whogavehim6000francs." ' hhAlexisClaudeCLAIRAUT(17131765),wasborn,livedanddiedinParis.Hewasaprodigy,beingelected" ‹totheAcadŽmie NNdesSciencesattheageof18.HecomputedthereturndateofHalley'scomet." 'HHZerahCOLBURN,theAmericancalculatingboy,wasadmittedtotheLycŽe Henri IV,butcouldnotafford"   theexpenses." |' JeanAntoine Nicolas de Caritat,Marquis 77deCONDORCET(17431794)hidfromtheConventionat15" >Rue  Servandoni,6e  ,nearSt. KKSulpice,butwaseventuallydiscoveredandexecuted[Cronin,p.179180]." ŸEEHowever,inthePanthŽon,itsayshewasfounddeadintheprisonof BourgEgalitŽ(= BourglaReine),abit" ü southofParis." ' GaspardGustavede VVCORIOLISwasaprofessoratthe³colePolytechnique.In1835,heanalysedtheeffect" Ú namedforhim." 'ggMarieSklodovska(CURIE)(18671934)enteredtheSorbonnein1891andcameinfirstinphysicsin1893" <ddandsecondinmathematicsin1894.Shefirstlivedwithhersisterandbrotherinlawat92Avenue  JeanJaurÃs," LaVillette,19e <<.MarriedPierreCurie(18591906),ateacheratthe³cole dePhysiqueet Chimie,42Rue"  rrLhomond,on26Jul1895.Pierreandhisbrotherhaddiscoveredpiezoelectricityc1880.In18951900,theylivedpp+(<¥€ÐdZdA"€€Zd""" QZ at24Rue de la  GlaciÃre,13e II,justsouthoftheuniversityarea,thenfurthersouthat108Boulevard  Kellermann," 13e qq,(plaque)until1906.Discoveredtheintenseradioactivityinpitchblendein1898andtheysoondiscoveredthe" qqpresenceoftwonewelements:poloniumandradium.Shesuggestedtheterm'radioactivity'.Theythenprocessed" cVVseveraltonsofmaterialinavanishedshedinthe³coleSupŽrieuredePhysiqueetde Chimie Industriellesdela" U ,,VilledeParis[photoinWymer,p. 6:22].[ MGGFrance 66]saystheoutlineoftheshedisshowninthepaving" ›11patternofthecourtyardoftheSchoolat10Rue  Vauquelin,5e //.From1900to1914,theyworkedattheCurie" \Laboratory,12RueCuvier,5e 99,probablynowcoveredbypartoftheUniversitiesParis VI& VII.Shereceived" ékkherdoctorateandtheyreceivedtheNobelPrizeinPhysics,sharedwithBecquerel,in1903.Pierrebecamep@€+(=u€€údZdA"€€Zd""" Z\\ProfessorofPhysicsattheSorbonne,butwaskilledbyacartintheRueDauphinenearthe Pont Neufin1906and" ?iiMariewasappointedtosucceedhimtheirfirstwomanprofessor.Shegavetheworld'sfirstcourseon" ’mmradioactivity.NobelPrizeinChemistry,1911.ShortlyafterPierre'sdeath,shemovedtoahouseat6Rue du"  ttChemin,inthesouthernsuburbofSceaux,Pierre'snativevillage,andstayedthereuntil1912.In1912,shemoved" to36 Quai de  BŽthune,åle  StLouis,4e NN,andlivedthereuntilherdeath.BothCurieswereburiedatSceaux,butin" žmm1995theyweretranslatedtothePanthŽonshebeingthefirstwomantobesohonoured.[Wymer,chap.6." ƒ DBS.]The 33InstitutCuriewasbuiltforherin1914at26Rue d'Ulm,5e &&,(apparentlynowenteredfrom11Rue" 7''PierreetMarieCurie),nearthe³cole NormaleSupŽrieure.(My1986MGG  showsthe  Institut deRadiumalso"  ontheRue ;;d'Ulm,butmy1991mapshowsthesiteaspartofthe³cole NationaleSupŽrieure de  Chimie.)" ž'**TheCurieshadtwodaughters.Theelder, 33IrÃne(18971956),assistedhermotherandmarried  FrŽdŽric"  jjJoliot(19001958),anotherofhermother'sassistants,in1926,andtheyadoptedthenameJoliotCurie. IrÃne" ~ppsucceededhermotherattheSorbonne.Theycreatedthefirstartificialisotopein1934andreceivedtheNobel" KqqPrizeinchemistryfor1935.AfterthefallofFrance,theymanagedtosmuggleheavywateroutofthecountry." Ÿ'BothMarieand FFIrÃnediedofleukaemia,probablycausedbyoverexposuretoradiation." Ø" ƒ'33(Jean)GastonDARBOUX(18421917)wasatthe³cole ,,NormaleandtheSorbonne.Hewasperpetual" SecretaryoftheAcadŽmie SSdesSciencesintheearly20C.SeeundertheObservatoryinSection7A1forhis@@+(>O€údZdA"€€Zd""" s Z!!connectionwiththeDreyfuscase." $'Abraham >>DEMOIVREwasastudentofphysicsattheUniversity,CollÃge !!d'Harcourt,inthe1680s.After" žootheRevocationoftheEdictofNantes,hewentintoseclusionintheprioryofSt.Martin(possiblythatwhich" ""becametheConservatoireNational NNdesArtsetMŽtiers??)andthenemigratedtoEngland,havingnocontactwith" +aaFranceuntilhewaselectedaForeignAssociateoftheAcademyofSciencesjustbeforehisdeath." !'77RenŽDESCARTES(1596(or1598)1650)livedat14Rue  Rollin,5e ,(demolished)in1613-1617" Lpp[Alexanderson;Crosland,vol.3,p.74]andin1644and16471648[Eastman,p.86].[Hare (2),p.495]sayshe" Ê livedinRue Pourtales,formerlyRue  NeuveS. ##Etienne,tothesouthofBoulevard BonneNouvelle,2e ,butI" %rrcannotlocateeitherrueonmymap.AfterhisdeathinStockholm,hisbodywasreturnedtoParis,arrivingon25" UjjJun1665[Hare (2),p.359],thoughthecoffinhadbeenlootedbyhisfollowersforrelicsinStockholm." nnSupposedly,thecoffinwasshippedoverlandfromCopenhagentoavoidpiracybyEnglishadmirers!Theremains" D wereinSte.GeneviÃve,thenin JJLenoir'sMuseumofFrenchMonuments,thenfinallymovedtoSt-Germaindes" ^mmPrŽsin1819.HispreviouspresenceinSte.GeneviÃve,whichbecamethePanthŽon(Section7-A1),ledmeto" Tssbelievehewasthere.[Culbertson&Randall(3),pp.161162.Scott,p.6.]Hisheadstone(orgravestone)isin" >>St-Germain-des-PrŽs,inthesecondchapelontherightofthe 77apse.[D.E.Smith(2)]givestheinscription.There" ÿisaportraitofhimby Franz MMHalsintheLouvre[Alexanderson].StephenJayGould[S.J.Gould]saysthe" ©//(purported)skullofDescartesisintheMusŽe de ::l'Homme,apparentlyondisplay[Culbertson&Randall(3),@0+(?I€TdZdA"€€Zd"""  Zp. 162;Eastman,p.86].The ??UniversitŽParisVisnamedRenŽDescartesandisonBlvd.St. Germainbythe" T OdeonMetrostop[MGG ]." \'))DenisDIDEROT(1713-1784)livedat3Rue de l'Estrapade,5e !!.Hediedat39RueRichelieu,1er  ,andis" ­buriedinSt. Roch,296RueSt.  HonorŽ,1er $$.[Crosland,vol.3,pp.76&97.MGG  .]Bustby Houdoninthe" w%%Louvre.ThereisnomonumentinSt. ((Rochandtheydonotknowwherehelies." ü'JohannesDUNS IISCOTUS(c12651308)taughtattheFranciscanschooloftheologyinParis [Okey," pQQpp. 77-78&104].[Hare (2),pp.388390]identifiesthisastheConventofthe !!Cordeliers,onthesouthsideof" •Rue de l'³cole de  MŽdicine,6e ,where UniversitŽParis VI 44(Cordeliers)isnow.Haresaysthatremainsofthe" D##ConventcontainthesurgicalMusŽe NNDupuytren,butthisisnowlongerlistedinParisguidebooks.Thestatueof" uutheVirginonthecentralpierofthewestporchofthelowerchapelattheSainteChapelleissaidtohavebowedto" ‚ ]]Scotusin1304inrecognitionofhispromotionofthedoctrineoftheImmaculateConception! [Okey,p.306]." kkHowever,heisbestrememberedastheeponymof'dunce'inrecognitionofthesterilescholasticismofhis" Š  followers." C' KKGustavEIFFELincludedaflatforhimselfatthetopoftheEiffelTower,7e !!,andretiredthereatage62to" )11conductaerodynamicexperiments[Cronin,p.267]." S'ERASMUSstudiedattheCollege de EEPouilleryeinthe15C.HewasofferedthedirectorshipoftheRoyal" **CollegeofFrancein1517,butdeclined. 99[Okey,pp.98&163.]PortraitbyHolbeinintheLouvre." ¥'  Francesco FAÀ PPDIBRUNO(18251888)cametoParisin18491851andbecameoneofCauchy'slast0p+(@®dZdA"€€Zd""" ùZ<>NapolŽonBonaparte,PresidentoftheRepublic(laterNapolŽon 66III),invitedhimtosetitupinthePanthŽon,qvin" ]TTSection7A1,whereheuseda67mwireanda28kgball[contemporarypicturesin Foiretetal.,p. 16,andin" ¯ //Deligeorges].Hewasassistedbytheengineer Gustave 66Fromentwhomadetheball.Areportstatesthatthis" iidemonstrationtookplacebeforeafashionableaudienceon26Mar1851someoftheladiesfaintedwithPP€+(Bu€€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ŽZooexcitementandotherspectatorssaidtheycouldfeeltheearthmovebeneaththem!Hepresentedhisresultsin" ¡""threepapersreadtotheAcadŽmie HHdesScienceson3Augand27Sep1851andpublishedas:'Demonstration" [ physique du  mouvement  derotation de la terre au moyen du  pendule', Comptes rendus 32(1851)135138; 'Sur" V  unenouvelle dŽmonstration experimentale du  mouvement de la terre', Comptes rendus 35(1852)421424; 'Sur"  les  phŽnomÃnes d'orientation  descorps  tournants entrainŽspar unaxe fixeÁ  lasurface du terre.  Nouveaux signes"   sensibles du  mouvement diurne, Comptes rendus @@35(1952)424427.Foucaultthendesignedanimprovedsupport" ''anddrivemechanismfortheExposition IIUniverselleof1855.HeisburiedinMontmartreCemetery.InOct1995," ŽrrthedemonstrationwassetupagaininthePanthŽonforashortexhibit,buthasbeensopopularthatitwasstill" C presentinJan1998." . ' [Deligeorges. Foiret.]" 'In1850,Foucaultconfirmed PPFizeau's1849resultthatlighttravelsfasterinairthaninglasswhichwasa" ˆooconfirmationofthewavetheoryoflight.Foucaultalsodiscoveredtheeddycurrentsgeneratedinaconductor" Ù $$whenmovedthroughamagneticfield." Ø" -'Jean @@BaptisteJosephFOURIER(1766?1830)wasastudentatthe³cole Normale,c1794.Hewas" )ppsentencedtotheguillotinebyRobespierrein1794,butRobespierrewasoverthrownthedaybeforehisexecution" d wasdue[Ben  Selinger;KKWhytheWatermelonWon'tRipeninyourArmpitandotherscienceconundrums ;" ssAllen&Unwin,Australia,2000,p.194].HewasunanimouslyelectedthefirstSecretaryoftheInstituteofEgyptP€+(C©€TdZdA"€€Zd""" „Zmmin1798.[Archibald(4).Arago,p.394.]HewasGovernorofLowerEgyptin1798-1801[Eves(6),p.58]or" *hhCommissionerattheDivanofCairo[Arago,p.395].Heledoneoftheexpeditionsofexplorationwhich" êhhexaminedancientmonumentsandhesuggestedthepublicationofthegreatreportonEgypt.Hewaswasa" nnprofessoratthe³colePolytechniqueupto1806.NapolŽonmadehimabaronandduringNapolŽon'sreturnfrom" ppElbain1815,hemadeFourieracountandPrefectoftheRhone,basedatLyons,from10Marto1May.In1815," &sshewaspennilessinParisandgivinglessonsforhisliving.ThePrefectofParisfoundoutandmadehimdirector" boftheBureau de la ^^StatistiqueofthePrŽfectureoftheSeine.HewaselectedtotheAcadŽmiein1816,butthis" qqwasvetoedbythegovernment,sohewaselectedagainin1817andthiswaspermitted.[Arago,pp.436437.]He" *qqwasPrefectoftheDepartmentofIsÃre,whosecapitalisGrenoble,from1802to1817(1815??)[Eves (6),p.58;" Math. Intell. cc10:2(1988)51].HewasPermanentSecretaryoftheAcadŽmiedesSciencesin18221830.In1827," Xrrhesuggestedthatman'sactivitiesmighthaveaneffectontheclimate,butnoonetookhimseriously.Buriedin" ó PÃreLachaise." Þ' __JacquesFrŽdŽricFRANùAIS(17751833)wasatthe³colePolytechniquein17971800.Heroseto" JJbecomeGeneraloftheEngineersandProfessoroftheMilitaryArtinMetz." )'__BenjaminFRANKLIN(17061790)wasUSambassadortoFrancein17761785.HelivedattheHètel de"  !!Valentinois,whichwasat62Rue  Raynouard,16e DD,atthecornerofRueSinger.Hereheerectedthefirstlightning" K88rodinFrance(??).Hemayhavehadanofficeat26Rue de  PenthiÃvre,8e )).[Eastman,p.87.Hare(2),p.463.]" ‚ssHeinventedbifocalglassesin1784.ItwashisexperienceofthelatenightsofParisiansocietythatledhimto€`+(Dý€údZdA"€€Zd""" `Zkkproposedaylightsavingtimein1784.Heevenestimatedthenumberofcandlesthatwouldbesaved.VOLTA" ›NNcametovisithimandtheydinedmanytimes.Asourcesayshehadahousein Passy.Bustby Houdoninthe" ª  Louvre." '22³varisteGALOIS(18111832)wasbornat54Avenue GŽnŽralLeclerc,14e  ,(plaque)[Alexanderson].But"  ;;[Solovyov],[Picard]and[Bell,p.362]sayhewasbornin 22BourglaReine,some10kmsouthofthecentreof" RnnParis,makingitstill5kmbeyondthePŽriphŽriqueandoutsideParis.HewasastudentattheCollÃgeRoyal de" [ LouisleGrand(nowtheLycŽe OOLouisleGrand)in18231830.Failingtoenterthe³colePolytechnique,qvin" BBSection7-A1,in1830heenteredthePreparatorySchoolor³cole --NormalewhichcontinuedtheCollÃge.Hewas" OXXexpelledinDec1830andbecameapoliticalactivist.HespentAug1831toApr1832in Sainte PŽlagieprison." åTheinfamousduelwith  Pescheux JJd'HerbinvilletookplaceneartheGlassierpondinthesouthernsuburbof" . Gentilly.Hediedinthe ))CochinHospitalthisisnowat27Rue duFaubourgSt.Jacques,14e ,butIdon'tknow" ˜kkhowlongithasbeenthere.HewasburiedinacommongraveatMontparnasseCemetery,butnotraceofthe" 'graveremains. BB[Solovyov.Picard.]TheduelwasoverGalois'sinvolvementwith StŽphanieFŽlicie  Poterine du" Motel,whowas d'Herbinville's MMfiancŽe,butithasbeenclaimedthattheaffairwasapoliticalframeupby" h66governmentagentsinordertoeliminateGalois.The[ MGGFrance ))]isunusualamongguidebooksinthatit" ssreferstomanymathematiciansandscientists,particularlyunderParis.However,itiswisenottodependonsuch" Ã,,worksfortechnicalinformationitsays: CC"EvaristeGaloisputforwardthetheoryofsets;hisconceptswere`@+(E÷€údZdA"€€Zd""" Ö ZdevelopedbyCauchy."" f'bbPierreGASSENDI(1592-1655)wasprofessorofmathematics(moreproperlyastronomy)attheCollÃge" N ))Royalefrom1645.HelivedintheHètel de Montmor,79Rue  duTemple,3e . MontmorwastreasurertoLouis" ;  XIIIand iiMontmor'ssoninvitedthescientistsofthedaytomeethere.Thesemeetingsledtothefoundingofthe" – AcadŽmie %%desSciences,qvinSection7A1.[MGG 77.]GassendiwasprofessoratAixfrom1617.On7Nov" >tt1631,hemadethefirstobservationofaplanetarytransitofthesunwhenhesawatransitofMercury.[Scott,p." L__202.]ItseemslikelyhewasatAixatthistime,butonesourcesayshewasinParis[Owen Gingerich;review" "of: Eli Maor;June8,2004VenusinTransit  ;PrincetonUniv.Press,2000;TimesLiterarySupplement  (11Aug" ƒ]]2000)29].Gassendiwasapriest,buthewasafirmbelieverinCopernicus.Herevivedthe atomisticideasof" nnLucretiusandspentmuchtimeproclaimingthatEpicureanphilosophywascompatiblewithCatholicism.[Berry," ÿp.28.]HeisburiedinSt. Nicolas desChamps,252 bisRueSt.Martin,3e ,[Hare (2),pp135136]." 0' JosephLouis UUGAYLUSSAC(17781850)wasastudentatthe³colePolytechniquefrom1797.On6Sep" kk1804,GayLussacascendedinaballoonatParisto23,400ftandlatermadeseverallongerascents,taking" 3ppsamplesoftheairwhichprovedtohavethesamecompositionatallheights.In1808,hepublishedhis"Memoir" pponthecombinationofgaseoussubstanceswitheachother".Healsoshowedthatchlorinewasanelementin1809" ïkkanddiscoveredboron.Hetaughtatthe³colePolytechnique.HeisburiedinDivision26ofPÃreLachaise" ²%%[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.34].[MGG-Dordogne  Perigord LimousinQuercy .]@€+(Fñ*dZdA"€€Zd""" SZ' Sophie GERMAINdiedat13Rue de  Savoie,6e "",in1831(plaque)[Alexanderson]." y'Charles [[HERMITE(18221901)wasastudentatthe³colePolytechniqueforoneyearinc1840butwas" qqsentawaybecausehislamelegmadehimunfitformilitaryservice.Hewaslateralecturerfromc1862.Hewas" ¬Professoratthe³cole EENormaleinc1867andattheSorbonne,c1870-c1897.HediedinParis." ¹'  Philippe de FFlaHIRE(16401718),whoeditedtheearlyproceedingsoftheAcadŽmie desSciencesand" €eereportedamethodofconstructingmagicsquareswhichhelearnedasambassadortoSiam,isburiedin" ú ..St-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas,252RueSt.Jacques,5e ,,modernplaqueinthefloorbythealtar." ' GuillaumeFranúoisAntoine de L'HOSPITAL,Marquis de ..SainteMesme(16611704)wasbornanddiedin" 00Paris.(Thefamilynameisoftenmodernizedto BBL'Hèpital,buttheolderformseemstobetheformheused.)His€`€+(G€€údZdA"€€Zd""" ?ZAnalyse des  Infiniment Petites QQof1697(or1696?)wasthefirsttextbookoncalculus,includingtherulenamed" ÿLLforhim,butitisnowknowntohavebeenghostwrittenbyJohnIBernoulli." Â' TTChristiaanHUYGENS(16291695)spent16641681inParisasDirectoroftheAcadŽmie Royale des" ^**Sciences,withasubstantialpensionfrom 22Colbertandlivinginthebuilding.Hewrotehis  Horologium" w  Oscillatorium ''(1673)hereanddedicatedittoLouis 99XIV.Hedevelopedthespiralbalancespringandawatch" ymmusingit,obtainingaFrenchpatentin1675(thoughHookehaddescribedtheideain1658andapparentlymade" ppsomewatchesusingit).Huygenslaterusedthisinhis1682planetarium,nowintheMuseumBoerhaave,Leiden." oppDenisPapin,inventorofthepressurecooker,wasastudent/assistantofhisandin1673theybuiltagunpowder" 9ooenginewhichwasaprimitiveinternalcombustionengine.Hedesigned,hadbuiltandplayedaharpsichordwith" tt31notestotheoctave.In1678,heproposedawavetheoryoflightthoughhehadstartedworkonthisin1672," Ihedidn'tpublishuntilhisTraitŽ de  lalumiÃre 88in1690.RelationsbetweenFranceandTheNetherlands" £qqdeterioratedafter1672andin1681hefeltitprudenttoreturntoTheHague(orhewentbackforhishealth)."  llColbertdiedin1683andHuygenshadhisbelongingsremovedfromParisin1685.[MuseumBoerhaave,pp.67" ƒ &4547.Van Helden&vanGent,p.5.]" ' ccMarieEnnemondCamilleJORDAN(18381922)wasastudentofengineeringatthe³colePolytechnique," Eddbutstudiedmathematicsontheside.Hewasprofessoratthe³colein18731912andattheCollÃge  deFrance." •His Cours  d'Analyse andTraitŽ desSubstitutionset des  ³quations  AlgŽbriques werestandardworksfora`€+(HO€®dZdA"€€Zd""" ÙZEEgeneration.HediedinParis.[Biggs,Lloyd&Wilson,pp. 217218.]" u'William ))THOMSON(laterLordKELVIN)seeunder Thomson,below ." ·'__LAGRANGE(1736-1813)wasbrieflyhousedinanapartmentintheLouvrewhenhecametoParisin" X1787. **VaglientewritesthathewasintheHotel de la Briffe, Quai des **ThŽatins,whichseemstobeapartofthe" ::Louvre.LagrangebroughtthecompletedmanuscriptoftheMŽcaniqueAnalytique  anditwaspublishedin1788."  In1788,hewaslivingat4Rue Fromanteau(or Froidmanteau),Section du  MusŽum. Vaglientestatesthat" øLagrangelivedat128Rue duFaubourgSt.  HonorÃ,8e ,  quartier du **Roule,atthetimeofhisdeath,butthat" aUUbuildingwastorndownc1955.Perhapshisgreatestmonumentisthemetricsystem.[ MGGFrance  ]saysit"  wasadoptedin1795." Ò'CCJosephJeromeLALANDE(17321807)studiedastronomyattheCollÃge deFranceandthenbecame" –nnProfessorofAstronomytherein1762.DirectoroftheObservatoryfrom1768untilhisdeath.Healsoedited" w Montucla'sHistoryofMathematics  .[Schmidt.]" }'77PaulLANGEVIN(18721946)wasProfessorattheCollÃge **deFrancefrom1902.HesucceededPierre" ²Curieatthe³cole dePhysiqueet HHChimiein1904andwasDirectoroftheCollÃgefrom1925.Hedeveloped" J sonarduringWW1." 'PPLAPLACE(17491827)cametoParisby1769andwassoonaprofessoratthe³cole Militairefrom1769to" pp1776,wherehediscoveredhisexpansionforadeterminant[Whittaker].ElectedtotheAcadŽmiedesSciencesin" 661773.Hewasamajorpromoterofthemetricsystem.Expositiondu  SystÃmedu Monde appearedin1796.The" ~firsttwovolumesofhisTraitŽdeMŽcanique CŽleste 66appearedin1799.NapoleonmadehimMinisterofthe€P+(Iý€TdZdA"€€Zd""" /ZssInteriorin1799,buthewassuitableforsuchapostandwasreplacedaftersixweeks.MadeaSenator.In1803," BffhebecameChancelloroftheSenate,apostoflittlepowerbutgoodsalary.Thefollowingvolumesof TraitŽde" 6 MŽcanique CŽleste ]]appearedin1802,1805,1825.ThereisastatueofhimattheObservatory[Alexanderson]." QnnHewasoriginallyburiedinPÃreLachaise,buthisremainswereremovedtothefamilyestatenearBeaumontin" 3  thelate19C." '' SSAdrienMarieLEGENDRE(1752-1833)wasborninParisandwasprofessoratthe³cole Normale" SSupŽrieureandthe³cole @@Militaire[Archibald(3),pp.45-46].Thereare16Ctombsofa RoberteLegendreand" §herhusbandintheLouvre SS[Okey,p.343],butIdon'tknowifthereisanyconnectionwiththemathematician." '  UrbainJ.J. XXLEVERRIER(18111877)wasattheParisObservatorywhenhededucedNeptunein1845-46." 2mmHealsonotedthattheperihelionofMercurywasadvancingmorerapidlythanNewtonianphysicscouldaccount" :ppfor,butheproposedin1845thatthiswasduetoaplanetbetweenMercuryandthesunwhichhecalledVulcan." ˜jj(Winsome,losesome!)HelatersucceededAragoasDirectorfrom1854to1870and18731877.Thereisa" ™ !!statueofhimattheObservatory." 7' Guglielmo \\LIBRI(18031869)cametoParisin1831andbecameprofessorofprobabilityattheSorbonne" nkkandamemberoftheAcadŽmie.In1840,hewasmadesecretaryofacommissiontocataloguemanuscriptsin" ?Frenchlibraries.His  Histoire desSciencesMathŽmatiques en Italie ))appearedinfourvolumesin18381841." ¹llHispoliticalattitudemadeenemiesandin1848,hewasaccusedofappropriatingmanuscripts.Heprotested" 00innocence,butfledtoLondon.Hewastriedin CCabsentiaandsentencedtotenyearsimprisonment,butitwasneverP°+(JQ€údZdA"€€Zd""" "Z%%clearwhetherhewasguiltyornot.  [Giacardi& **Roero,p.139.]Ontheotherhand,[Luca Antocciaetal;" CLeonardoArtandScience ; Giunti Gruppo FFEditoriale,Florence,2000,pp.94,102,104]specificallysaysLibri" ,++stolevarioussheets,includingtheentireCodexontheFlightofBirds ,fromtheLeonardodaVinci  codicesthat" ú66NapoleonhadbroughtfromMilanandwhichwereinthe 11InstitutdeFrance.HetookthemtoEnglandand" žassembledsomeoftheminto codiceswhichhesoldtoLord Ashburnham(thesocalled  Ashburnham codices" BGG2037and2038)whichtheFrenchgovernmentboughtbackin1891.Libri  disboundtheCodexontheFlightof" ABirds nnandsoldfivefoliosinEnglandandtheother13toanItalianCountwhoseheirssoldittoaRussianprince" O==whoboughtoneofthemissingfoliosanddonatedthemtothe 22Savoiafamilyin1883.Thiswasdepositedatthe" a Biblioteca eeRealeandthefourotherpageswereacquiredin19031920.AtleastonebookletthatLibritookhas"  neverbeenrelocated." ' FFFranúois³douardAnatoleLUCAS(18421891)wasastudentatthe³cole Normalein18611864,thenan" *ttassistanttoLeVerrierattheParisObservatoryuntilc1870.HeservedintheartilleryduringtheFrancoPrussian" ªggWar,thentaughtatschools,includingLycŽeCharlemagne(18761879&18901891)andLycŽeSaintLouis" 3JJ(18791890).ItwasatthelatterthathedevisedtheTowerofHanoi,by "ProfesseurN. Claus  (deSiam)," * Mandarin  duCollÃge LiSouStian". 00[Harkin]statesthathelivedat56RueMonge,5e ,which[Lucas]identifies" ttasthesitewherePASCALdiedseePascal,below,butIdon'tread[Lucas]asstatingthathe,Lucas,livedthere" 944hesaysaboutthelegendoftheTowerofHanoi: "mais nous pouvons  affirmer que  letouta ŽtŽ  imaginŽ, ilya°°+(KK€*dZdA"€€Zd""" =Z une dizaine  d'annŽes, auno 56 de laRueMonge,ÁParis, dans la maison habitŽe  alorsparM. Viette,  ministre de" U l'Agriculture,et bâtie sur l'emplacement de celle oÉ mourutPascal, le19  aoêt1662." [Harkin]couldbereadas" «::sayingthatLucasgiveshisaddressinthePrefacetohisThŽorie des Nombres "",butitisnotthereinthe1958" æ reprint." l'&&MASCHERONIlivedat20RueMonsieur,7e %%,(plaqueinItalian)[Alexanderson]." a'LLThereisa'monstrosityintheformofatombtoMAUPERTUIS'(1698-1759)in Saint-Roch,296RueSt." Ë  HonorŽ,1er YY,[D.E.Smith(2)],inthesecondchapelontheright[Hare(2),p.107].PierreLouis Moreau de" œkkMaupertuis(16981759)supervisedthefirstaccuratemeasurementsofadegree(butcfParisObservatoryin" 4ppSection7A1foranearliermeasurement).HefirstsurveyedfromDunkirktoPerpignantoprovidethedatafor°€+(Lu€€údZdA"€€Zd""" Zrrthemeter(Thiscan'tberight,seeDunkirkinSection7Bthesemeasurementsweretodeterminetheflattening" nnoftheearth.)ThislinewaslaterextendedtoBarcelona.Hethenledanexpedition(includingClairaut)to" š22Lapland(seeFinlandinSection10),whilePierre BouguerandCharlesMarie deLa Condamine(17011774)" mmwenttoPeruin1736,todeterminetheshapeoftheearth.Maupertuis'sdatawasenoughtoconfirmNewton's" ¹pppredictionthatitwasflattenedatthepolesevenbeforethePeruexpeditionhadreturned.Maupertuisalso" Ÿllformulatedtheprincipleofleastaction.HewasPresidentoftheBerlinAcademyofSciencesforsometime." ' 11NicolausMERCATOR(c1620-1687),adiscovererofÙ 44dx/(1+x),designedandconstructedthefountainsat"  &&Versailles,outsideParis[Eves,vol.  II,p.4]." +'Father ^^MarinMERSENNE(1588-1648)studiedattheSorbonneandlaterlivedfrom1619(or1620)tohis" g''deathattheConventofSt.Francisof PaulanearthePlace RoyaleinParis[H. de Coste;Lifeof Marin" Mersenne ]];giveninDavid,pp.196-228seepp.200-204].(OthersourcescallittheMinimConvent de" _ KKl'Annonciade.)AnothersourcesaysitwasonwhatisstillcalledRuedes Minimes,nearthePalais  Royale,and" Ÿ ''wasdestroyedintheFrenchRevolution." #' UUGaspardMONGE(1746-1818)wasburiedinthecemeteryofPÃreLachaise.Asanactive Jacobin,hewas" Ã//actingheadofthegovernmentonthedayLouis <>PortRoyaldesChampsandthenmovedtothevillagechurchof Magny" pplesHameauxbeforecominghere.HareaddsthatthecoffinofPascalwasbroughtherefromPortRoyalafterits" JXXruin,presumablyin1709.[Cronin,p.103]saysPascalisburiedintheLadyChapel. [Mahieu,op.cit.,fig.26]"  shows  'Tombeau __dePascal'asbeingonthepillartotherightoftheLadyChapel.WhenIvisitedin1992and" ww2000,IonlysawatabletontherighthandentrancepillaroftheLadyChapelwhichsaidhewas'nearthispillar'" 0ttIhaveaphoto.Amodernguidebooksaystheepitaphandthistabletareallthatremainsandthattheepitaphisa" xLLreplacementoftheoriginal.ThereisastatueintheTourSaintJacques,4e ##,wherePascalrepeatedthePuyde" ÅJJDèmeexperimentsonatmosphericpressurein1648[Hare (2),pp.232232;MGG ;Ihaveaphoto]." g'==(Pascalwasafollowerofthereligiousthoughtdevelopedat **PortRoyaldesChamps(qvinSection7B)`+(P=8dZdA"€€Zd""" PZwhichwasstartedbyJean  Duvergier de Havranne,AbbŽ de.St. --Cyran(1672),whoisburiedinS.Jacques du" ]  HautPas,252RueSt.Jacques,5e RRmodernplaqueinthefloorbythealtar.Oneoftheearliestreferencestoa" íRRpigeonholeproblemhasoneoftheotherPortRoyalthinkersexplainingittothe  Duchesse de  Longueville" ]uu( -1679),afriendofthemovement.Sheinitiatedthereconstructionofthischurch,laidthefirststoneandpaid" ttformostofthework.Thereisamemorialplaqueinasidechapel(askthecustodiantoletyouin)whichsaysher" uuentrailswereburiedinthechapel.([Hare]sayssheisburiedinthischurch,butwithoutamonument.)[Hare (2),"  pp.337338.DBS.])" 'BBLouisPASTEUR(18221895)wasastudentofchemistryatthe³cole ##Normalein18431848andbeganthe" Š11studiesofcrystalsthatledtohisdiscoveryof @@stereoisomerism.Hereceivedadoctorateincrystallographyin" 8DD1847.HereturnedasDirectorofScientificStudiesin18571867. --[Wymer,p.2:7,10,15.]The³colehasbeen" î at45Rue d'Ulm,5e YY,southofthePanthŽon,from1847.Ontherightofthecourtyardisthebuildingwhere" ŽllPasteurworkedandwhichisnowtheschool'sinfirmary.Theroomwherehecarriedouttheexperimentsthat€€+(Qu€€®dZdA"€€Zd""" cZppdisprovedspontaneousgenerationisnowacupboardforchildren'stoys,withaplaqueoutsideit.[Pengelley&" «44Pengelley,pp. 119120.]AgratefulFrancebuilta InstitutPasteurat25ruedu Docteur Roux(offBoulevard"  Pasteur),15e gg,andPasteurandhiswifelivedinit.ThelivingquartersisnowtheMusŽePasteur,displayingmuch" Frrapparatusused,andoftenmade,byhim,aswellashisownpaintings(hecouldhavebeenaprofessionalartist)." ssHeandhiswifeareburiedinacryptinthebasement,withaplaquerecordinghismainachievements,whichstarts" **with"1846Moleculardissymmetry".The BBGrandeAmphitheatreoftheSorbonneiswhereFranceandtheworld" :ZZhonouredPasteuratagreatmeetingon27Dec1892tocelebratehisseventiethbirthday." Ø" 'Jean ddPERRIN(18701942)wasProfessorattheUniversityin19101926.NobelPrizeinPhysics,1926,for" 9$$confirmingEinstein'stheoryofthe --Brownianmotion.MainfounderofthePalais de laDŽcouvertein1937.Co" ,,founder,withBorel,oftheCentreNational de  laRecherchŽ  Scientifique  (CNRS,at15 Quai AnatoleFrance,7e )." IRRCommemorativeplaque,withbasrelief,onthewestsideofthelittleSquareJean Perrinwhichliesonthenorth" šsideofthePalais de <GG1802andsucceededFourierin1806,whenhewas25.HediedatSceaux." !'RRJ.V.PONCELET(1788-1867)wasCommandantofthe³colePolytechniquein1848-1850." 0' GaspardFranúois Riche de DDPRONY(17551839)organisedthecalculationofnewtablesunderthep`+(S±€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ZmmRepublic,usingdivisionoflabourwhichmuchinfluencedBabbage.HewasfirstProfessorofAnalysisatthe" Š@@³colePolytechniquefrom1794to1815andDirectorofthe³cole des ''PontsetChaussŽesfrom1799to1839." !![Hyman,p.43.]Directorofthe !!Cadastre(LandSurvey)from1791." ¡' hhPetrus(=Pierre=Peter)RAMUS(1515-1572)wasastudentandpresentedabrilliantthesisthatallof" ssAristotlewaswrong!HelaterwasthefirstProfessorofMathematicsattheUniversity(qvinSection7A1).He" C__wastheauthorofapopulararithmeticin1555.Helived(oratleastworked)inRueSt.Jean deBeauvaiswhere" HrrhewaskilledinhisstudyintheSt.BartholomewMassacreinParison24Aug1572.[Ball(5),p.14.Hare(2)," Ù p. 348.]" D'JeanEugeneRobert,later EEROBERTHOUDIN(18051871),wasthemostfamousconjurerandmechanic" “llof19CEurope.Hebuiltanumberofautomatasuchasasingingbird,acommerciallysuccessfulalarmclock" %qqwhichproducedalightedtaper,afamousWriterwhichcouldwriteanswerstoquestionsorsketchportraits.The" ssWriterwasexhibitedatthePalaceofIndustryoftheParisExhibitionin1844andwonasilvermedal.Oneofhis" ÈiimostintriguingitemswasthefamousMysteriousClock,whosehandswereenclosedinaglasscasewithno" DDconnectionstotheoutside,butkepttime.Hehadatheatreat164 Galerie de &&ValoisinthePalaisRoyalfrom3Jul" oo1845.ThisincludedthefamousLightandHeavyChest,effectedbyanelectromagnet,whichwasusedinAlgeria" nnin1856toimpresstheAlgerianswiththesupernaturalpowerscommandedbytheFrench,especiallywhenahigh" žppvoltagewasappliedtothehandles.Helaterdevelopedanumberofelectricaldevices,includinganelectrical" ppmasterandslaveclocksystemwhichhedevelopedandexhibitedattheUniversalExhibitionof1855,receivinga`P+(T€bdZdA"€€Zd""" ZkkGoldMedal.In1971,FranceissuedapostagestampcommemoratinghimandshowingtheMysteriousClockand" »hissuspensionillusion. 55[Dawes,pp.121127.]SeealsoBloisinSection7B." ‰ 'ROBERVALdiedinParis." Ã'QQAbrahamROBINSONwasastudentattheSorbonnein1939,butthenfledtoEngland." N'ffOlausROEMER(16441710)wasCassini'sassistantattheObservatoryandfirstdeterminedthespeedof" ,light." 'EEJeanJacquesROUSSEAU(17121778)wasbornonthe2ndfloorof2Rue deJeanJacquesRousseau,1er ," å66[Hare(2),p.109].Hisremainsweretranslatedfrom ,,ErmenonvilletothePanthŽonon11Oct1794." /'aaCountRUMFORD(17531814)cametoParisandmarriedLavoisier'swidowin1802,andwithdrewfrom" ›OOscientificlife.Themarriageendedafterfouryearsandheboughtahousein ""Auteuil,whereheliveduntilhis" death." H'aaIn1894,BertrandRUSSELLwasanHonoraryAttachŽtoandlivedattheBritishEmbassy,3539Rue du"   FaubourgStHonorŽ,8e ,[Eastman,p.104]." ¿'JohannesSACROBOSCO(=Johnof <BB1907,KelvinrecallsthathevisitedLiouvilleandshowedhimtheEssay andthenwentto Sturm'sbutfoundhimPð+(Ug€dZdA"€€Zd""" <Z//notin.Hereturnedtohislodgingsat31Rue MonsieurlePrince,6e ,andthatevening, Sturmcameinastateof" hgreatexcitementtoseetheEssay .ItwasrepublishedinJ. reine  angew.Math. ""in1850-1854.Thustheideasof" ‚bbpotential,Green'stheoremandGreen'sfunctionswerebroughttolight.[A.R.Hall(2),p.22.]ð €+(Vu€ dZdA"€€Zd""" Z'Thegeometrician UUVERNIQUETmadethefirsttrigonometricalplanofParisinthemid18C.Heworkedat" &&theFranciscanmonasteryat15ruede l'³coledeMedicine,6e 88.ThesiteisnowpartoftheUniversityofParisVI." · TheHètel Verniquet,21Rue MichelleComte,3 ,isnamedforhim.[MGG .]" æ'FranúoisVIÂTE(= !!VIETA)(1540-1603)diedinParis." Š'FranúoisMarie >>Arouet,knownasVOLTAIRE,(1694-1778),wasborninBoulevard duPalais,åle de la" GCitŽ,4e ::?,though[Eastman,p.106]justsayssomewherebelowthe ,,PontStMichel,quotinga1969biographer." OOHelivedatthisunknownhouseuntil1701,whenthefamilymovedtothePalace Arouet,Boulevard duPalais,åle" X de  laCitŽ,1er LL,nowcoveredbypartofthePalaceofJustice.HeenteredtheLycŽeLouis leGrandin1704.He" hmmwasintheBastilleforelevenmonthsin17171718andtwoweeksin1726,afterwhichhewenttoEnglandfor" //threeyears.HewasaguestattheChâteauof Maisons,intheNWsuburbof MAISONSLAFITTE,Yvelines,for" 5ooaperiodc1724whenhewasexiledfromParis[Eastman,p.74].During17331748,helivedintermittentlywith" Ó,,hismistressandcollaborator,theMarquise  Gabrielle 11duChâtelet,qvabove,attheHètelLambert,13 Quai" 3  d'Anjou,åle  StLouis,4e II,boughtforthembyherhusband.However,afterthepublicationofhis Lettres" # Philosophiques )),hehadtofleeParisandtheymovedto 11CireysurBlaise,qv,whichwasinLorraine.He" c published  ElŽments de laPhilosophic  deNewton in1737.FRSand ''FRSEin1743.ElectedtotheAcadŽmie" D]]Franúaisein1746.AgainexiledfromParisin1747.In17501752,hestayedwithFrederick IIatPotsdam.He @+(Wõ€ dZdA"€€Zd""" *ZttthenwanderedforseveralyearsuntilsettlingnearGeneva,qv.In1778,hereturnedtoParisintriumph,butdied" Š shortlythereafter." ‰'CCHestayedbrieflyatanumberofotherlocations,including21Rue  MoliÃre,1er ,in1730andHètel de la" R  Fontaine Martel,20Rue de  Valois,1er 99,in1753.[Hare (2),p.517]saystheylivedat25Rue  Fontaine  MoliÃre," H!!whichclearlyisthepresentRue QQMoliÃre,atthetimeoftheMarquise'sdeathin1749andthathethensharedthe" ;kkhousewithafriend.[Hare(2),p.223]sayshelivedforsometimeinademolishedhouseinfrontofSt. Gervais" and  Protais,4e UU,whichdoesnotcorrespondtoanyofthesitespreviouslymentioned.Hediedat27 QuaiVoltaire," 7e &&,thehouseofhisfriendtheMarquis NNdeVillette,wherethereisaplaque(Ihaveaphoto),andhehadlivedthere" vvbrieflyin1723.TheParischurchhaddeniedarequestforaChristianburial,sohiscorpsewasdressedasifalive" |anddriventotheAbbeyof SeilliÃres,near RomillysurSeine,35kmNWof Troyes,wherehisnephew,AbbŽ"  qqMigot,gavehimaChristianburial[Culbertson&Randall(3),pp.9697].Hisbrainwastakenbythedoctorwho" @@didthepostmortemandhisheartwastakenbyhisclosefriend, 33DeVillette,andisnowinFerney(outsideGeneva," IPPSwitzerland,qvinSection10).ThearmchairinwhichhediedisintheMusŽe MunicipaleintheHètel"  RRCarnavalet[Hare(2),pp.175176].TherearestatuesofhiminthesmallSquare HonoreChampion(attheendof" +Rue deSeine,behindthe  Institut 11deFrance)andthemarbleoriginalofthefamous Houdonbustisinthefoyerof" Ïthe SalleRichelieuofthe ComŽdieFranúaise[MGG ;;].TheplasterversionofthebustisintheBibliothÃque@ +(X• €xZdA"€€Zd""" Z DDNationalewhiletheterracottaversionisinVoltaire'shouse,'Les DŽlices',nowthe InstitutetMusŽeVoltaire," ÓIIGeneva,Switzerland.OtherversionsofthebustareintheLouvre,Sans ""Souci(Potsdam)ThePalaceofthe" A Legionof %%Honor(SanFrancisco,California) [Okey,p.322]says **Houdonmademanyreplicasofhisworksto" LLavoidstarvationduringtheRevolution.[Hare (2),p.346]saysthe(ora) ((Houdonstatuewaserectedinthesquare" ((atthestartofRueMongein1872.The  Institut 99deFrancehasafamousstatueofhiminthenudebyJean  Baptiste"  Pigalle(eponymofPlace \\Pigalle)[Cronin,p.246],butIrecentlysawthis(oracopy)intheLouvre,qvinSection" 7A1,whichhasanother WWHoudonstatueofhim(ifIreadmynotescorrectly).Someofhisremainswerebrought" @kktoinauguratethePanthŽon(seeSection7-A-1).[Crosland,vol.3,pp.71,83,87,97,98,105.Eastman," 6 pp. 106-107.DBS.]" Øx" n'7-B.ELSEWHEREINFRANCE. " Ød" _' Ihavegiven YYDŽpartementnames,butmymapisoldandIthinksomenameshavechanged.Inparticular" Œ,,CètesduNordseemstonowbeCètesd'Armor." Ø" 'ccHenryMOSELEY(18011872)attendedaschoolinABBEVILLE,Somme,brieflyinhisteens,probablyto" "  learnFrench." ' Henri ..EugÃnePAD³(18631953)wasborninAbbeville." Ø" *'``TheUniversityofAIX(ENPROVENCE),BouchesduRhène,wasfoundedin1409.Withthegrowthof" SSMarseillesinthe19C,theUniversitydeclinedandnowhasonlyLawandLetters.[MGG .]" ö'__PierreGASSENDI(15921655)wasprofessoratAixfrom1617.On7Nov1631,hemadethefirst" vvobservationofaplanetarytransitofthesunwhenhesawatransitofMercury.[Scott,p.202.]Itseemslikelyhe P+(Y«€ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" ôZccwasatAixatthistime,butonesourcesayshewasinParis.ThereisabustofhimintheMusŽe  d'Histoire"   Naturelle.  Fabride CCPEIRESClivedinAixanddrewthefirstmapofthemoonin1636.[MGG .]Irecallseeinga"   statueorbusttohimsomewhere." %'__VictorVASARELY(19061997)establishedafoundationtodisplayandpopularizehisgeometrical opart" 2uuatAixin1971.Areportsaiditwasbeingdissolvedinearly1997,butIfounditopenin2002.Thebuildingisa" †mmsetofhexagonalrooms,about10m(30ft)onanedge.Thesevendisplayroomshavejustonepictureoneach" ä..wall,butthesepicturesareabout10msquare!" Ø" \' ''NicoleORESME(1323?1382)wasbornat ALLEMAGNE,nearCaen,Calvados." Ø" þ' LEONARDO 44DAVINCI(14521519)livedfrom1516anddiedatLe Clos LucŽ,RueVictorHugo," adjacenttotheChâteauof TTAMBOISE,IndreetLoirethereoncewasatunnelconnectingthem.Legendasserts" ?rrthathediedinthearmsofFranúoisI,butthekingwasnearParisontheday[Ackermann,p.358].Thehouseis" MMnowamuseumwithmodelsofhisdesigns.HewasburiedinthechurchofSt.  Florentin, Amboise,butthebones" U weretransferredin1869tothe  Chapelle HHSt-HubertintheChâteau.[Crosland,vol.3,p.12.Eastman,pp.51&" qq398.]Anothersourcesaysthetombwasviolatedandtheremainsweredispersedduringthereligiouswarsofthe" :16C." Ø" õ'``MostFrenchchurchmazesseemtobeobstructedbychairs,butthereconstructedmazeatAMIENS," ppSomme,(originallybuilt1288,destroyed1708(or18251828),rebuilt1894)wasunobstructedduringmyvisitin" æLL1987[Fisher,pp.39&41,withcolourphotoonp.39anddiagramonp.65]." é'\\Franúois³douardAnatoleLUCAS(18421891)wasborninAmiensandusedananagramof'LucasPp+(ZghdZdA"€€Zd""" ŒZ 55d'Amiens'astheinventoroftheTowerofHanoi:'N. Claus(deSiam)'." M'³douard ]]BRANLY(18441940),inventorofthedecohererwhichcouldreceivewirelesssignalswas" ¢22bornhere(oratleastlivedhereforsometime)[MGG ]." Øpp€+([Ï€pdZdA"€€Zd""" ‚Z'The  châteauof &&ANCYLEFRANC,Yonne,wasdesignedby ''SebastianoSERLIO(14751554),anoted" ŠggItalianarchitectbroughttoFrancebyFranúoisIin1541.CfunderSheldonianTheatreinSection5A." Ø" Ë'Charles AAAugustindeCOULOMB(17361806)wasborninANGOULãME,Charente[MGG ]." Ø" )'##LouisPASTEUR(18221895)livedat DDARBOIS,Jura,fromtheageoffour(orfive)andattendedthelocal" ñnnschooluntilhewas17.BesidetheN83,outsidethetown,isPasteur'svine,wherehecarriedhisstudieson" Cjjfermentation.Hisfather'stannery,whichPasteurconvertedintohisvacationhome,isinthetown.The Maison" 9 Familiale,83ruede \\Courcelles,isnowaMusŽeLouisPasteurandisessentiallyunchangedsincePasteur'sday." ‡__Thereisastatueofhiminthemainsquareofthetown.[Pengelley&Pengelley,pp. 103107.]" Ø" A'aaARCUEIL,ValdeMarne,justtothesouthofParis,iswhereCAUCHYspenthischildhood.LAPLACE" Sqqalsohadahousehere,whichwaslootedin1871[Whittaker].Laplace'shousewasadjacenttothatofhisfriend" $ >>BERTHOLET,thechemist,andtheyheadedtheinformal'SociŽtŽ !!d'Arcueil',whichevenpublished  MŽmoiresde" L  laSociŽtŽ  d'Arcueil ." Ø" Ó' CCAUBAGNE,BouchesduRhène,hasa17CtriangularbelfryinPlacede  l'Observance." Ø" 1'QQWhenBenjaminFRANKLINcametoFrancein1776,badweatherforcedhimtolandat AURAY," 4$$Morbihan,wherehestayedatNo.8, !!QuaiBenjaminFranklin(plaque)[MGGBrittany  ,p.55]." Ø" ¹'Jean WWBaptisteJosephFOURIER(1766?1830)wasbornandgrewupinAUXERRE,Yonne[Eves(6)," Frrp. 57].Fromtheageofabouteight,HeattendedamilitaryschoolrunbytheBenedictinesoftheConventofSt." QQMark.Lackofmoneypreventedhisenteringthearmy,sohewenttotheAbbeyof StBenoætsurLoire,intendingp€+(\Å €ÊdZdA"€€Zd""" Zsstobecomeapriest,buttheoutbreakoftheRevolutionleadtoabandoninghisreligiousplansandhewasappointed" rrProfessorofMathematicsathisoldschoolinAuxerre,wherehealsolecturedonrhetoric,historyandphilosophy" Í55whenthosechairswerevacant.[Arago,pp.377380]." Ø" 'WILLIAMOFOCKHAM(or CCOCCAM)(12851347)wasimprisonedonchargesofheresyatAVIGNON," kkVaucluse,butescapedandsettledinMunich,c1330,qvinSection8.Atsomepoint,hewasexcommunicated." ž'ffJohnStuartMILL(1806-1873)broughthiswifetoAvignon,forherhealth,butshediedin1858atthe" w!!extantHèteldeEurope,12Place NNCrillon.Hespentmostofhisremainingyearsinacottage,theHermitagede" 7 !!Monloisier,nearthecemeteryof St.Veranontheroadto 22Pont-des-Deux-Eaux,about5kmSEofAvignon.He" E(they?)areburiedin 77St.Veran.[Crosland,vol.3,p.16.Eastman,p.58.]" Ÿ'XXIntheMusŽeduPetitPalaisisafinepaintingofTheseusandAriadneintheLabyrinth." Ø" e' ##³tienneBEZOUT(17391783)diedat ==BASSESLOGES,nearFontainebleu,SeineetMarne,butIcan't" ( findthisonmymap." Ø" –'eeThereisalargemazeintheCathedralofBAYEUX,Calvados[Fisher,pp.35,39,41;Pennick,pp.116" 119]." e'TheBAYEUXTAPESTRY (Tapisseriedela Reine 55Mathilde)includesaclearpictureofHalley'sComet." Ø" Ý' BEAUMONTDE LOMAGNEseeToulouse,below." Ø" ' LAPLACE(1749-1827)wasbornin ==BEAUMONT-EN-AUGE,Calvados,afewmilessouthofDeauville." xnnHespenthisyouthhereandwasastudentattheBenedictinePrioryin1756-1765.Thetownsquare,thePlace" DnnVerdun,hasafinestatueofhimholdingacompassandleaningonaglobewithbooksofGalileoandNewtonat" €pphisfeetandwithmedallionsofGalileoandNewtononthebaseofthestatue.Atthecornerofthesquareisa€+(]€bdZdA"€€Zd""" /Zpphouse(withtwomemorialinscription)believedtobeonthesiteonhisgrandmother'shousewherehewasborn." MMHowever,othertraditionsasserthewasbornatthefamilyfarmorestateof  (fermedu) MŽrisier,abitsouthwestof" rrthetown(ontheN175about1kmwestoftheD58),thoughHinzarguesthatthehouseinthetownismorelikely." 4ooThetownhallhasasmallmuseumwithabust,aportraitandsomebooks.ThereisaLaplacegravewithagrand" ùkkmonumentinthecemeteryofBeaumont.abitsouthofthetownhall,butthisgraveisemptyithadbeen" 8AALaplace'sgraveinPÃreLachaiseCemetery,Paris(Section7A1)." ø'##Furthersouth,betweenLisieuxand Orbec,nearSt. ))JuliendeMailloc,thehomeofLaplace's" ­##great-great-grandson(theCountof !!ColbertLaplace),theChâteaude $$Mailloc,burneddownon11December" -qq1925,destroyingmostofthepapersandrelicsofLaplace.(SomehadbeenpreviouslylostatArcueil(qvabove)" ŒllandotherswerelostatCaeninWorldWarII.)In1888(or1878),Laplace'sbodywastransferredfromPÃre" :Lachaisetothe PPColbert-LaplacemausoleumneartheChâteau.Itis200(or100)metersfromthe Lisieux-Orbec" QQroad,D519,abouthalfwaybetweenthetwotowns,startingatthebusstopbythe  Chapelledes quatre  Mailloc(or"   Chapellede RRMailloc).[Archibald(2),p.94.Whittaker,withphotoofthetombstone.A. G.  Howson.Hinz(with" °  photos).]" Ø" }' ``GaspardMONGE(1746-1818)wasborninBEAUNE,Cèted'Or.Thereisan1849statueofhiminthe" Š PlaceMonge.  [Brooke.]" Ø" ' Gilles 77PersonnedeROBERVAL(16021675)wasborninBEAUVAIS, $$Oise.Thereisafineastronomical" MclockintheCathedral.[MGG "".](However,seeRobervalbelow.)" Ø`+(^ñ*dZdA"€€Zd""" 3Z'TheabbeyofLe BECHELLOUIN, ??Eure,SWofRouen,wasanintellectualcentreinthe11C.St." 8ggANSELM(10331109)wasabbotandwrotehismajorworkherebeforebecomingArchbishopofCanterburyin" 1093." Ø" 'ddBESANùON,Doubs,istheclockmakingcapitalofFranceandthelocalFineArtsMuseumcontainsmany" yooexamplesoffineandpioneeringtimepieces,fromhourglassestothepresenttimee.g.the'mostcomplicated" UYYwatchintheworld'(18971904).TheCathedralofSt.Johnhasanastronomicalclock.[MGG. ]" P'  Sylvestre 22FrancoisLACROIX(17651843)wasprofessorhere. Emile LŽonardMATHIEU(1835=1890)"  **wasProfessorofPureMathematicsto1873.`P€+(_€®dZdA"€€Zd""" Z'ggLouisPASTEUR(18221895)studiedartattheRoyalCollegeherein18391842.Hisartwasgoodenough" ²PPthathecouldhavebeenaprofessionalartist.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 104.]" Ø" ¢'[[TheChâteauofBLOIS,LoiretCher,hasafamousspiralstaircase,sometimesattributedto  DaVINCI." š'ffDenisPAPIN(1647c1712),assistanttoHuygensandthenBoyle,thefirsttoconsidertheuseofsteam" +hhpowerandinventorofthepressurecooker,CuratoroftheRoyalSocietyin16841687,wasborninBlois." £'In1780,Charles QQAugustindeCOULOMB(17361806)retiredtoanestatehereanddevotedhimselfto" „  research." €'JeanEugeneRobert,later DDROBERTHOUDIN(18051871),themostfamousconjurerandmechanicof" ZMM19CEurope,wasbornatBloisandlaterlivedatThePriory,innearbySaint $$Gervais,wherehedied.Hebuilta" ºjjnumberofautomatasuchasasingingbird,acommerciallysuccessfulalarmclockwhichproducedalighted" cpptaper,afamousWriterwhichcouldwriteanswerstoquestionsorsketchportraits.TheWriterwasexhibitedat" YqqthePalaceofIndustryoftheParisExhibitionin1844andwonasilvermedal.Oneofhismostintriguingitems" oowasthefamousMysteriousClock,whosehandswereenclosedinaglasscasewithnoconnectionstotheoutside," ‚rrbutkepttime.ThePriorywasfilledwithelectricalandotherdevices,includinganelectricalmasterandslave" 2ooclocksystemwhichhedevelopedandexhibitedattheUniversalExhibitionof1855,receivingaGoldMedal.In" +jj1971,FranceissuedapostagestampcommemoratinghimandshowingtheMysteriousClockandhissuspension"  illusion. NN[Dawes,pp.121127.]SeealsoinSection7A2.Inmid1998,amuseum,the  Maisondela  Magie,was" 7nnopenedinarestored19CmansionneartheChâteau.ThisincludeshisfamousmechanicalminiatureorangetreeP@+(` €pdZdA"€€Zd""" /Znnwhichproducedrealfruitandhisminiaturebakeshop.[PaulWebster;HeenchantedQueenVictoria;nowBlois" žpaystributetoafamousson; TheGuardian (17Aug1998)13.]" Ø" Í'Jean  Alexandre JJEugÃneDIEUDONN³(19061992)wasprofessorattheUniversityofBORDEAUX," ‘  Gironde,to1933." Ø" '''JacquesOZANAM(16401717)wasbornin BOULIGNEAUX(or Bouligneux),NWof  Villarsles" 0Dombes,Ain,between BourgenBresseandLyon." Ø" 0' %%BOURG-EN-BRESSE,Ain,about55miles 88NNEofLyon,isthenativetownofClaude-GasparBACHET" ?dddeMeziriac(1581-1638),authorofwhathasbeencalledthefirstbookonrecreationalmathematics:  Problemes" w  plaisanset  delectables qui sefontparlesnombres <<,1612(2nded.,1624).Healsoproducedthefirstprinted" K''GreekandLatinversionofDiophantos'  Arithmetica ==in1620.(ItwasinFermat'scopyofthisworkthatFermat" )ppwrotethefamousmarginalnotenowcalledhisLastTheorem;Fermat'ssonpublishedaneditionwithhisfather's" Owwannotationsin1670,buttheoriginalcopywaslostinafire.)Bachet'sotherliteraryinterestsweresufficientfor" ãjjhimtobeelectedoneofthefirstfortymembersoftheAcadŽmieFranúaisein1635andhiscontemporaries" mggthoughthewasthemostlearnedoftheforty.BachetwasburiedintheparishchurchofNotre-Damede Bourg" ŒDDandhisepitaphwasonceattherightofthemainaltar.[Collet& Itard,p.31.]" $ ' Seealso:  Brou,below." Ø" 'TheUniversityof  BOURGES, LLCher,wasfoundedbyLouisXIin1463.Itwasamajoruniversityforabout" €99acentury,butitwasacasualtyoftheWarsofReligion." Ø" W'LouisAntoine,  ComteDE JJBOUGAINVILLE(17291811)ledthefirstFrenchscientificvoyage,alsothe@€+(as$ dZdA"€€Zd""" uZ::firstFrenchcircumnavigationoftheworld,startingfrom 44BREST,FinistÃre,on5Sep1766andreturningthree" Êllyearslater.NapoleonmadehimaSenatorandhenowrestsinthePanthŽon,thoughhisheartremainsathis" ]]originalplaceofburial,thecemeteryofSt.Pierre,onthetopofMontmartre,justwestof SacrŽ Coeur,Paris.One" | ((oftheSolomonIslandsisnamedforhim." Ø" p' OronceFINE(=  Orontius !!Finaeus)(14941555)wasbornin BRIANùON,HautesAlpes." Ø" ¬' BROGLIE, XXEure,istheseatoftheDeBROGLIEfamily.Thepreviousowner,PrinceLouisVictorde" ssBroglie(1892??),receivedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1929forhisdiscoverythatmatterhadwaveproperties." <ssSurprisingly,hestartedoutasamedievalhistorianandwasattractedtophysicsandhisdiscovery"purelyonthe" ¡11groundsofintellectualbeauty".[Ward,p.141.]" Ø" &' BROU,Ain,near RRBourgenBresse,iswhereJosephLALANDE(17321807)wasborn.Atthechurch,he" $ffconstructedafamousanalemmicsundial,some12macross.[PeterRansom;Sundialcornerno.4:Le Peyrou," Ð Montpellier;BSHMNewsletter ##2526(SpringSummer1994)2123.]" Ø" 'The  Institutdes Hautes Etudes %%Scientifiqueswasfoundedin1938at BURESSURYVETTE, Essonne,abit" SWofParis,beyond ((Orsay.DIEUDONN³washerein19591964." Ø" ü'GGLAPLACEwasastudentattheUniversityofCAEN,Calvados,from1765. Henri(Paul)CARTAN" ? ++(1904- )taughtattheLycŽein19281929." Ø" ''TheUniversityof 66CAHORS,Lot,wasfoundedin1331or1332byPopeJohn XXII." Ø" ' Ripley'sBelieveItorNotAnnual1976 EE,p.59,saystherearemanyhousesclaimingtobethebirthplaceof" &&COLUMBUSandshowsaplaqueononein CALVI,Corsica 66(HauteCorse),butitisgenerallyconsideredthathe€ð+(b—€8dZdA"€€Zd""" § Z''wasborninGenoa(seeinSection9B)." Ø" ©' OOCastresseeunderToulouse,below,thoughitissome60kmeastofToulouse." Ø" Ú'aaAB³LARD(10791142)diedatthePrioryofS.MarceldeChâlons[Hare(2),p.246],presumablyat" -  CHáLONSSURMARNE,Marne." C'$$GERGONNEwasastudentatthe³cole 66d'ArtillerieinChâlons.Presumablythisisthesame  Châlonssur" ê Marne." Ø" ±'00LuigiFedericoMENABREA(18091896)wasbornat  CHAMB³RY, !!Savoie,anddiedintheadjacent" ÍvillageofSt. Cassin  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.140141]." Øð €+(cÏ€dZdA"€€Zd""" (Z' Leonardo LLDaVINCI(14521519)mayhavehadsomehandinthedesignoftheChâteauof  CHAMBORD," '<' >>³lieJosephCARTAN(18691951)wasbornandwenttoschoolin ""DOLOMIEU,nearTourduPin,IsÃre" x (notonmymaps)." Ø" 5'Inthe1790s,DELAMBREand ##MŽchainmeasuredthemeridianfrom DUNKERQUE(Dunkirk),Nord,to" |nnBarcelonatodeterminethelengthofthekilometrewhichwastobe1/40,000ofthepolarcircumferenceofthe" IIearth.Theyfinishedin1799.SeealsoBarcelona,Spain,inSection10." Ø" '::JeanJacquesROUSSEAU(17121778)spenthislastweeksat ERMENONVILLE, Oise,about10km SSE" 9of &&Senlis.Hewasburiedontheåledes JJPeupliersinthelakethere.On11Oct1794,hisremainsweretranslated" štothePanthŽon.[Pierre Chevallier&Daniel  Rabreau; LePanthŽon ));EnglishtranslationbyKathleenWilson" }Chevalier[sic]; Caisse 44nationaledesMonumentsetdesSites,1977,p.15. EB .]" Ø" ' ddESTAGEL,PyrŽnŽesOrientales,about20kmwestofPerpignan,iswhereARAGOwasbornandliveduntil" ‹mmhewasaboutseven[Arago,pp.1&3].Manyofthecitiesandtownsintheareahavefeaturesnamedforhim.@+(iÛ$ dZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" î' ]]FERNEYVOLTAIRE,Ain,isontheSwissborderandisasuburbofGenevasoismentionedunder" n SwitzerlandinSection10." Ø" •'22JeanFranúoisCHAMPOLLION(17901832)wasbornat  FIGEAC,Lot." Ø" ]' HHSebastianoSERLIO(14741554)diedatFONTAINEBLEU,SeineetMarne.Cf AncyleFranc,above," å,,andunderSheldonianTheatreinSection5A." B'hhAftertheoutbreakoftheFranco-PrussianWarin1870,SophusLIEtriedtoreturnfromParistoGermany" InnbywalkingtoItaly.HewasarrestedasaGermanspyinFontainebleuandimprisonedforamonth.[Beckert&" 3Schumann,p.112.]Seealso BassesLoges,above." Ø" <'FranúoisVIÂTE(= VIETA)(1540-1603)wasbornat **FONTENAY-LE-COMTE,VendŽe[Archibald(3)," ¥::p.81].(OldersourcesdescribethisasbeinginPoitou.)" Ø" 'EEBOREL,thenaged70,andthreeotherAcademicianswereimprisonedat FRESNESin1941forsomeyears" OqqonsuspicionofResistanceactivities[Collingwood].Presumablythisisthetownabout11kmsouthofParis,in" l theValdeMarne." Ø" ’'==JacquesdeVAUCANSON(17091782)wasborninGRENOBLE,IsÃre." ª'Jean ^^BaptisteJosephFOURIER(1766?1830)wasPrefectoftheDepartmentofIsÃre,whosecapitalis" Š77Grenoble,from1802to1817(1815??)[Eves(6),p.58;Math. Intell. ))10:2(1988)51],whereheorganizedthe" &drainageofthemarshesof TTBourgoin[Arago,pp.405406].Whilethere,hemanagedtogetayoungprofessorof" llhistory,namedCHAMPOLLION,deferredfromarmyservice[Arago,p.407].Despitehisadministrativeduties," FourierproducedhisThŽorie MathŽmatiquedela Chaleur 33!ApparentlyhehadbeenmadeabaronbyNapolŽon" ºkkandduringNapolŽon'sreturnfromElbain1815,hemadeFourieracountandPrefectoftheRhone,basedat@@+(jÿ€vdZdA"€€Zd""" â ZLyons,from10Marto1May." E'Marie Henri  Beyle[= Henri FFSTENDHAL](17831842)wasborninGrenobleandstudiedmathematicsat" OlltheCentralSchoolthere.HewroteofhisdifficultieswiththeruleofsignsinhissemiautobiographicalViede" È Henry Brulard ." ˜' ³lieCARTANattendedtheLycŽe CCJeansondeSaillyinGrenobleuntil1888whenhewenttothe³cole" $  NormaleSupŽrieure." Ø@ €+(ku€pdZdA"€€Zd""" Z' bbHONFLEUR,Calvados,acrossfromLeHavre,wasamajorportforexploration.CHAMPLAINsetoutto" foundQuebecin1608andLa OOSALLEsetoutin1681,travellingthelengthoftheMississippiandnamingthe" € regionLouisiana[MGG ]." Ø" È'__[Ward,p.305]indicatesthatDESCARTES(15981650or15961650)grewupatthemanorhouseof" " KERLEAU,between  Vannesand Elven,Morbihan." Ø" $'LA ++FLÂCHE,Sarthe,hadanotedJesuitCollege 33HenriIVorCollÃgeRoyalwhereDESCARTES(in1607" ¢``1615[Scott,p.1,says16041612thisprobablydependsonwhichdateofbirthisused])and Marin" sjjMERSENNEwerestudents.WhentheJesuitswereexpelledin1803,itbecameamilitarypreparatoryschool," ÙGGreorganizedasamilitaryschoolbyNapolŽonin1803.Itistodaythe PrytanŽ Militaireandmaybevisited."  [Eastman,pp.4142.]" Ø" ¯'LA ZZHAYE,IndreetLoire,about45kmsouthofTours,isthoughttobethebirthplaceofRenŽ" XiiDESCARTES(15981650or15961650[Scott,p.1])andthetownnowcallsitselfLaHaye-Descartesoreven" $ppjustDescartes.Theprobablebirthhouse,whichwashisgreat-grand-mother's,isamonument,withaplaqueand" oppstatue,though[Alexanderson]saysthestatueisinfrontoftheTownHall.Othersourcessayhewasbornnear" R jjChâtellerault,qvabove.HewasbaptisedinSt.George's.Hevisitedhisfamilyherein1644and1648."  //[Crosland,vol.3,p. 37.Scott,pp.1&56.]" Ø" '<>RouenwheremysourceclaimsPascalwaslivingatthetime." Ø" '**VOLTAIREwasaguestattheChâteauofLa RiviÃreBourdet, ((QUEVILLON,SeineMaritime,foraperiod" Fppc1723whenhewasexiledfromParis[Eastman,p.74].Icannotlocatethis,buttherearetwosuburbsofRouen" · withthename  Quevilly." Ø" ×'**Theworld'slargestmaze(in1997)wasat REIGNAC ..SURINDRE,IndreetLoire.Alocalarchitect" #DDnamedBernardRamusreadaboutthemaizemazesintheUS(seeunder ''ShippensburginSection10:USA).His"  partner, hhIsabelledeBeaufort,builtasmallversionin1996andwasamazedwhen80,000visitorscame,with3000" ssinoneday.SoshedevelopedtheideatohavingthefielddeliberatelyplantedasamazetheAmericanversions" werecutthroughordinary XXplantings.The1997versioncovered37acresandhadsixdifferentmazes,ofdifferent" :;;styles.[PaulWebster;Lostdaysinworld'slargestmaze; TheGuardian (18Jul1997)16.]€+(x] ÊdZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" 'jjTheCathedralatREIMS(orRheims),Marne,hadagreatfloormaze,constructedin1240.Itwasdestroyed" ð byCanon ``Jacquemartin1779becausehecouldn'tstandthenoiseofchildrentracingthemazeduringmass." Ø" e'JJDESCARTES'fatherwasamemberoftheparliamentofBrittanywhichsatat RENNES,IlleetVilaine," àlland[Scott,p.1]saysthefamilyfrequentlystayedtherewhenDescarteswasyoung.Hespentthewinterof" êFF1622-1623thereandvisitedhisfamilytherein1625[Scott,pp.23]." '99DIEUDONN³(19061992)wasprofessorattheUniversityof Rennesin19331937." Ø" ' Gilles YYPersonnedeROBERVAL(1602-1675)wasanativeofthetownofROBERVAL,about13kmNEof" + Senlis, &&Oise[Archibald(3),p.81].ButtheMGG ((sayshewasbornatBeauvais,cfabove." Ø" >'Inthe  Chapelle Miraculeuseat DDROCAMADOUR,HauteVienne,isa"miraculousclock,oneoftheoldest" hrrknownanddatingbackperhapstothe4thcentury.Itismadeofironandringsoutofitsownaccordtoforetell" l miracles."[ Dordogne  Perigord LimousinQuercy 99(MichelinGreenGuide);1sted.,DickensPress,London," ãll1965;pp.151152].A4Cclockwouldbequiteremarkableevenitwasn'tmiraculous.Iwonderifthisisa" þ misprintfor14C??" Ø" Z'  Sylvestre ..FrancoisLACROIX(17651843)wasprofessorat ''ROCHEFORT,CharenteMaritime,earlyin" ‚  hiscareer." Ø" 'bbDESARGUESworkedonthefortificationsofLaROCHELLE,CharenteMaritime,whereDescartesvisited" ’llhim[Pedoe].ItisclaimedthatDESCARTEStookpartinthesiegein1628,buttheevidenceisonlyone17C" (nnmentionofit[Scott,p.3]thismaybewhatPedoeisreferringto??.LaRochellewasalsoaportfor" ìexplorersdela 66SallesetoutfromhereandexploredtheMississippi[MGG ].RenŽAntoine  Ferchaultde€`+(y'€bdZdA"€€Zd""" LZ MMR³AMUR(16831757),ofthetemperaturescale,wasborninLaRochelle.John TheophiliusDESAGULIERS" !jj(1683-1744),thescientificexpositor,wasborninLaRochelle,butwenttoOxfordtostudyandgenerally"  remainedinEngland." Ø" 'TheChâteauof RRROCHERSS³VIGN³,IlleetVilaine,hasa'whisperingwall'(myterm)inthegarden" ""whichwaslaidoutbyLeNètre.[MGGBrittany CC,p. 212]statesitissemicircularandgivesa'doubleecho'.It" {ttalsosaysthatthetalkersshouldstandattwopointsmarkedbystones,soIthinkitisprobablyasemielliptical" ˜wall. Mme.de ccSŽvignŽ(16261696),the17Cwriter,livedhereandreferstoitas"thatlittlewallthatrepeats" j wordsrightintoyourear"." Ø" 'jjOntheportaloftheLibraryoftheCathedralofROUEN,SeineMaritime,isasculptedexampleofthe'two" urrheads,fourmen'pattern,neatlyenclosedinaquatrefoilframe,datedto12901300.Thisistheoldestphysical" •kkversionoftheideawhichisthepredecessorofthe19CDeadDogspuzzleandSamLoyd'sTrickPonies.(An" English eepsalteroftheendofthe13Chasa'twoheads,fourhorses'pattern,butitmayderivefromIslamic" ((sources.)Thepatternalsooccursona DDmisericordintheCathedralandonthePalaceofJusticeinRouen." 'Thecityclock (Gros Horologe)inRuedu CCGrosHorologeisprobablytheoldestextantclock,builtin1379." nnIthasonlyonehand.Itwasmovedtoitspresentsitein1529ithadbeenontheadjacentbelfrywastoo" ñkkdifficulttosee.Itwasconvertedtopendulumcontrolandranuntil1929whentheworkswerereplacedby" qllelectricmotors[HowgraveGraham,p.23;Ward,pp.7980].Earliestknownclocktohavechimingatquarter"  hours[F. A. B.Ward,p.21]." Ê' BernardLe 33BovierdeFONTENELLE(16571757)wasborninRouen.`à+(z‰ìdZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" g'$$³mileBOREL(18711956)wasbornin ::SAINTAFFRIQUE,Aveyron,andattendedaschoolrunbyhis" >ZZfatheruntilage12.Heremainedassociatedwiththetownallhislife.By1924,hewas MaireofSaintAffrique" and  Conseiller YYGŽnŽralforAveyron.HewaselectedDeputyforSaintAffriquein1924andservedinthe" @JJfollowingtwoparliamentsuntil1936.Heisburiedthere.[Collingwood.]" Ø" I'88AftertheaffairwithHŽloÏseandhisretirementtothe 00Paraclete,Peter(=Pierre)AB³LARD(10791142)" Nbecameabbotof SSSAINTGILDASDERHUYS,Morbihan,in1126.Hefoundthecountryandthemonksboth" ªmmsavageandthemonksweresufficientlyantagonistictohimthattheytriedtopoisonhimandheonlyescaped" ó$$throughasecretpassagein1132.[MGGBrittany ,pp. 31&219.Ward,p.308.]" Ø" +' JosephLouis ##GAYLUSSAC(17781850)wasbornat &&SAINTL³ONARDDENOBLAT,HauteVienne" g%%andthereisaRueGayLussacthere[MGGDordogne  Perigord LimousinQuercy. ]." ØàP€+({u€údZdA"€€Zd""" Z'On20Apr1534,Jacques CARTIERsetoutfrom 66SAINTMALO,IlleetVilaine,anddiscoveredthemouth" 266oftheSt.LawrenceRiverandCanada.Heappliedthe 88HuronwordCanada,meaningvillage,tothewholearea." nnOn19May1535,hesetoutonhissecondvoyageandexploredtheareafurther,reachingmodernMontrealwhere" —__therapidswereimpassable,andwinteringover.Histhirdvoyage,in1541,foundlittlenew. StMalo" ppcommemorateshiminthenameofoneofitsmaindocksandhisheadispreservedinareliquaryintheCathedral" 277ofSt.Vincent.ThereismaterialonhimintheMusŽe d'Histoiredela  Villeet d'EthnographieduPays  Malouin." ñHeretiredtoafarmcalled ""LimoÍlouinthenearbyvillageof ++RothŽneufandhismanorhouseinRueDavid" !!MacdonaldStewartisamuseum.[MGGBrittany ,pp. 221,224&226.]" D' PierreLouis UUMoreaudeMAUPERTUIS(1698-1759),thefirstFrenchadvocateofNewton'sworkandthe" cGGfirsttoaccuratelymeasuretheearth(seeSection7A2),wasbornin ##StMaloandlivedintheRuedela Harpe" CHH[Crosland,vol.3,p.56].ThereisalsomaterialonhimintheMusŽe d'Histoiredela  Villeet d'Ethnographiedu" 6Pays  Malouin.[MGGBrittany MM,p. 224.]HewasPresidentoftheBerlinAcademyofSciencesforsometime." }' Julien  Offraydela  MATTRIE(17091751)wasbornin StMalo.His L'HommeMachine of1748first" FFclearlyassertsthatmanisathinkingmachine.[RichardL.Gregory;MindinScience ;Weidenfeldand  Nicolson," á London,1981,p.381.]" D'[MGGBrittany ,pp. 222&224]says 99LAMMENNAIS(17821854)taughtmathematicsintheCollege" ”ssherebeforeenteringthelocalseminary.Helaterlosthisfaithandwasacontroversialwriter,servingayear'sP+(|O€dZdA"€€Zd""" BZppimprisonmentin1840,butbeingelectedtotheNationalAssemblyin1848.Thereisalsomaterialonhiminthe" MusŽe d'Histoiredela  Villeet d'EthnographieduPays Malouin." Ø" ('??AlbertGIRARD(15951632)isbelievedtohavebeenbornatST. MIHIEL,Meuse." Ø" '**ThereisalargemazeintheAbbeyofSt.  Bertinat 44SAINTOMER,PasdeCalais,(1109)[Fisher,pp.41&" 8qq67withdiagramonp.66,statesthiswasdestroyedinthe18Candanotherbooksaysitwasdestroyed;Pennick," f##pp.116119,121givesadiagram;MGG indicatesitstillexists]." Ø" …'ccThereisalargemazeinthechurchofSAINTQUENTIN,Aisne,(1495)[Fisher,p.39withdiagramon"  p. 38;Pennick,pp.116119]." Ø" î'hhSCEAUX,Hts.deSeine,istreatedaspartofParis,thoughitisadistantsuburbseeunderCuriein" ê Section7A2." Ø" 'kkTheParischurchhaddeniedarequestforaChristianburialforVOLTAIRE,sohiscorpsewasdressedasif" !!aliveanddriventotheAbbeyof SEILLIÂRES(or ScelliÃres),near Romilly(surSeine), Aube,about35kmNW" (of Troyes,wherehisnephew,AbbŽ KKMigot,wastheabbotandgavehimaChristianburial[Culbertson&Randall" B (3),pp.9697].[DaveDutton;Horrors HH;Futura,London,1989,pp.4041]statesthatwhentheAbbeywassold," oothebodywasexhumedandtherewasascrambleforrelicsuntilthegovernmentdecreedhisbodybelongedtothe" >ssstate.Nonetheless,theleftfootandtwoteethdisappearedbeforehewasreinterredinthePanthŽonin1791,qv" ninSection7A1.[Pierre Chevallier&Daniel  Rabreau; LePanthŽon ));EnglishtranslationbyKathleenWilson" Chevalier[sic]; Caisse 77nationaledesMonumentsetdesSites,1977,pp.1415.]@+(}edZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" 'TheChurchofSt.Stephenin IISENS,Yonne,wasthesiteofadebatebetweenAB³LARDandSt.Bernardin" ¬jjc1132.However,St.BernardsimplydenouncedanumberofstatementsinAbŽlard'swritingsandrefusedto" NNdebate.AbŽlardwithdrewindisgustandwascondemnedtoperpetualsilence! [Okey,pp.9293.]" Ø" E'VVSÂVRES,Hts.deSeine,isalsotreatedaspartofParisthoughitisadistantsuburb." Ø" $'VVJohannesGUTENBERG(c13981468)livedinSTRASBOURG,BasRhin,from1433to1445.In" kk1434-1444,hewasattheInnoftheCrossedSwords,believedtohavebeensomewherenearthepresentPlace" cnnGutenberg.By1440hehaddevelopedallthenecessarytechniquesandequipmenttocarryoutprinting,butno" qooexampleisknown.In1445(or1444),heleftStrasbourgandnothingisknownofhimuntilhereappearsinhis" ÎqqnativecityofMainz(qvinSection 8)in1448andstartsprintingthere.ThereisastatueofhiminthePlace" È''Gutenberg,holdingasheetwith"Etla lumiÃre 66fut"("Andtherewaslight").[Eastman,p.47.DBS.]" b'jjStrasbourgCathedralhasperhapsthemostelaborateofallastronomicalclocks.Theearliestversionwas" ``builtin13521354,includinganautomatoncock,nowintheMuseumofDecorativeArtsinPalais Rohan,saidto" Attbetheoldestautomatonextant[Hillier,pp.1920withphotoonp.20].Intheearly16C,theoriginalclockdied" žhhandanewonewasbuiltin15711574ontheeastsideofthesouthtransept,underthedirectionofthe" Ymathematicianandastronomer Conrad BBDASYPODIUS(15311601).Thecockcontinuedtobepartofthenew" qqclock.AlthoughCopernicus'bookhadappearedfortyyearsearlier,theclockwasbasedonthePtolemaicsystem," ¹jjpossiblybecausesomeworkhadstartedin15471548.ItwassoonconfusedbythechangetotheGregorian@0+(~m€ dZdA"€€Zd""" úZllcalendarin1582,thoughthiswasn'tadoptedinStrasbourgforanothercentury.In1788,theclockstopped" ²completely.JeanBaptiste LLSCHWILGU³(17761856),aselftaughtmechanic,renovatedandextendeditin" oo18381842,whenmanyofthe16CpartsweretransferredtotheMuseumofDecorativeArtsincludingthecock," +vvbutacopyofitwasinstalledinthenewclock.Thebasicstructureisthatofthe16Cclockitstands18mhigh" µooandthebaseis7.3mwide.AtthetopofthelefttowerisapaintingofUrania,themuseofAstronomy,with" ±wingslabelled Geometriaand OOArithmeticaandadornedwithappropriatesymbols.Justbelowisaportraitof" +COPERNICUS,labelled  "Nicolai  Copernici vera  efigiesex ipsius  autographo ##depicta".Thisisa16Ccopyfrom" Y==theselfportraitofCopernicuswhichhadbeenborrowedfrom 44Danzigitistheonlyextantversionoftheself" u@@portrait[Armitage,p.121].BelowCopernicusisaportraitof 00SchwilguŽ.Themostelaborateoperationofthe" ¡ppclocktakesplaceat12:30,whichislocalnoon.Ticketsgoonsaleat11:50insummerand12:00inwinter." #[Roger Lehni;))StrasbourgCathedral'sAstronomicalClock ;³ditionsla GoŽlette,Paris,1992.] Lehni'sguideto" SpptheCathedralsaysthattheclockdrivesthehandsomeoutsideclockoverthenearbysouthdooroftheCathedral." 'The  Collegium Wilhelmitanum JJ(Thomasstift)hasacontemporaryoilpaintingofKEPLER,theonlypicture" öZZfromhislateryears(perhapstheonlyauthenticportrait),whichKeplersenttoMatthias Berneggerin1619" d 44[Gerlach&List,p.14,withcolourplateonp.15; Seck,pp.5657; Boll,p.18]." Ô'bbPASTEURwasProfessorofChemistryhereforfiveyears,18491854,anddidmostofhisstudieson0°+( hdZdA"€€Zd""" cZ crystalsand aastereoisomershere[Wymer,p.2:1012].HemarriedMarieLaurent,daughteroftheRectorofthe" * ++University[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 104]." É' 00ElwinBrunoCHRISTOFFELwasprofessorfrom1872." ?'Wilhelm BBConradRÐNTGEN(18451923)workedhereforsometimeinthe1870s.° €+(€u€dZdA"€€Zd""" #Z'FFHeinrichWEBER(18421913)wasProfessorherefrom1895anddiedhere." =' MauriceRenŽ //FR³CHET(18781973)wasprofessorin19191928." 'ddHenriCARTANtaughtherefrom1929,withatwoyearbreakatLillein19291931.AndrŽWEIL(1906?" #pp1998)wasprofessorin19331940.WeilrecallsthatCartanconstantlypesteredhimwithquestionsabouthowto" nnpresentmaterialandthatonawinterdayinlate1934,hesuggestedthattheyandtheirfriendsoughttoget" kktogetherandorganizethematerialinthebestwayandsoBOURBAKIwasborn.Thefoundingmemberswere" ggH.Cartan,Chevalley,Delsarte,DieudonnŽ,Mandelbrojt,Weilandsomeotherswhodroppedout.Weilis" /bbcreditedwithbeingthemovingforceofthegroup[Cartan].ThenameBourbakiwasderivedfroma  NapolŽonic" ·generalCharlesDenis SauterBourbaki  (Pau,1816 55Bayonne,1897)whosenamehadbeenusedinastudent" :pranklectureatthe³cole 66Normalein1923.In1948,itwasdiscoveredthatthe  NicolaÏdesBourbakifamilyisa" õggdistinguishedCretanfamily,oneofwhomhadassistedNapolŽon'sexpeditiontoEgyptandwhosesonwas" KkkconsequentlyallowedtoattendaFrenchmilitaryschoolandwhosedescendent(grandson?)wastheeponymous" Wgeneral.[AndrŽWeil;%%TheApprenticeshipofaMathematician //;BirkhËuser,1991.ExcerptedinBirkhËuser's" MathematicsQuarterly LL,Winter91/92,pp.36.]Seealso:Paris(Section7A2)andNancy,above." Ø" 9'..VOLTAIREwasaguestattheChâteauofSully, SULLYSURLOIRE, ##Loiret,foraperiodofsixmonths" ~77in1716whenhewasexiledfromParis[Eastman,p.74]." Ø" '  THURY,near  Clermont, IIOise,waswheretheCASSINIfamilyhadtheircountryestateseeunder" ::ObservatoryinSection7A1andCassiniinSection7A2. 0+(] dZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" B'77Pierre(de)FERMAT(1601-1665)wasborninBeaumontde %%Lomagne,nearTOULOUSE,HautGaronne" rr[Eves(6),p.5].PeterRansomhassentaphotoshowingaplaqueonthehouseandanadjacentplaquesayingthat" qqthetowerofthehouseis15C.RansomalsosentaphotoshowingthestreetnamesignRuePierreFermatnearthe" œ11birthplace.The'de'wasaddedwhenhebecamea 33ConseillertotheToulouseParliament.Hediedin  Castres," eqqsome60kmtotheeast.AccordingtoEves[Eves(4).p.12;Eves(6),p.6],hewasburiedintheChurchofthe" ’ ffAugustinesinTOULOUSE.Thetombstonewaslatermovedtothelocalmuseum.([Alexanderson]doesnot" ŸAAmentionthis.)FermatwasoriginallyburiedinSt.Dominiquein **Castres,andwasmovedtotheAugustinian" iiChurchin1675.ThereisaportraitofhiminthelocalAcadŽmiedesSciencesandaRueFermatnearthe" ""PrŽfecture[Alexanderson].Robin QQWhittytellsmethattheleadingschoolinToulouseistheLycŽePierreFermat." C'eeThomasJanSTIELTJES(18561894)wasprofessorattheUniversityin1886-1894[Archibald(3),p.76]" î anddiedthere." w' QQEdouardJeanBaptisteGOURSAT(18581936)wasProfessorofAnalysisin18811885." Ø" 'QQALCUINofYorkretiredtobeabbotatTOURS,IndreetLoire,c800,anddiedhere." '))ThereisastatueofDESCARTES,labelled 22"Cogito,ErgoSum",inTours,facingtheLoireby  PontWilson." J' bbAdrienQuentinBU³E(17481826),oneofthosewhodevelopedcomplexnumbersintheearly19C,was" ×  organistatSt.MartininTours." Ç' ''HenriBERGSON(18591941)stayedatLa  GaudiniÃre." Ø" =' ³lieCARTANwasastudentata  collÃgein VIENNE,IsÃre." Ø" N'==AbrahamDEMOIVRE(16671754)wasbornandwenttoschoolin ""VITRY,Champagne,butthereisno0@+(‚spxZdA"€€Zd""" pZ$$knownmonument.Presumablythisis VitryleFranúois,Marne." Ø" Øx" ü'8.MONUMENTSINGERMANY. " Ød" '22IhavegivenLandnameswhenIcandeterminethem." À'##IdidnotoriginallyseparateWest (DBR)andEast 33(DDR),whichwasfortunateastheyhavereunited." iiManydetailscomefrom[Beckert&Schumann]and[Polya].Gaussiscommemoratedonthecurrent10DMnote" í99andtherewasacommemorativestamptohiminthe1970s??" ('``About1985,agroupofmathematiciansinEastGermanybegancollectinginformationon'material" # evidence' hh(Sachzeugen),whichincludeseverythingcoveredinthepresentcollection.Itwasplannedtopublisha" ttbookwithTeubner,butwiththeunification,ithasbeendecidedtoextendittoallGermanyandsothepublication" 55hasbeendeferred.PeterSchreiber(Fachbereichder  Mathematik, ++ErnstMoritzArndtUniversitËtGreifswald, F." (ZZL.JahnStrasse15a,D2200Greifswald,Germany)isdirectoroftheproject.[Schreiber.]" Ø" @'NNGAUSSmadeanattempttodetermineiftheanglesofatriangleaddedupto180o .Hemeasuredbetween" =threemountaintops:  Brockenin Harz(1142m);(Grosser) Inselberginthe Thuringianforest  (ThÓringer Wald)"  (916m); Hohenhagen(or Hoher  Hagen)at 66DransfeldnearGÑttingen(508m).[HansReichenbach; Von"   Kopernikus  bisEinstein ; 00Ullstein,Berlin,1927;translatedbyRalphB.  Winnas:FromCopernicustoEinstein ;" KKPhilosophicalLibrary,NY,1942;correcteded.,Dover,1980,p.115.]Mt. Hohenhagenisnear Dransfeld,qv" £below.Onitisthe **Gaussturm,whichcontainsabustofGauss." Ø" Ø" ­' Theodore MMvonK±RM±N(18811963)wasdirectoroftheInstituteforAerodynamicsatthe  Rheinisch@+(ƒã’dZdA"€€Zd""" ›Z##WestfËlischeTechnischeHochschule ??(RWTH)inAACHEN,NordrheinWestfalen,in19131934.Themain" ÄkklecturetheatrecomplexisnamedtheK²rm²nAuditoriumandthereisaphotoandabustofhiminthefoyer." '!!TheAachenComputerMuseumisat Sommerfeldstrasse32, 11tel:0241807607.Itisbasedonthepersonal" ÒcollectionofProf. OOAmelingandistheoldestinGermany.Limitedopeningtelephonebeforehand." Ø" 7'!!HelmutHASSE(18981979)diedin --AHRENSBURG,SchleswigHolstein,nearHamburg." Ø" J'//TheUniversityofALTDORF,Bayern,about22km 00ESEofNÓrnberg,wasdevelopedfromagymnasium" KjjfoundedbyMelanchthoninNÓrnbergin1526whichmigratedheretoescapethecommercialatmosphereofthe" ”MMcityinthelate16C.Itbecameauniversityin1622.AstheUniversityof $$Erlangendeveloped,thatinAltdorf" ë%%declinedandwasabolishedin1809. [Headlam(2),pp.78&9192.]" 'eeDanielSCHWENTER(15851635),authorofanotablebookonmathematicalrecreations,wasprofessorat" M --theUniversity[Ahrens(2),vol.II,p.325].@€+(„u€ÊdZdA"€€Zd""" CZ'ggLEIBNIZ(16461716)receivedhisDoctorateinLawfromtheUniversityin1667,afterbeingrejectedby" ;;Leipzigforbeingtooyoung.Heremainedthereuntil1672." Œ 'Seealso:NÓrnberg,below." Ø" …'IIALTENBURG,ThÓringen?,southofLeipzig,isconsideredtobethehomeof skat,thepopularGerman" J cardgame ee[Baister&Patrick,p.151].TheCastlecontainstheMuseumofPlayingCards,andalsocontainsthe"   Staatliche ##LindenauMuseum,namedforBernard von ..LINDENAU(17791854),whowasdirectorofthe" observatoryat YYGothain18081817beforegoingintostateserviceandbecomingaCabinetMinister.The" bMuseumcontainsbustsof Lindenau,J.S. BAILLYandLALANDE.[Schmidt.]" Ø" ú'!!WEYLstudiedattheGymnasiumof ##ALTONA,anoutersuburbofHamburg." Ø" ' ;;ANNABERG-BUCHHOLZ,Sachsen,wasthehomeofAdamRIESE(or  RIES)(1492-1559)andhishouse" t**isamuseuminthesectionoftowncalled --RiesebergandthereisanAdam-Riese-Strasse [Berlet,pp.VII-VIII;"   Lehmann,p.8,showsthehouse]." Ø" 'ccTychoBRAHEwasinAUGSBURG,Bayern,in1568whenhebuilthisfirstlargeastronomicalinstrument" uuaquadrantwitharadiusof21ft.Thiswascalibratedto10"andwasinuseuntil1574whenitwasdestroyedby" E  astorm.  [McPeak]." 'IntheStateGallery (Staatsgalerieinder CCKunsthalle)isasurrealistpaintingcalled'TheMathematicsRoom'" ³ by  Zimmermann[MGG  ,p.46]." Ø" ',,TheDEDEKINDfamilygenerallyvacationedin //BADHARZBURG,Niedersachsen,andtheyboughta" housethere,nownumbered UUHerzogJuliusStrasse30andstillknownastheDedekindHouse.Thecityboughtthe" oCChousein1907anditnowhousesadaycentreforseniorcitizens. --[Gerke&Harborth,pp.663&689,thelatter@P+(… €$ dZdA"€€Zd""" æ Zbeingaphoto]." Ø" ·'Moritz VVPASCH(18431930)diedinBADHOMBURG,Hessen,onthenorthernoutskirtsofFrankfurt." Ø" 6' &&GottlobFREGE(18481925)diedinBAD 44KLEINEN.TheonlyoneIcanfindisinMechlenburg"   Vorpommern." Ø" ' About10km  ESEofBAD 22MÒNSTEREIFEL,NordrheinWestfalen,ontheroadto Altenahr,alargeradio" ²99telescope,100mindiameter,isvisiblefromtheroad." Ø" ö'FFWolfgangKRULL(18991971)wasborninBADENBADEN,BadenWÓrttemberg." Ø" ='jjBAMBERG,Bayern,wasanearlycentreofprinting,beingthethirdcitytohaveaprintingpress,in1461," [bbafterMainzandStrasbourg.ProbablythefirstGermanarithmeticbook,anuntitledtextknownas "Das" ( FFBambergerRechenbuch",byUlrichWagner,wasprintedherebyHeinrich Petzensteineron1483." ' Johannes [[SCHÐNERwroteseveralmathematicsbooksandranhisownprintingshophereuntil1526when" › hemovedtoNuremberg." Ø" “'InBERLIN ]],therearemanystreetsnamedformathematicians,butIwassurprisedtofindmyselfatthe"  cornerof Kantstrasseand CCLeibnizstrassebesidetheKantBilliardCafeandtheLeibnizSpiel Halle!" ^'jjFriedrichIestablishedtheBerlinAkademie(originallySocietËt)derWissenschaftin1700,thoughitwas" hiswife,Queen __SophieCharlotte,andLEIBNIZ(16461716)whoweretheactualfounders.Leibnizwasthefirst" cffPresident.UpontheaccessionofFrederick'sgrandson,FredericktheGreat,in1740,theAcademywas" mmreorganizedandflourishedoverthenext25years,withEuler,Maupertuis,Lambert,VoltaireandLagrangeas" …bbmembers.MaupertuiswasPresidentoftheAkademieforsometime,c1750.TheSocietËtproduceda" Í Miscellanea  Berolinensia KKfrom1710,butIdon'tknowhowlongitlasted.ThepresentAkademiederP@+(†C€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ÈZ::WissenschaftenstandsoftheEsideofPlatzderAkademie aister&Patrick,p.55]." '``EULERcametoBerlinon25Jul1741asDirectorofthemathematicalsectionoftheAcademy.In" –1742-1743,hestayedatthe  'aufder Neustadtbeyder  Potsdamschen  BrÓckein dem Barbonessischen  Hause'." \ (Neustadtwas ]]Dorotheenstadtin1907,butthenamedoesn'tappearoncurrentmaps.Theareawassomewhere" Fneartheintersectionof Friedrichstrasseand  Unterden ::Linden,notfarfromtheUniversity.)Hethenlivedfrom" 1743to1766in BËrenstrasse,identifiedas21 Behrenstrassein1907. &&Behrenstrasseisimmediatelysouthof Unter" žder iiLindenandaplaquewastobeerectedin1908.HispropertyincludedthepresentNo.20andextendedto" Ò 55FranzÑsischenStrasse.Helaterboughtanestatein ::Charlottenburg.In1766,hereturnedtoSt.Petersburg." n   [Valentin.]" 7'ddLAGRANGEsucceededEulerin1766andwashereuntilFrederick'sdeathin1786whenhewenttoParis" in1787.HewrotetheMŽcaniqueAnalytique here." O' In1799,the CCBauakademiewasfoundedthefirstengineeringschoolinGermany." ('ABELlivedat CCFranzÑsischeStrasse39inJanuary-April1827[Ore,pp.157&162]." '88TheUniversityofBerlinwasfoundedin1810byWilhelm //vonHumboldtandnowbearshisname.Itwasa" KKmajormathematicalcentreuntiltheearly20C.JACOBIwasastudentanda ##Docentfromc1824to1827.Gustav" -ggPeterLejeuneDIRICHLET(1805-1859)taughtherefrom1829to1855[Rowe].AnewChairofGeometrywas" iicreatedforSTEINERin1834.RudolfLIPSCHITZ(18321903)wasastudentunderDirichlet.RIEMANNspent" ŒKKtwoyearshereasastudent,listeningtoDirichletandJacobi.Ferdinand GottholdMaxEISENSTEIN(1823@`+(‡—€„dZdA"€€Zd""" iZmm1852)wasborninBerlinandwasattheUniversity,studyingunderM.OhmandDirichlet,lateraDozentfrom" cc1847tohisdeath[Fraenkel].KUMMERwasDirichlet'ssuccessorfrom1855to1883.MartinOHMwas" +llprofessorc1856anddiedinBerlin.WEIERSTRASSwasextraordinaryprofessorattheUniversityandordinary" mmprofessorattheIndustrialInstitute(latertheTechnischeHochschule)from1856,ordinaryprofessoratthe" ggUniversityfrom1864.Hehadmanynotablestudents,includingSonyaKOVALEVSKAYA,whowashisprivate" i__studentin18701874,andthefollowingstudentsorassociates,etc.:BOLZA,CANTOR,DEDEKIND," HKKFROBENIUS,HANKEL,HEINE,HÐLDER,HURWITZ,KILLING,KLEIN,LIE,LINDEMANN, MITTAG" $$LEFFLER,PINCHERLE,SCHOTTKY,H.A. //SCHWARZ.WeierstrassdiedinBerlin.Hermann Amandus"  hhSCHWARZ(18431921)succeededWeierstrassasprofessorin18921917anddiedhere.KILLINGwasherein" 2  18671878.` €+(ˆ€dZdA"€€Zd""" »Z'^^HermannvonHELMHOLTZ(1821-1894)wasastudentofmedicineandlaterProfessorofPhysicsin" kk1871-1885,workingonelectromagnetismHERTZandPUPINwerehisstudents.In1884,Pupincametolearn" xiiaboutMaxwell'sideas,havingfoundnooneatCambridgewhounderstoodthem.HelmholtztaughtPupinand" ooPupinthentooktheideasbacktoColumbiaandlecturedonthem.In1885,Helmholtzwasappointedheadofthe" ƒ ppPhysicoTechnicalInstituteprobablytheforerunneroftheKaiserWilhelmInstitut.[Guthrie,p.275.]He" ¿ diedin BerlinCharlottenburg." Î',,EduardHEINE(18211881)wasborninBerlin." \'GustavRobert TTKIRCHHOFF(18241887)wasaPrivatdozentforthreeyearsfromc1845andreturnedas" ÓKKProfessorofTheoreticalPhysicsfrom1875[Biggs,Lloyd&Wilson,p. 218]." F'KUMMERlivedat14 ::KÑthenerStrassewhenhecametoBerlin,thenmovedto10 SchÑnebergerStrasse," ¿ ((whereheliveduntilhisdeath[Hensel]." 'eeLeopoldKRONECKER(18231891)wasastudentin18411845,studyingunderDirichletandSteiner.But" lqqhethenhadtorunhisfamilyestatesfor10years.HereturnedtoBerlinin1855anddidsomelecturing.From"  jj1861,hewasamemberoftheBerlinAcademyofScienceandlecturedattheUniversity.Hethensucceeded" NooKummerasprofessorfrom1883untilhisdeath.ItwasataBerlinCongressin1886thathestated:"Godmade" wootheintegers;alltherestistheworkofman."[Perfect.Fraenkel.]EugenNETTO(18461919)wasoneofhis" * studentshere.Hediedhere." ‘'``(Ferdinand)GeorgFROBENIUS(18491917)wasborninBerlin,succeededKroneckerasProfessorin" Ë!!1893,untilhisdeathin1917at BerlinCharlottenburg." |' __ConstantinCARATH³ODORY(18731950)wasborninBerlinwherehisfatherwasadiplomatforthe 0+(‰] údZdA"€€Zd""" ™ZiiOttomanEmpire.HisfatherbecameambassadortoBelgiumin1875andthefamilymovedthere.AtEaster," ùii1900,whenhehaddecidedtostudymathematics,CarathŽodoryenrolledatBerlinandattendedlecturesof" qqH. A. SchwarzandFrobenius,buttranslatedtoGÑttingenin1902.HesucceededFrobeniusasProfessorinBerlin" llin19171919,butthenwenttoGreecetoestablishanewuniversityatSmyrnacfunderGreeceandTurkey." 'jjJacobireturnedtoBerlinasamemberofthePrussianAcademyofSciencesandremaineduntilhisdeathin" æ^^1850.HENSELwasaprofessor.CANTOR(PhDin1867),LIE(1869-1870),HANKEL(1861-1862)and" &&HAUSDORFF(1888-1889)werestudents. >>ImmanuelLazarusFUCHS(18331902)wasprofessorin18661869" ggandthenfrom1884.SCHOTTKYwashere.BIEBERBACHsucceededCarathŽodoryasProfessorin19211945." tXXSCHURwasaprofessorfrom1919untildismissedin1933.HemanagedtogettoIsrael. EdmundLANDAU" boo(1877-1938)wasborninBerlin.HestudiedattheUniversity,receivinghisdoctoratein1899andworkedhere" ssuntil1909.HeretiredbacktoBerlinin1933whenhewasforcedoutofhispostatGÑttingenanddiedhere.Max" VKarl eeErnstLudwigPLANCK(18581947)washere,receivingtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsfor1918forhis1900" g//paperpostulatingthatenergyisdiscretised. VON LAUEwashere. ""ErwinSCHRÐDINGER(18871961)was" Ÿ55here,receivingtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1933. 77WEISSKOPFwashisassistantforatime,developinghis" ˆ ++renormalizationmethod,butfledin1937. KNOPPwashereto1920. VON  MISESbecamefirstProfessorof" ïAppliedMathematicsin1920. 11BOCHNER,E.HOPF,H.HOPF,R.BRAUER,A.BRAUER,  FENCHEL," «]]FREUDENTHAL,B.NEUMANN,R.RADOreceiveddoctoratesherein19201933.SZEGÐ(professorto00+(ŠW€®dZdA"€€Zd""" Z//1926),E.HOPF,H.HOPF,A.BRAUERwerehere. 44VONNEUMANNwasastudentofchemistryin19211923" @''andPrivatdozentin19261929.Oswald //TEICHMÒLLER(19131943)wasDozentfrom1938." E']]HASSEwasattheAkademiederWissenschaftin19451949,thenattheUniversityin19491950." .'Johann VVElertBODE(17421826)wasdirectoroftheBERLINOBSERVATORY.ThiswaswhereJohann" ƒ Gottfried GALLEandHeinrich NND'Arreston23 Sep 1846pointedaFraunhofer9inchtelescopeatthelocation"  specifiedby __LEVERRIERandverifiedtheexistenceofNeptuneontheirfirstnightofviewing[P.Moore(4)," MZZp. 44].Airysaid:"Nothinginthewholehistoryofastronomycanbecomparedtothis."" Ü'ccWEIERSTRASS(18151897)cametoBerlinin1856asProfessorattheIndustrialInstitute(laterthe" ]NNTechnischeHochschule)aswellasextraordinaryprofessorattheUniversity. FranzREULEAUX(18291905)" ÚZZwasProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandKinematicsandDirectoratthePolytechnicof Berlin" ooCharlottenburgin18641896.ThiswaslatertheTechnischeHochschule,now(??)theTechnicalUniversity(??)." $$HeinrichWEBERwasprofessoratthe ,,PolytechnischeHochschulein18831884.Du  BOISREYMOND" ’&&(1831-1889)wasprofessorfrom1884. BBErnstSTEINITZtaughtattheTechnischeHochschulein18911910." ÔaaGeorgHAMEL(18771954)wasprofessorattheTechnischeHochschulefrom1919.KonradZUSEwasa" uustudentattheTechnischeHochschule,graduatingin1935.Hebuilthisfirstcomputer,theZ1,hereinhisparents'" Y livingroom,in19361938." ' Ernst UUHAECKEL(18341919)obtainedhisdegreeinmedicineherein1857,butsoonwentinto" Ž comparativeanatomyat Jena,qv,below." Ü'!!CHRISTOFFELwasprofessoratthe Gewerbeakademiein18691872.0€+(‹®dZdA"€€Zd""" Z'ccWITTGENSTEINstudiedaerodynamicsattheTechnischeHochschulefromc1908.Itwasabout1909that" x00hebecameseizedbyphilosophy.[Wittgenstein.]" ì'33WIGNERtaughtattheTechnischeHochschulein1929 [IHHS,p.64]." „'ZZHansGEIGER(18821945)wasprofessorofphysicsattheTechnischeHochschulefrom1936." Æ ([Moore &  AADahl,p.27]saysChadwickstudiedwithGeigerinBerlin,c1922.)" 8']]EINSTEINwasattheRoyalPrussianAcademyofSciences,theKaiser-Wilhelm-Institut(nowthe" jUUMax-Planck-InstitutinDahlem)andtheUniversityfrom1913.HewasDirectorofthe Institutfrom1914.He" ^ livedat WWWittelsbacherstrasse13in19141917.In19171932,helivedinafifthfloorflatat Haberlandstrasse5" ê(now HHNÑrdlingerstrasse8).NobelPrizeinPhysics,1921.CorneliusLANCZOS (KornŽl L²nczos)washis" .llassistantin19281929.LeopoldINFELD(18981968)cametodograduateworkbutwasrefusedentranceuntil" ‡@@Einsteinarrangedforhimtobeadmittedasaspecialstudent. VonNEUMANNand Eugene (JenŸ)WIGNER" tt(doinghisdoctorateinchemicalengineering)werestudentsofEinstein.In1929,Einsteinboughtlandandbuilta"  cottageat ((Waldstrasse7,intheeasternsuburbof >>Caputh.Thiswasconfiscatedandraidedin1933.Thoughnow" MManationalmemorial,thehouseisnotopentothepublic.[Eastman,p.116.]" 'Otto [[HAHNwasDirectoroftheKaiserWilhelmInstitutforchemistryfrom1928NobelPrizein" @@Chemistryin1944forrecognisingnuclearfissionin1938,with 00Strassmantheyfoundthatbombardinguranium" BBwithneutronsproducedatomswithmassabouthalfthatofuranium." 'ccTheRoyalMilitarySchoolwasalsoimportant.MartinOHM(1787-1854),brotherofGeorgeSimonOHM" ñkkofOhm'sLaw,taughthereto1828.Heseemstobethefirsttoreallydeveloptheideasofhowthenumber€ð+(Œ³€hdZdA"€€Zd""" UZrrsystemsareconstructedalgebraically,particularlyhowthenegativesandthentherationalsareconstructed.He" rrgavesomeideasofthisin1818andthengavemostoftheideasin18281833,providingafairlyclearandmature" ]ddversionin1842.DIRICHLETsucceededOhmin1828andcontinuedteachinghereafterstartingatthe" † ""University.[Shields(2).Rowe.]ð`€+(€ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" _Z'The 55Staatsbibliothek((EastGerman)StateLibrary)isin  Unterden %%Lindenandhasabout6millionbooks" {  aister&Patrick,p.45]." ø'<>now??)HecamebacktoBraunschweigin1798andproducedhis Disquisitiones  Arithmeticae (1799)andhis" NNthesisprovingtheFundamentalTheoremofAlgebraatthenearbyUniversityof HelmstËdt(now Helmstedt).He" EnnmayhavebeenherewhenherediscoveredthelostasteroidCeresin1801.HebecameprofessoratGÑttingenin" ))1807.ThereisastatueofGaussonthe HHGaussberg,whichDedekindpromoted.Onthebase,atGauss'sright,the" ×llsculptorhascarvedastar17gon,whichismuchclearerthananordinary17gon.[Alexanderson.Ihavea"   photo.]" 'ffJuliusWilhelmRichardDEDEKIND(18311916)spentmostofhislifeatBraunschweig.Hisfatherwasa" $55lawyerandDirectorofthecommercialsectionofthe  Collegium //Carolinum,soRichardwasprobablyborninthe" officialresidenceat41 YYBohlweg,buttheCollegemovedawayandthesitehaslongbeenrebuilt.Hewasbaptised" ,atSt. Katharineninthe ""Hagenmarkt.Healsoattendedthe 22MartinoKatharineumGymnasium.Hestudiedatthe" q  Collegium bbCarolinumin18481850.ThisCollegehasevolvedintothepresentTechnicalUniversity.Whenit" ttbecameaPolytechnicin1862,itinvitedDedekindtobeProfessorandhecameandstayedfortherestofhislife."  Helivedatanumberofsites: Hagenmarkt9(18621870); Wendenstrasse32(18701872); Petrithorpromenade" ë24(now Inselwall12)(18721891); GGBismarckstrasse13(now11)(18911894);afirstfloorflatinKaiser" «WilhelmStrasse45(now UUJasperallee87)(18941916),wherehedied.Ofthese,onlythelastsurvivestoany" •ppextent,anditwasburntinthewarandrestored.Afewyearsago,Prof.HarborthhadaplaqueerectedonthisP`+(‘Á€ŽdZdA"€€Zd""" ?Z building. gg[Gerke&Harborth,p.689,hasaphotobeforetheplaquewaserected.Ihavelaterphotos.]Aplaque" ŠDDhasalsobeenerectedontheOldBuildingoftheUniversity,facing ++Pockelsstrasse[Ihavephotos.]Thereare``€+(’u€€bdZdA"€€Zd""" uZmmportraitsofGaussandDedekindintheForumBuildingoftheUniversity,adjacenttotheSenatemeetingroom"  tt[Gerke&Harborth,p.694givesphotos.Ihavephotos].Dedekindisburiedinafamilygraveinsection29ofthe" ¢ Hauptfriedhofin ZZHelmstedterStrassebeyondtheHauptbahnhofthereisaconvenientguideandmaptothe" þFriedhofattheentrance QQ[Gerke&Harborth,pp.663&692693692isaphotoofthegraveand693isa" ñ00diagramshowingwhoiswhere;Ihaveaphoto]. ;;[Gerke&Harborth,p.665]saythereisawritingtableof" rrDedekind'sintheLandesmuseum,butwhenIaskedaboutit,theattendantsdidnotknowofit,soitmaynotbeon" Þ exhibit." é'Dedekind'ssuccessorwasK.O. ))FRIEDRICHS,wholeftfortheUSAin1930." '::Braunschweigwasthehomeofthenotedpublishingfirmof Vieweguntilrecently.The Viewegbuildingis" «UUnowtheLandesmuseum.ThefamousBrunsvigacalculatorsweremadeinBraunschweigby Firma Grimme,"   Natalis& 22Co,laterBrunsviga,nowassimilatedintoOlympia 11AG.TheLandesmuseumhasanexhibitionofthese" TnnandothercalculatingmachinesincludingreplicasoftheSchickard,PascalandLeibnizmachinesandmodelsof" Ã>>someofLeibniz'sideas,includingadecimalbinaryconverter." , 'SeealsoWolfenbÓttel,below." Ø" â'\\HenryOLDENBURG(16191677),jointfirstSecretaryoftheRoyalSociety,wasborninBREMEN." Ø" 'ZZDIRICHLETwasprofessorattheUniversityofBRESLAU(nowWROCLAW,Poland)in1827-1829." "88EISENSTEINwasastudent,receivingadoctoratehonoris 33causainhisjunioryear[Fraenkel].KUMMERwasa" ^^professorin18421855anddevelopedhistheoryofidealshere.KRONECKERstudiedwithhim.  KIRCHHOFF" ATTwasprofessorofphysicsfrom1850to1854.LIPSCHITZwasProfessorin18621864. Ernst FlorensFriedrich``+(“· €$ dZdA"€€Zd""" EZiiCHLADNI(17561827)wasProfessorofPhysicswhenhedevelopedChladnifiguresc1800cfin7A2.He" 'mmcreatedexperimentalacousticsandisconsideredtheFatherofAcoustics.MoritzPASCH(18431930)wasborn" q  inBreslau." 'Adolf UUANDERSSEN(18181879)wasborninBreslauandbecameProfessorofMathematicsatthe" ö ggFriedrichsGymnasiumwherehestayedtherestofhislife.Hewas'WorldChessChampion'c18621866." Á  [Schonberg,pp.4951.]" )' STURMwasprofessorfrom1892. ==ConstantinCARATH³ODORY(18731950)wasprofessoratthenew" •##TechnischeHochschulein19101913  [Behnke]." 'IIMaxBORN(18821970)wasborninBreslau,NobelPrizeinPhysics,1954. ErnstSTEINITZ(18711928)" 011taughtattheTechnischeHochschulein19101920." 'AAThepaintedhalloftheUniversityincludesaportraitofEUCLID." Ø" L'The >>BROCKENinSachsenAnhaltisthehighestpeak(1142m)inthe !!HarzMountainsandisfamousfor" Jthe hh'BrockenSpectre',anopticaleffectofalowsuncastingone'sshadowintoacloud.Itwasoneofthe" tGGmountainsofGAUSS'sgeodetictriangle,cfbeginningofthisSection. (([Baister&Patrick,pp.171172]report" ÙWWthatthiswasamilitaryareaandhenceinaccessible,butthatin1990itwasreopened." Ø" 'At bbBURGHAUSEN,Bayern,isaclocktowerwithtwoclocksandtwosundials,becausethebuilderscould" C--notagreewhichwasmoreaccurate[[Ripley'sBelieveItorNot! )),8thseries;PocketBooks,1962,p.22]." Ø" ô' Casselisanolderspellingof Kassel,qvbelow." Ø" < ' Cologne(or CÑln)seeKÑln,below." Ø" d';;FriedrichOttoRudolfSTURM(18411919)wasProfessor'fÓr  darstellende und neuere Geometrie'atthe" ž^^TechnischeHochschule,DARMSTADT,Hessen,in18721878.RuthMOUFANG(1905-1977)wasbornin`P+(”Û€bdZdA"€€Zd""" ZDarmstadt.Paul ??WOLFSKEHL(18561908?)wasborninDarmstadt.Heleft100,000  DM(perhaps é1,000,000)" ‘nnasaprizeforaresolutionofFermat'sLastTheorem.Supposedlyhewasonthevergeofsuicide,havingbeen" pprejectedbyhisheart'sdesire,andbecamesowrappedupintheFermatproblemthatheforgotthemomenthehad" jjplannedtoshoothimselfandhiswilltolivereturned.See:[SimonSingh;Fermat'sLastTheoremandthe" € WolfskehlPrize;M500 \\159(Dec1997)78]forareportonthisandtwoothertheoriesforthetheprizefirst:" )pppuregratitudeforthecareerinmathematicswhichhehadtakenupwhenhediscoveredhehadmultiplesclerosis" rrandsecond:thathewantedtospitehiswife.Theeconomicdisastersof20CGermanyerodedthevalue,butithad" ÷WWrecoveredtoabouté30,000whentheprizewasawardedtoAndrewWileson27Jun1997." Ø" ²'<>DRANSFELD,Niedersachsen,about16kmSWofGÑttingen,isMt. Hohenhagen(or Hoher Hagen)" /rr(508m),oneofthepointsusedbyGAUSSinhisgeodeticworkseethebeginningofthisSection.Onitisthe" /  **Gaussturm,whichcontainsabustofGauss." Ø" 5'``DRESDENisthecapitalofSachsen(Saxony),whichwasawealthyindependentstate.Partofthe" q66monumentalcentreisaseriesofpavilionscalledDer ))Zwinger(TheKeep).Onepavilionisthe"  ssMathematisch-PhysikalischesSalonwhichcontainsasubstantialdisplayofglobes,telescopes,clocks,calculators," ©??automata,etc.ThereisaglobebyMercator,aglobeclockby //JostBÓrgi,anoriginalPascaladdingmachine,"  00ArithmometersofThomas(deColmar)(c1820)and ::BÓrkhardt(1878)andanumberofearlyclockworkautomataP+(•=€ÞdZdA"€€Zd""" ¥ Zincluding'TheDrummingBear'." ‹' Thenearby [[BrÓhlTerracehasacelebratedview.DIRICHLETrelatesthatwalkingalongitinspiredhis" {iiproofs,simplificationsandextensionsofGauss'sresultsonbiquadraticreciprocity.[Rowe,pp.18-20.]" ' OttoXavier ==SCHLÐMILCH(18231901)workedhere,foundingandeditingtheZeitschriftfÓr  Mathematik" ]  und Physik ." Ø" ' GerardusMERCATOR(= Gerhard --Kremer)(15121594)migratedtothecourtat DUISBURG,Nordrhein" ƒppWestfalen,in1552andremainedtherefortherestofhislife.Heproducedthemapbasedonhisprojectionin" ~vv1569.Thoughhewasnottheoriginatoroftheprojection,northefirsttouseit,hewasthefirsttoapplyittoa" X%%practicalnauticalchart.HisgreatAtlas 11appearedinthreeparts,in1585,1589and1595." Ø€+(–€bdZdA"€€Zd""" XZ'ccIntheGoetheMuseum,DÒSSELDORF,NordrheinWestfalen,iswhatisbelievedtobetheoldestextant" éMMboxofmagictricks,aChristmaspresentfromGoethetohisgrandsonin1830 [DetlefHoffmann& Margot" Ë  Dietrich; Karten zum Zaubern ; **HeimeranVerlag,Munich,1979,pp.2021]." q'$$FlorenceNIGHTINGALEstudiedatthe  Diakoniewerk %%KAISERWERTH(InstituteofProtestant" IDeaconesses), AlteLandstrasse,121,in JJKaiserwerth,anorthernsuburbofDÓsseldorf,abitNoftheairport,for" rrtwoweeksin1850andthreemonthsin1851.TheactualhospitalwheretheDeaconessesworkedstillstands;itis" Æthe  Altenheim Stammhaus,32 --KaiserwertherMarkt.atthecornerofAnSt.  Swidbert.Thelibraryhassome" ÈiimemorabiliaofNightingale.In1975,a410bedhospitalwasaddedtothecomplexandnamedtheFlorence" =ccNightingaleHospitalthereisabustofherinthelobby.[Pengelley&Pengelley,pp. 147148.]" û';;(Christian)FelixKLEIN(18491925)wasborninDÓsseldorf." Ø" ˜'%%HermannWEYL(18851985)wasbornin 22ELMSHORN,Prussia.TheonlyoneIcanfindisin" à Niedersachsen." Ø" F'TheUniversityof VVERFURT,ThÓringen,wasfoundedin1392,butclosedin1816.Itssitewasthepresent" 39 MichaelisStrasse. ,,[Baister&Patrick,pp.127,129].Ephraim Salomon ""UNGER(17891870)wasaDozentat" ÎlltheUniversity,butheandhisbrothersetuptheirownschoolofmathematicsin1820,whichbecameastate" „schoolin1834. ..Ungerisbestknownforanumberoftextbooks." Ø" q'ddGeorgeSimonOHM(1780(or1789or1787)1854,thephysicist,ofOhm'slaw)andhisbrotherMartin" ffOHM(17921872,amathematician)wereborninERLANGEN,Bayern,about20kmNofNÓrnberg.G.S.Ohmp+(—· €dZdA"€€Zd""" þ Z&&studiedattheUniversityofErlangen." ü'\\TheUniversityofErlangenstartedabout1800andsoonsupplantedthatinAltdorf,qvabove." )' Von ccSTAUDTwasProfessorattheUniversityuntil1867.Hediedandwasburiedhere,butthegravewas" lllatermovedtohisnativecityofRothenburg.HANKELwasProfessorin1867-1869.KLEINwasProfessorfrom" *&&1872,whenhepresentedhis'Erlanger DDProgramm':"AComparativeReviewofRecentResearchesinGeometry"," šVVuntil1875.LINDEMANNwasKlein'sstudent,receivinghisdoctoratein1873[Gupta]. EmanuelLASKER" YXXreceivedhisdoctorateherein1902,whilstbeingtheWorldChessChampionin18941921 [Schonberg,p.11]." }00MaxNOETHERwasProfessorherein18751921and ..EmmyNOETHER(18821935)wasbornandgrewup" [[here.SheenteredtheUniversityin1900.Shecompletedherdoctoratein1907underPaul GORDAN.[Perl,pp." ’  173174.]" 0 '""TIETZEwasprofessorin19191925." 'ZZKRULLwasatErlangenin19281939,developingtheKrulldimensionandKrullvaluations. Idealtheorie " c $$appearedin1935.[J. J. Gray (2).]" ž'22Seealso:Altdorf,NÓrnberg,bothinthisSection." Ø" '((MichaelSTIFEL(c14871567)wasbornat ;;ESSLINGEN,BadenWÓrttemberg,justEofStuttgart,andwas" vVVamonkattheAugustinianMonasterytherein1511,butlaterconvertedtoLutheranism." Ø" 'WWJohannesGUTENBERG(13981468)leftMainzandlivedinFRANKFURT(amMain),Hessen,in" Zqq1454-1457.Heprintedsomelettersofindulgence,acalendarandapapalbullthere.HereturnedtoMainz.In" 9--Frankfurt,thereisamonumenttoGutenberg,  Fustand SchÑfferinthe  Rossmarkt." œ'ZZJohannBenedictLISTING(18081882)wasbornatFrankfurt[Biggs,Lloyd&Wilson,p. 219]." 'bbOttoHAHN(18791968)wasborninFrankfurt,butseemstohaveleftasastudent.NobelPrizeinp+(˜Í€ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" ®ZkkChemistry,1944,forrecognizingnuclearfission.HonoraryCitizenin1959.TheOttoHahnfoundationwas" F establishedin1969." ]'bbArthurMoritzSCHOENFLIES(18531928)helpedfoundtheUniversityofFrankfurtin1914andtaught" nkkuntil1922.HegotBIEBERBACHappointedtoachairin1915.Bieberbachpublishedhisconjecturein1916," ’ZZthenwenttoBerlinin1921.CarlLudwigSIEGEL(18961981)wasprofessorin19221937." n'Max YYvonLAUE(1879-1960)wasattheUniversity,receivingtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1914." 'CorneliusLANCZOS (KornŽl ((L²nczos)taughthereintheearly1930s [IHHS,p.65]." 'ggMOUFANGwasastudentattheUniversityofFrankfurtin1925-1930,thenaPrivatdozentfrom1946anda"  Professorfrom1957." '$$Onthemainstreetofthesuburbof 22FrankfurtHÑchstisachronogramoveradoorway: LoCVs Iste DoMVs"    oratIonIs  VoCabItVr." Ñ'Seealso:BadHomburg, Goddelau,bothinthisSection." Ø" —',,LINDEMANNwasattheUniversityofFREIBURG (im ++Breisgau),BadenWÓrttemberg,from1877to" )LL1883,becomingProfessorin1879[Gupta].Itwasherethatheshowedthat''Ñistranscendental.Thereisabust." *'PaulDavidGustavdu 44BOISREYMOND(18311889)wasprofessorin18701874." 'hhWolfgangKRULL(18991971)wasastudentatFreiburganddidhisHabilitationThesisin1922.In1925," ÅUUheprovedtheKrullSchmidttheorem.HewenttoErlangenin1928.[J.J.Gray(2).]" Ì'>>TherearestatuesofArithmeticandGeometryontheCathedral." Ø" S' bbGEISA,ThÓringen,wasthebirthplaceofAthanasiusKIRCHER(16021680)andthereisamonumentto" <>ThereisabustofGaussintheUniversityLibrary.Seealso ,,Dransfeld,above.Ihaveapicturebookof" uTTGÑttingenshowingtheGaussWeberstatue,theSternwarteandtheToweratDransfeld." 'eeJohannBenedictLISTING(18081882)wasastudentofGaussfrom1829andgraduatedin1834.In1839" BBhereturnedasProfessorofMathematicalPhysicsandOptics.His  Vorstudien zur  Topologie of1847wasoneof" ânnthefirstsystematictreatisesonthesubjectandintroduceditsname.TheideaoftheMÑbiusbandoccursin" #ssListing'snotebooksfor1858,afewmonthsbeforeitappearsinMÑbius'snotes,butneitherpublishedtheideafor" Ummsomeyears.HisworkonopticsledtoanhonoraryMDfromTÓbingenin1877.HediedinGÑttingen.[Biggs,Pp+(œW€®dZdA"€€Zd""" ‘ ZLloyd&Wilson,p. 219.]" '^^PeterGustavLejeuneDIRICHLET(18051859)succeededGAUSSasProfessorin18551859.Moritz" bccAbrahamSTERN(18071894)wasaprofessor.BernhardRIEMANN(18261866)wasastudentunderGauss" /]]hereandDirichletinBerlin,doinghisthesiswithGaussherein1851andgivinghisfamous Habilitationsvortrag" -ppon'Thehypotheseswhichlieatthefoundationsofgeometry'in1853.HesucceededDirichletin1859,butcame" bttdownwithtuberculosisafewyearslateandspentmuchoftherestofhislifeinItaly,vainlyhopingforacure." ;ddAlfredCLEBSCH(1833-1872)succeededRiemannasProfessorfrom1868.LazarusFUCHS(18331902)was" Ÿ professorin18741875." N'``GÑttingenawardedthefirstdoctorateinmathematicstoawoman,SonyaKOVALEVSKAYA,in1874at" •kkWeierstrass'surging,andthefirstdoctoratetoawomanstudent,GraceCHISHOLM,seebelow[Perl,p.155]." 'hhRichardDEDEKINDwasherein18501858.HewasGauss'slastdoctoralstudent,receivingthisdegreein" ,pp1852.HeattendedthelecturesofRiemannandDirichlet.HesubmittedhisHabilitationsschriftinsummer1854" gnnandwasPrivatdozentfrom1854to1858.Duringthewintersemesterof18561857,hegavethefirstcoursein" 3jjGaloistheory,toonlytwostudentsonewasPaulBACHMANN(18371920).Hegaveasecondcourseinthe" ¥eefollowingwinter.However,thetextoftheselectureswasnotpublisheduntil1981.Dedekindlived 'bei dem"  stadtbekannten' BarbierVogelandthen 'im Hause  Deppe'on 66Papendiek.(I'mnotquitesureifthesearenamesof" uubuildingsorofproprietorsoflodgings??)[Gerke&Harborth,p.659,buttheygivethedateoftheGaloislectures"  66as18541855whichdoesnotagreewithothersources.]" X'gg(Christian)FelixKLEIN(18491925)wasastudentin18691871,doinghisHabilitationwithClebschinp+(TdZdA"€€Zd""" GZqq1871,thenDozentto1872.Hewasprofessorfrom1886until1913whenheretiredduetoillhealth.Itwashis" Éggadvancedviewsonfemaleeducationwhichledthegovernmenttoallowsomeforeignwomentoenrolasan" ZEEexperimentinc1893.GraceCHISHOLM(Young),MayWinstonandIsabel ""Maltbywerethenallowedtostart" ttattendingclassesabitlater.Chisholmreceivedherdoctorateon"Thealgebraicgroupsofsphericaltrigonometry""  magna cum laude  in1895. ==[Rothman.]KleinlivedatWilhelmWeberStrasse3[photoinMath. Intell.  6:2(1984)" tHH76].HilbertandKleindiedandareburiedinGÑttingen[Alexanderson]." C'Hermann Amandus GGSCHWARZ(18431921)succeededClebschasProfessorin18751892.Otto" ÜHÐLDER(18591937)andArthur BBSCHÐNFLIES(=Schoenflies)(18531928)werestudentsofSchwarz." ÑHÑlderwaslater Dozentin18861889. AASchÑnflieswasProfessorofAppliedMathematics(Geometrical)in" Jcc1892-1899.SchwarzwassucceededbyHeinrichWEBER(18421913)in18921895.DavidHILBERT(1862" gg1943)succeededWeberin1895,becomingEmeritusin1930.Hilberthad69doctoralstudents,including" &&BLUMENTHAL,DEHN,F. BERNSTEIN,WEYL, //SPEISER,HAAR,COURANT,HECKE,KNESER.Itwas" ŒggherethatHilbertpropoundedthegeneraltheoryofrelativityinNov1915,fivedaysbeforeEinstein's" 1``announcementinBerlin.HermannMINKOWSKI(18641909)cametoanewchairin1902,butdiedof" & appendicitisin1909." Ë'__Almostevery19Candearly20CGerman-speakingmathematicianstudiedorworkedforsometimeat" ffGÑttingen,includingthefollowing:MÐBIUS(1813-1814);DEDEKIND(1850-1858);HANKEL(1860-1861);" EEHEINE;LIE(1870);LINDEMANN;STUDY(c1890?);PAD³(18901891); FANO(postgraduateworkwith+(žY€dZdA"€€Zd""" ZKlein,18931894  [Giacardi& ((Roero,pp.173176]);TIETZE(c1900); !!DŽnesKÐNIG(c1904);BIEBERBACH" ÒWW(19061910);HELLY;ZERMELO;POLYA(c1910and/or1912-1913);H.LEVY(19121914);" rVVCARATH³ODORY(19021905);SKOLEM(visitingBERNSTEINin19151916);VANDERWAERDEN" hh(early1920s,Assistantin1927-1928);FELLER(1925-1926);CHURCH(19271928?);K. MAHLER(to1933);" $kkHEILBRONN(assistanttoLandauin19301933,butin1933hisDoctoratewasrejectedbecausehewasJewish," @<>MathematischesSeminar,butwenttoMcGillin1949.[Michael Pohst;InMemoriam:" HansZassenhaus(19121991);JournalofNumberTheory 47(1994)119.]" Ø" .'%%GottfriedWilhelmLEIBNIZ(sometimes 22Leibnitz)(16461716)cametoHANNOVER(Hanover)," ÆnnNiedersachsen,toservetheDukein1676asCourtLibrarianandremainedtillhisdeath.Heisburiedinthe" ß  NeustËdter 77Kirche(St.John),HANNOVER,underaplainslabmarked "Ossa Leibnitii".[PhotoinStein&" € ))Heinekamp,p.19.Ihaveaphoto.]The HHLeibnizuferisnearby,alongtheriver.Theonlyextantversionofhis" calculatorisinthe ##NiedersËchsischeLandesbibliothek, ;;Waterloostrasse8.Thecalculatorseemstobetheseventhp +(Š_€údZdA"€€Zd""" #Zwwandlastversion(cf[Archibald(2),p.88]),begunin1693.Unfortunately,itdoesn'twork[Cohen].Itisinasafe" JJandnotongeneralexhibit,butseriousvisitorscanapplytotheLeibniz ++ArchivortheLeibnizGesellschaftoffices" ""intheBibliothek.(See[Stein& LLHeinekamp,pp.104109,120126&140142]fordiagramsandphotos,somein" Jttcolour.)Leibniz'sNachlassishereandIsawthefirstusageoftheintegralsignin1675[reproducedinStein&"  ppHeinekamp,p.30]andsomeofhisearlyworkonbinaryandthemedalhemadeaboutit.Leibnizwasheadofthe" ² precursorofthislibrary." 'InitiallyLeibnizlivedinthe PPLeineschloss,butexpansionofthelibraryledtohismovingin1698toahouse" E99withHannover'smostnotablefacadeatthecornerofthe 55Kaiserstrasse.ThehousewasdestroyedinWorldWar" II.Thenameof aaKaiserstrassedoesnotappearincurrentmaps,soI'mnotevensurewhereitwas.Thehousewas" oobeautifullyrebuiltinthe1980sasanacademicguesthouseandoccasionallyopen(Sundayafternoons??)museum" Hinthe WWHolzmarkt,nottoofarfromwhereitwas.[Anon.,Countries,withaphoto.Lehmann& Remmert,p.37," Tphotoonp.38. 88Weimannhaspictures,includingonefrom1825.Stein& $$Heinekamp,p.76,reproducesanold" '77print.]ThereisareliefattheCityHall[Lehmann& ;;Remmert,p.23].ThereisaLeibnizTemplewithabustof" :Leibnizinthe !!Georgegarten[etchinginStein& BBHeinekamp,p.21].Rathersurprisingly,thereisamajorbiscuit" qqfirmnamedLeibnizandtheiradvertisementsarecommonandthebiscuitsareevenobtainableinEngland.Idon't" ttknowifthereisanyconnection.Ontheotherhand,thefignewton(anAmericanformoffigroll)isnamedforits"  %%nativetownofNewton,Massachusetts. 0+(§YdZdA"€€Zd""" AZ'bbWilliam(originallyFriedrichWilhelm)(17381822)andCaroline(17501848)HERSCHELwerebornin" 55Hannover,wheretheirfatherwasabandmasterinthe ;;HanoverianGuards.WilliamattendedtheGarrisonSchool." ‡VVAtage13or14,WilliamjoinedhisfatherandelderbrotherJacobinthebandofthe HanoverianFootGuards," qqplayingoboeandviolin.In1756,theregimentwasstationedatMaidstone,England.AfterreturningtoGermany" doolateintheyear,JacobandWilliamleftthearmyandwenttoEnglandin1757JacobreturnedtoHannoverin" Špp1759.CarolinewenttoBathtostudysingingwithherbrotherin1772.AfterWilliam'sdeath,shereturnedto00€+(šu€€dZdA"€€Zd""" mZ22HannoverinOct1823andlivedwiththeirbrother ??DietrichHerscheluntilhisdeaththreeyearslater.Hereshe" Q compiledherZoneCatalogue IIwhichreceivedtheGoldMedaloftheRASin1828.Sheisburiedinthe" Z nnGartenkirchof.Anotherbrother,Alexander,spentmanyyearsasassistantandmechanictoWilliamandretired" Ð backhere. ``[Thoday,item9.Arago,pp.258259,263264.P.Moore(2).F.Brown.Thelattertwodonot" B alwaysagreewithArago.]" 'eeWilhelmJORDAN(18421899)wasageodesistandprofessoratHannoverfrom1881.HeistheJordanof" hCCGaussJordanelimination,whichhepresentedinthe4thed.ofhis  Handbuchder Vermessungskunde  in1895." :' CarlDavid KKTolmŽRUNGE(18561927)wasprofessorin18861904.LINDEMANNwasbornin" zHannover[Gupta]. PPConstantinCARATH³ODORY(18731950)taughtattheTechnischeHochschuleherein"   19091910  [Behnke]." Ø" \'aaTheUniversityofHEIDELBERG,BadenWÓrttemberg,wasthefirstuniversityinGermany,foundedby" á  RupprechtIin1386(or1385)." m' XYLANDER(=Wilhelm @@HOLTZMANN)wasprofessorattheUniversityofHeidelberg,c1600." 1' aaHESSE(18111874)wasprofessorin18561868.HeinrichWEBER(18421913)wasborninHeidelberg" ammandstudiedattheLyceumandthentheUniversity,wherehecompletedhisdoctoralthesisin1866andbecame" 9ffPrivatdozent,thenAusserordentlicherProfessorin18691873.SonyaKOVALEVSKAYAwasthefirstwoman" 5??studentattheUniversityofHEIDELBERG,c1869.GustavRobert ''KIRCHHOFF(18241887)wasprofessorof" §WWphysicsfrom1850until1875heandhiscolleague,thegreatchemistRobertWilhelm Bunsen(18111899," monumentinthe 99FriedrichEbertPlatz),developedthespectroscopewhich $$Bunsenusedtodiscovercaesiumand00+(©] €bdZdA"€€Zd""" Zrubidium[H.P.H.Oliver;TheChemicalElements ::;ChemistryBackgroundBook,NuffieldFoundation,London," 4  1967,p.11]." à'__HELMHOLTZwasherefrom1858to1871,developinghisworkonopticsandstartingonacoustics," =producinghisSensationsofTone  .P.DU >>BOIS-REYMONDwashereheshouldnotbeconfusedwithE.du" + Bois ``Reymond,thephysiologist.LazarusFUCHS(18331902)wasprofessorfrom1875.MENDELEEVwasa" ccstudent.HILBERTstudiedforasemesterhere,c1880.MoritzCANTOR(18291920),themathematical" ×IIhistorian,norelationtothesettheorist,wasatHeidelberg[Fraenkel]." Ø" Ü'QQHEILBRONN,BadenWÓrttemberg,hasa16CRathauswithafamousastronomicalCLOCK" V[L.  ++Schmieder;TranslatedandadaptedbyL.de  Brangesde  Bourcia;%%AComprehensiveGuidetoHeidelberg" ItsCastleanditsEnvirons ;21sted.,Druckerei undVerlagDr. Johs. ((HÑrning,Heidelberg,nd[c1955],p.52]." $'aaRobertMAYER,thediscovererofthelawofconservationofenergy,wasborninHeilbronn[ibid.]." ì'Paul ==FINSLER(18941970)wasborninHEILBRONN,BadenWÓrttemberg." Ø" 'jjGeorgS.KLÒGEL(17391812),thefirstpersontosuggestthatperhapstheParallelPostulatecouldnotbe" 9ssproven(inhis1763doctoraldissertation,afterexamining28attemptstoprovetheParallelPostulateandfinding" 1&&themallwanting),wasaprofessorat  HELMSTÊDT [UnderwoodDudley;MathematicalCranks ;Math.Assoc." ê>>ofAmerica,Washington,DC,1992,pp.144-145;MorrisKline;%%MathematicalThoughtfromAncientto"  ModernTimes 33;OUP,NY,1972,pp.867-869].Thisisthemodern ""Helmstedt,Niedersachsen,eastof" ê  Braunschweig." Ž'44GAUSSdidhisdissertationhereunderPFAFFin1799 [Neuenschwander&  Burmann].0+(ª¿$ dZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" 'YYKarlMENNINGER(18981963),authorofmanypopularmathematicsbooksandthemagisterial  Zahlwort" 3 und Ziffer (NumberWordsandNumberSymbols ),wasaschoolteacherin HEPPENHEIM.Theonly" œ !!HeppenheiminmyGermanatlasis Heppenheimander  Bergstrasse,Hessen,about20km NNEofMannheim." k'Hermann Amandus  SCHWARZ(18431921)wasbornin HERMSDORF,Silesia,now Sobiecin,Poland." Ø"  '**WilhelmSCHICKARD(1592-1635)wasbornin ++HERRENBERG,BadenWÓrttemberg,30kmSWof" ©Stuttgart,andwenttothe ,,Lateinschulethere[vanFreytagLÑringhoff]." Ø" N'Hermann KKCËsarHannibalSCHUBERT(18481911)wasagymnasiumteacherinHILDESHEIM," f Niedersachsen,until1887." È'11AdolfHURWITZ(18591919)wasborninHildesheim." `'bbLudolphvanCEULEN's(1540-1610)monumentinLeiden,Netherlands,(cfinSection10)sayshecame" wfrom 55Hildeshim,butIdon'tknowifitisthisHildesheim." Ø" 'In ddHUNFIELD,thereisaschoolnamedforKonradZUSE(19101995),oneoftheearliestinventorsofthe" õIIcomputer,wholivednearby[Rochester&Gantz,p.40].Thisisprobably HÓnfeld,Hessen." Ø" 'ddTheUniversityofBavariawasfoundedinINGOLSTADT,Bayern,in1472,butmovedin1800toLandshut" ppandthenagainin1821(or1826)toMunich,Bayern,whereitisnowtheUniversityofMunich,qv.However,the" Æoriginalbuildingin ""Goldknopfgasseisnowusedbythe ++Hoheschule[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 146]." È'Petrus  APPIANUS(=  Bienewitzor **Bennewitz)(14951552)diedatIngolstadt." Ø" œ' Christoph ##RUDOLFF(c1500c1545)wasbornin JAUER,Silesia,now Jawor,Poland." Ø" ’'44MichaelSTIFEL(c14871567)diedinJENA,ThÓringen. +(«ã8dZdA"€€Zd""" 4Z'FFTheUniversitywasfoundedin1588(or1548).Itisnowknownasthe $$FriedrichSchillerUniversity.The" ‚&&originaluniversitybuildingsarethe  Collegium 44Jenese.LEIBNIZwashereatsometime,aswasHegel" /' $$J²nosAndr²s[=JohannAndreasvon] @@SEGNER(17041777)wasastudent,thenpractisedmedicine,then" w becameProfessor." É'&&KarlMARXreceivedhisdoctoratehere." ï' \\ErnstHAECKEL(18341919)wasProfessorofBiologyfrom1858andmadebeautifullysymmetric" ssdrawingsofmarinelife,e.g.radiolariaintheshapesofalltheregularpolyhedra,butthereissomedoubtasto" f $$whetherallofthesereallyexisted." F']]GottlobFriedrichLudwigFREGE(18481925)wasprofessorattheUniversityofJenafrom1879." 'Inthemid19C,Carl  ZEISSand Ernst GGABBE,bothattheUniversity,setupanopticalfactorybasedontheir" 7iidevelopmentsofthemicroscopeandithasbeenoneoftheworld'spremiersuppliersofopticalandother" ))instruments.ThereisanOpticalMuseum (OptischesMuseum)in CarlZeissPlatzanda1923 ZeissPlanetarium €+(¬€€ÊdZdA"€€Zd""" PZZZinthebotanicalgarden,theoldestworkingplanetariumintheworld,designedbyWalther Bauersfelt.Thiswas" {RRthefirstgeodesicdomeconstruction,butitwasthencoveredinaconcreteshell." Š ' [Baister&Patrick,p.144.]" Ø"  ' KaiserwerthseeDÓsseldorf." Ø" F'^^KARLSRUHE,BadenWÓrttemberg,hadGermany'sfirstSchoolofTechnology(TechnischeHochschule" 211??)in1825,whichhasnowbecometheUniversity." œ'__Thecitywaslaidoutin1715with32straightlinesradiatingfromthepalace[NigelPennick;Leylines ;" ­??Weidenfeld&Nicolson(Orion),1997,p.15,withillustration]." Z'Carl  Fridolin  Bernhard OOHIERHOLZER(18401871),thefirsttocarefullyprovethatagraphwithatmost" TVVtwooddverticeshasanEulerpath,wasastudentatKarlsruheandlaterassistantto LÓrothherein1870[Biggs," ‘ Lloyd&Wilson,p. 217]." 'ffWilhelmJORDAN(18421899)wasageodesistandprofessoratKarlsruhein18681881.HeistheJordan"  ofGaussJordanelimination." 'ggHeinrichRudolphHERTZ(18571894)wasastudentattheTechnicalHighSchool.HelaterwasProfessor" [dd(ofPhysiology??)in18851889whenhedemonstratedtheexistenceofelectromagneticwavesin1887" É[Ackermann,p.368]. ZZ[Storer,p.118]saysheobservedthatradiosignalswerereflectedbythepillarsinhis" ëpplaboratorythisistheultimateoriginofradar,seeSections:2E:NationalPhysicalLaboratory;3: Baird," ìWatsonWatt;6-A:Daventry, Seaview;8:Karlsruhe." Ø" f' KASCHAUsee  KosiceinSlovakia(Section10)." Ø" ¬' JostBÒRGI(1552-1632), %%co-inventoroflogarithms,workedat KASSEL(thenspelled Cassel)" QQObservatory,Hessen,in1590-1604and1612-1632.[ButseeArchibald(3),p.15.]+(­ bdZdA"€€Zd""" xZ'Inthe AstronomischesKabinettofthe @@HessischesLandesmuseumisareconstructionofLeibniz'sbinary" Hcalculator[Stein& ]]Heinekamp,p.120,hasaphoto].Therearenumerousotherglobes,clocks,etc.,includinga" žTTsmallastronomicalclockfromthelate16CwhichisbasedontheCopernicansystem[MGG  ,p.172]." ©'%%HelmutHASSE(18981979)wasbornin Kassel." Ø" ’' bbErnstSTEINITZ(18711928)wasprofessorattheUniversityofKIEL,SchleswigHolstein,from1920" fkkuntilhisdeathhere.HansWilhelmGEIGER(18821945)wasprofessorofphysicsin19251929.In1928,he" cffandacolleague,W.MÓller,improvedhis1908counterintowhatisproperlytheGeigerMÓllercounter [Sholl," ::p. 74]cfManchesterinSection6A.In1933,Rudolph 33KÒHNOLDdevelopedanearlyradarsystem,detecting" »iiaship550mawayandthen11kmaway.Heevendetectedanaircraftwhichunexpectedlyflewthroughhis" 2kkbeam.AlthoughtheGermangovernmentprovidedsupport,thisprojectseemsnottohavebeendevelopedmuch" ; further. ``[Storer,p.118.]SeeSections:2-E: NationalPhysicalLaboratory;3:Baird,WatsonWatt;6A:" „  Daventry, Seaview;8:Karlsruhe." Ø" ¶'((HansZASSENHAUS(19121991)wasbornin --KOBLENZMOSELWEISS,RheinlandPfalz,butthe" ñ))familymovedtoHamburgwhenhewasfour." Ø" à' 11ALBERTUSMAGNUS(1193(or1206)1280)andDUNS %%SCOTUS(c12651308)gavelecturesat" WKÐLN(= COLOGNEor ,,CÑln),NordrheinWestfalen,inthe1314C. Albertusretiredfromhis bishopricon" RiithegroundsthatitwastoowarliketoColognein1262.THOMASAQUINAScameheretostudywithhim." /LLHissarcophagusisinSt.Andrew's(St.Andreas),abitNWoftheCathedral (Dom)[MGG ,p.104].[Holmyard, +(®€dZdA"€€Zd"""  Z pp.111114.]" 'jjTheUniversitywasfoundedin1388,apparentlytheseconduniversityinGermany,afterHeidelberg(1386)," paabutitwascloseddownbytheFrenchoccupationin1798andnotreopeneduntil1919,whenKonrad  Adenauer"  wasmayorofthecity[MGG  ,p.98]." P'\\GeorgSimonOHM(17801854)wasProfessorofMathematicsattheJesuitCollegeherein1817." ä'Stefan **COHNVOSSENwasattheUniversityto1933." õ'The GermanoRomanMuseum 99(RÑmischGermanischesMuseum),adjacenttotheCathedral (Dom)" iidisplayssomeRomangamesandaPhilosophers'Mosaic,showingtheSevenSagesofGreece(oneofwhomwas" [  THALES)[MGG  ,p.100]." Ø" I' KÐNIGSBERG WW,ofthesevenbridges,wasthecapitalofEastPrussia,butisnowKALININGRADinthe" kkUSSR.MycolleagueJeremyWyndhamhasbecomeinterestedinthesevenbridgesandhasmadeinquirieswhich" ŒpphaveturnedupseveralmapsofKÑnigsbergandalistofallthebridgesandtheirdatesofconstruction(though" µoothereissomeambiguityaboutonebridge).Thefirstbridgewasbuiltin1286anduntiltheseventhbridgeof" "rr1542,anEulerpathwasalwayspossible.Nofurtherbridgewasbuiltuntilarailwaybridgein1865whichledL."  uuSaalschÓtztowriteaboutthisin1876andtocountthenumberofEulerpaths.Hegot192startingfromtheisland," rrbutIrecentlywroteaprogramtofindthenumberofpathsineachcaseanddiscoveredthatheomittedtwocases," ­qqleadingto16paths,andthereareactually208pathsstartingfromtheisland.In1905andlater,severalmore" -nnbridgeswereadded,reachingamaximumoftenbridgesin1926(with4512pathsfromtheisland),thenonewas" ttremovedin1933.Thenaroadbridgewasadded,butitissofaroutthatitdoesnotshowonanymapIhaveseen. `+(¯‰€ìdZdA"€€Zd""" ZnnBombingandfightingin19441945,especiallycarpetbombingbytheRAFinAug1944,apparentlydestroyedall" ttthebridgestheRussianshaverebuiltsixorsevenofthem.Ihavecomputedthenumberofpathsineachcase" â<'**WilhelmACKERMANNwasattheGymnasiumin ..LÒDENSCHEID,NordrheinWestfalen,about60km" h eastofDÓsseldorf." Ø" R'))RIEMANN(18261866)wasastudentatthe  Johanneumin ((LÒNEBURG,Niedersachsen[Ahrens,p.16]." Ø" '' 00LUTHERSTADTWITTENBERGseeWittenberg,below." Ø" 'Otto von WWGUERICKE(16021686),engineerandmayorofMAGDEBURG,SachsenAnhalt,carriedouthis" nnnfamousairpumpandvacuumexperimentshereinthe1640sand1650s.In1660,hedevisedthefirstelectrical" —oomachine,aballofsulphuronarotatingshaftwhichgeneratedanelectricchargeonadryhand.Hedescribed" theseexperimentsinhis ExperimentaNova (ut  Vocantur) Magdeburgicade Vacuo Spatio of1672.Thereisa" ?99monumenttohiminthefrontoftheTownHall(Rathaus)[MGG 22,p.189].Thereareexhibitsonhisworkinthe"  KulturhistorischesMuseum,  OttovonGuerickeStrasse6873 [Baister&Patrick,p.182].à@€+(ž€TdZdA"€€Zd""" iZ' AttheOtto von TTGuerickeTechnischeHochschuleinMagdeburgisasculpturegardenofmathematicians" 88andphysicists.AphotooftheARCHIMEDESstatueisin  [Pieper]." Ø'Lazare 88NicolasMargueriteCARNOT(17531823)diedinMagdeburg." Ø" '++MAINZ,RheinlandPfalz,waswhereJohannes 55Gensfleisch,knownasGUTENBERG(1398?1468)started" kkprinting,c1450,themeanswherebymathematicsandknowledgeingeneralhavebecomesowidespread.Hewas" \00borninavanishedhouseattheintersectionof Christofstrasseand 00Schusterstrasse.Duetopoliticalquarrels,he" çiiwasexiledinc1428andspent14301444inStrasbourg(qvinSection7B)wherehehaddevelopedallthe" éjjtechniquesandequipmentforprintingby1440,butnoexamplesofStrasbourgprintingareknown.Heleft" ÃllStrasbourgin1444,butnothingisknownofhimuntilhereappearsinMainzin1448andbeginssettingupa" t88printinghouse.In1450,heborrowedmoneyfromJohann 55Fust,whoforeclosedin1455,takingovertheentire" J++shopandtheemployees,particularlyPeter Schoeffer(or SchÑffer)whomarried ##Fust'sdaughter,sothatthefirst" ‚knownprintedbooksaBible of1456andaPsalter of1457werepublishedby Fust& Schoeffer,butitis" „ooclearthattheseworkswerewellinhandunderGutenberg.TheearliestknownEuropeanprintingisaletterof" zXXindulgence,printedherein1454or1455thereisanexampleintheBritishMuseum. ([Storer,p.16]asserts" ?hhthattheoldestknownprintingisafragmentofapoemandpartofanastronomicalcalendarproducedby" ÃRRGutenbergin1448,butgivesnofurtherdetails.)ThereisaGutenbergMuseumat Liebfrauenplatz5,witha" ãllreconstructionofhisprintshop,hisoriginalhandpressandaGutenbergBible.[Ackermann,pp.505506.@@+(¹©€dZdA"€€Zd""" ZssEastman,p.142.]ThereisastatueinGutenbergPlatz.Gutenbergstartedprintingwithwoodenblocks,beforehe" uudevelopedtheuseofmetaltype.Farfromrealisingtheimportanceoftheidea,theseearlyprinterssimplythought" elltheyhadawayofproducingimitationmanuscriptswhichcouldbesoldatmanuscriptprices!Gutenbergmade" some290typesforhisfamousBible CCinordertosimulatemanuscriptcharacters.Aboutthesametime,  Costarwas" )qqdoingmuchcruderprintingatHaarlem(qvunderNetherlandsinSection10),buthedidlittle,thoughonelegend" risthatoneof __Costar'sapprenticesranawaytoMainzandtoldGutenbergtheideas.In1454?1457,Gutenberg" ppwasinFrankfurt,seeabove,butreturnedtoMainzanddiedthere.By1500,some35,000bookshadbeenprinted." ^'llArchbishopBerthold,ElectorofMainz,enjoysthedistinctionoffirstestablishingacensorshipofprinted" ê booksin1486!" Ø" €'LLDenisPapin(1647c1712)wasprofessorattheUniversityofMARBURG(ander Lahn),Hessen,from" 1687." ¶'))TYNDALLdidhisPhDattheUniversityof 33MARBURGin18491851[Low,pp. 111-112].Heinrich" ü]]WEBERwasprofessorin18841892.HENSELwashere.DAVENPORTspentsometimehereinc1932" wdd[Rogers].HASSE(18981979)wasprofessorin19301934.REIDEMEISTER(18931971)wasprofessorin" \  19341955." ' Thereisa  Mathematisch Physikalischen 11InstitutatMarburgwhichcontainsaglobeclock (Globusuhr)with" Irrtheearliestknownexampleofagearsystemwithamobilegear(i.e.nothavingafixedaxis,generallycalledan" P &&epicyclicgear),builtabout1575for LandgrafWilhelmIVof Casselbyhisinstrumentmaker Baldewin[H.von"  qqBertele;Theoriginofthedifferentialgearanditsconnectionwithequationclocks;Trans.NewcomenSociety30@p+(º±€dZdA"€€Zd""" °Z(195557)145155andplates  XXXIXXXV]." Ø" ù' KEPLER(15711630)attendedthe ((KlosterschuleorProtestantSeminaryat MAULBRONN,Baden" 11WÓrttemberg,40kmNWofStuttgart,in15861589 [Boll,p.14;Eastman,p.148]." Ø" ¹'11FriedrichWilhelmBESSEL(1784-1846)wasbornin MINDEN,NordrheinWestfalen." Ø" "'WILLIAMOFOCKHAM(or ==OCCAM)(12851347)wasanadvisertotheHolyRomanEmperor," RLudwig IV,basedinMÒNCHEN(MUNICH) @@,Bayern,c1330,afterescapingfromimprisonmentforheresyat" ˆCCAvignon.Atsomepoint,hewasexcommunicated.HediedinMunich." 'NicholasKRATZER(1487?, LLfl.1523)camefromMunich,butdidmostofhisworkinEngland.Thereare" Ö &&portraitsofhimbyDÓrerandHolbein." •'The ]]ALTEPINAKOTHEK,Munich,containsseveralpaintingsofinterest.Mostnotableisthefamous" ss1500selfportraitofDÒRER.Thereareseveralotherfinepaintingsbyhim.ThePortraitofaMasterBuilder,by" vvtheMasteroftheLifeoftheVirgin,late15C,showshimholdingadividers.ThereisalsoadelaTourportraitof"  Mademoiselle eeFerrandmeditatingonNewtonIdon'trecallseeingthis,butacatalogueshowsherwithacopyof" ˜ the  Principia  behindher." )'??TheBayerischeAkademiederWissenschaftenwasfoundedin1759." i' Benjamin VVThompson,CountRUMFORD,waschiefadvisertotheKingofBavariaabout17841792and" All17961798,becomingalsoMinisterofWarandChiefofPolice.Amongotherthings,hehadthearmyroundup" ssallthebeggarsandputtheminworkhouses.Heexperimentedwithfoodforthempotatoandbarleysoupisstill" called ggRumfordsuppe.HealsoturnedamarshintotheEnglischerGarden,wherethereisaRumfordmemorialat" thesoutheastcorneranda ((Rumfordsaal.Thereisalsoastatueon !!Maximilianstrasseandthereisapà+(»Ç€TdZdA"€€Zd""" -Z rrRumfordstrassejustsouthofthecitywalls.ItwasinMunichthathemadeobservationsontheheatgeneratedin" FFboringcannon,leadingtohisassertionthatheatisaformofmotion." Ž'Joseph ZZvonFRAUNHOFERwasatMunichandwasthebestopticalglassmakerintheworld.In1802," nnWollastonhadobservedsomedarklinesinthesun'sspectrumbyrepeatingNewton'sspectrumexperimentwitha" #ppslitratherthanapinhole.In1815,Fraunhoferusedimprovedequipmenttofindmanymorelinesandrecognised" llthatdifferentelementsgavedifferentlines,therebyfoundingspectroscopy.Thedarklinesarenowcalled" bssFraunhoferlines.Healsodevisedthesplitlensviewerforhisheliometer.In1824,heproducedthefirstclock" ~//driventelescope.Thereisastatueofhimon Maximilianstrasse." Ø" *'The XXDEUTSCHESMUSEUMontheMuseuminselinMunichisthemainGermanmuseumforthehistory" “VVofscience,andperhapsthelargestoneintheworld.Itwasfoundedbytheengineer Oskar  vonMiller" ýii(1855-1934),in1903,withthecornerstonelaidin1906.TheactualMuseumopenedin1925,withfurther" Ámmbuildingscompletedinthefollowingyears.ThereisabustofvonMillerintheentrancehall.TheMuseum" ~pppioneeredthe'hands-on'approachtoscienceexhibits.[Danilov,pp. 19-20.]Therearesome16,000exhibits." The HHEhrensaal(HallofFame)onthefirstfloorhasportraitsandbustsof: ''AlbertusMagnus,Clausius,Copernicus," KDiesel,Einstein, ^^vonFraunhofer,Gauss(thesameportraitasinBraunschweigIdon'tknowwhichisacopy)," ë von ''Guericke,Gutenberg,Hahn,Heisenberg, <>observatory,usinginstrumentsofhisowndesign,assistedby  Bernhard &&Waltherthisseemstobethefirst" 9ssobservatoryinEurope.Heinstalledaprintingpressinhishousetoprinthisownandsimilarworkshewasthe" ïllfirstspecialistprinterofmathematicalandastronomicalworksandalsosoldinstruments.Heproducedhis" …  Kalendarium Novum ZZin1472.Asourcesayshepublishedthefirstalmanacin1474.SixtusIVcalledhimto" :qqRometoassistinreformingthecalendarinc1475andhediedoftheplaguethere.OneofhispupilswasMartin€ +(Ãe€údZdA"€€Zd""" -Z nnBEHAIM,navigatorandcartographer,whoproducedthefirstterrestrialglobein14911493whichpredictedthe" ß routeof  Vascoda **GamaaroundAfricasomesixyearslater. [Headlam(2)]evensays Behaimsuggestedto" ÑppMagellantheideaoftheStraitofMagellan,butIdon'tknowifthismeansthattheyactuallymetorjustthat" ' ppBehaim'sworkinfluencedMagellanthisinfluencecannothavebeenthroughthisglobeasitdoesnotshowthe" 0))NewWorld.Thereisan1890monumentto  Behaimin 22TheresienPlatzandhisglobeispreservedinthe Behaim" ¯House, DDŽgidenPlatz.AchandelierintheNationalMuseumwasdedicatedto Behaim'smemorybyhisson."  [Headlam(2),pp.59&282.]" ü'&&Astrikingclockwasinstalledinthe Lauferschlagturmin1478 [Headlam(2),p.132]." ('Inc1500,Peter  Henlein(or PPHele)ofNurembergissaidtohaveinventedthemainspring,oratleasttohave" d//usedittomakethefirstpocketwatchin1510 BB[Headlam(2),p.214]or1502,buttheearliestsurvivingwatches" Ôiiarefromc1540[F. A. B.Ward,p.27].Asaconsequence,thelocalwatchmakersdevelopedtheirowntime" ..systemandRegiomontanusmadetablesforit. DDHeadlamisnotveryclear,butitseemstheyused24hoursoffixed" ttlength,butstartingatsunset.Timeofyearwasdescribedbythetimeofdawn,e.g."Atthetimeofyearwhenthe" BBdaystrikes13."wouldseemtodenotesometimeinApril.However --Headlam'sdescriptionalsomayindicatethat" ïkktheyusedvariablelengthhourssotherewere12hoursofdayand12ofnight,whichinvolvesconsiderable" ’>>fiddlingofclocks.Thissystemremainedinuseuntil1806. [Headlam(2),p. 257-259]" '__AlbrechtDÒRER(1471-1528)wasbornanddiedinNuremberg.Hewasbornathisfather'shouse, €+(Ä_ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" GZ Winklerstrasse20 [Headlam(2),p.269](or Burgstrasse27 44[Headlam(2),pp.177&193]).Helaterboughtthe" „pphousefromhisbrotherandlivedthereuntil1509,butitislonggone.In14861490,hewasanapprenticeand" #((presumablylivedathismaster'shouse, **Burgstrasse21,alsogone.Hewasonhis Wanderjahrein14901494and" #rrvisitedSwitzerland.In15051507,DÓrerwenttoVenice,qvinSection9B,tolearnaboutperspectiveandheis" %%knowntohavestudiedwithJacopode BBBarbari.In1509,heboughtthehousenowcalledtheDÓrerHouse (DÓrer" Haus)onthecornerat 77AlbrechtDÓrerStrasse39,neartheoldNorthGate(or %%ThiergËrtnerthor)bytheCastle,and" òAAlivedthereuntilhisdeath.Adrawingofthehouseisgivenas --[Headlam(2),p.173].Thehouseistodaya" ¢>>museum.Aboutthesametime,heboughthisfather'shousein Burgstrassefromhisbrother [Headlam(2),p." KK193].AlbrechtDÓrerStrasserunsintoAlbrechtDÓrerPlatz,northofSt. ""Sebald'schurch,wherethereisa" Hmonumenttohim ]][Headlam(2),p.175].Heisburiedingrave649intheJohannesCemetery,totheNWofthe" XXtown,withabronzeplateonwhichishisfamousmonogramandthefollowinginscription." Ø" ] "JMe AlDu" › ": QuicquidAlberti Dureri Mortale"  "9  Fuit,sub hoc  conditur tumulo" ! "; Emigravit,VIII, idus Aprile,"  "HM.,D. xxviii." Ø" LThefirstlinerepresents MeisterAlbrecht  Durer.His##InstructionshowtousetheCompass appearedin1527," andhisProportionsoftheHumanFigure appearedafterhisdeath." Ø'KKOneofthemajordisplaysofDÓrer'sworkisintheGermanNationalMuseum (Germanisches"  Nationalmuseum), ^^Kornmarkt1[Eastman,p.137],thoughmostofhisworksweresoldbythecity'smerchants.€Ð+(Å€ZdZdA"€€Zd""" ZiiThisMuseumhasoneofthefewcopiesofKEPLER'stombstoneinscriptionseeunderRegensburg,below.Ðp€+(Æu€€údZdA"€€Zd""" UZOOGallery65isdevotedtoscientificinstruments,includingawatchfromc1510[MGG ,p.221].Italsohasafine" †nncollectionofearlyprintedbooks,includingsomeissuedbyRegiomontanusandfirsteditionsofDÓrer'sworks" Y eadlam(2),p.283285] 11[Headlam(2),pp.285]saysDÓrer'sdrawingpen  (Reissfeder)andRegiomontanus'" )rrastronomicalinstrumentsareinherealongwithotherscientificinstruments,oldweightsandmeasures,technical" e models,globes,earlytoys." 'TheMuseumcontains:anearly PietÁ ((,c1500;themuchdamagedandinferiorHerculeswiththe" Í StymphalianBirds //(returnedtothetownbyLudwigIofBavaria) ))[Headlam(2),pp.188.198&288];much" 122restoredportraitsofMaximilian,Charlemagneand  Sigismund ##[Headlam(2),pp.193194&288]; Descentfrom"  theCross ,knownasthe LLPelleraltarpiece(alsorestoredbyLudwigI,butperhapsnolongerhere??) [Headlam(2)," Š11p.198&288];fourfiguresattributedtoDÓrer @@[Headlam(2),p.281];DÓrer'sframeforapicturesoldtothe" LEmperor FF[Headlam(2),pp.193&281];anumberofwoodandcopperengravings [Headlam(2),pp.282283]" ]]andseveralcopiesofworks,includingfourApostleswiththeoriginalinscriptionsretained [Headlam(2),p.288]." & ll[Headlam(2),pp.196198]describeshowmostofDÓrer'sworksweresoldoff,manytoEmperorRudolph,with" 3<qqtakeaccountofthelatestscientificadvances",probablymeaningthatitwasconvertedtotheCopernicansystem." z'UUHansZASSENHAUS(19121991)taughtherein19341936,writingthefirstdraftofhis Lehrbuchder"    Gruppentheorie ." Ø" '  VonSTAUDTcamefromROTHENBURG (OBDER //TAUBER),Bayern,andhisdescendentsarestillp`+(з ÊdZdA"€€Zd""" Z))livingthere.Hediedandwasburiedin 00Erlangen,butthegravewasmovedtoRothenburg." Ø" ©' 11RUDOLSTADT,ThÓringen,wasthehomeofFriedrich ))AdolphRICHTERandwhereheproducedthe" IfamousRichterAnchor XX(Anker)Stonepuzzlesandbuildingsetsfrom1882.Theplantclosedin1964.In1995," ÿproductionrestartedat: ModellbausteinspieleGmbH; ,,Breitscheidstrasse103,D07407Rudolstadt;" ]00tel: 03672-31 1110;fax03672311129;email: modellbau@ankerstein.de;web:  www.ankerstein.de.Seealso" Ú MÓnchen: DeutschesMuseum,above; ..Schweina,below;andSection10:Netherlands: Alphen aanden Rijn." Ø" w'--[Biggs,Lloyd&Wilson,p. 221]sayHeinrich //FranzFriedrichTIETZE(18801964)wasbornin" ï ++SCHLEINZ,butIcan'tfindthisonmymaps." Ø" ±'##HermannHANKEL(18391873)diedat 99SCHRAMBERG,nearLeipzig.TheonlyoneIcanfindisin"  BadenWÓrttemberg." Ø" ' TTSCHULPFORTA,SachsenAnhalt,isaschoolinthecountrysouthwestofLeipzig,near Naumborg,where" llAugustFerdinandMÐBIUS(1790-1868)wasborn.Hisfatherwasadancingteacherthere.MÑbiusattendedthe"  schoolin1803-1809." Ø" '%%FriedrichWilhelmAugustFROEBEL(or AAFrÑbel)(17821852),theeducationalinnovator,wastheinventor" EnnofKindergartens,advocatedchildren'splayblocksandinspiredtheRichterAnchorStonePuzzles(cfMÓnchen:"  >>DeutschesMuseum,above)andMiltonBradley.Onhisgravein %%SCHWEINA,nearJena,ThÓringen,isa" ÞDDmonumentwithasphereonacylinderonacube,designedbyWilliam %%Middendorf.Thereisacopyofthis" 5monumentasamemorialnear  Marienthal. [WiebŽ; --WiebŽ(2)bothofwhichincludepictures.]" Ø" ’' ..ErnstEduardKUMMER(18101884??)wasbornin  SORAU(now ""ZARYinPoland).Heattendedthe`p+(с~ dZdA"€€Zd""" Z==gymnasiumthereandlatertaughtthereforayear.[Hensel.]" Ø" ' ++STAFFELSTEIN,Bayern,about20kmnorthof 77Bamburg,wasthebirthplaceofAdamRIESEandthereis" ? aplaqueintheTownHall [Berlet,p.VIII]." Ø" Ž'BBSTETTINwaspartofPrussia/Germanyfrom1720to1945.Itisnow SZCZECINinPoland.Hermann" hhGRASSMANN(18091877)wasbornanddiedhere.HisfatherwasProfessorofMathematicsattheGymnasium" 0::andthesonsucceededhim.Thereisa1994plaquetohim." Ø" b' bbSTRÊLSUND,MechlenburgVorpommern,has"probablytheoldestoriginal,stillrunning,astronomical" œclockinEurope" &&[Schukowskibuthegivesnodate!]." 'Inthelate19C, Ernst PPvonHASELBERGwastheCityArchitect.About1887,hediscoveredtheonlymagic" aWWhexagonandshoweditsuniqueness.HerestoredthefacadeoftheCityHall.[HansF. Bauch; Zum  magischen" NSachet von Ernstv.Haselberg; Wissenschaft undFortschritt 4440:9(1990)240242&acoversidewithaphotoof" û theCityHall.]" Ø" ˆ'11AlbertAbrahamMICHELSON(18521931)wasbornin  STRELNO,now STRZELNO,Poland,SWof" ù Torun." Ø" '^^GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHEGEL(17701831)wasborninSTUTTGART,BadenWÓrttemberg,wherehis" ÿhouse,atthecornerof Torstrasseand Eberhardstrasse,isamuseum." ç'AAOttoHÐLDER(18591937)wasborninSTUTTGART,BadenWÓrttemberg." ' Hegelstrasse, Hegelplatzand 11KeplerstrassearealladjacenttotheUniversity." {' Seealso:  Esslingen, Herrenberg,Leonberg, 44Maulbronn,TÓbingen,WeilderStadtinthisSection." Ø" Ÿ'OOKarlMARX(18181883),whodabbledinthefoundationsofcalculus,wasbornat BrÓckenstrasse10," ¥kkTRIER,RheinlandPfalz,wherethebirthhouseisamuseum.Heonlylivedhereforayear,whenthefamilyp0+(Òÿ€dZdA"€€Zd""" Z movedto ggSimeonstrasse8whereheliveduntil1835andstayedbrieflyin1841and1842.[Eastman,p.149,with" \ppphoto.][Eastman,pp.399400]lists12furtherresidencesinthreecountriesbeforehereachedLondonin1850." ) 'Seealso:Cues,above." Ø" '\\TheUniversityofTÒBINGEN,BadenWÓrttemberg,30kmSofStuttgart,wasfoundedin1477by" Œ --EberhardtheBearded,PrinceofWÓrttemberg[MGG  ,p.282].0p€+(Ó€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ±Z'BBTheRathaushasanastronomicalclocksaidtohavebeenmadebya  StÑffleror StÑflerin1511[MGG ," Ù p. 282]." 'ddMichaelMAESTLIN(15501631)wasProfessorofMathematicsandAstronomyattheUniversityuntilhis" ¶lldeath.HetaughtthePtolemaicsystembutseemstohaveprovidedtheCopernicantheorytothoseinterested." 1'bbWilhelmSCHICKARD(1592-1635)wasastudentattheUniversity,becomingMagisterin1611.Hewas" ¯lllaterProfessorofBiblicalLanguagesfrom1619,buthehadinterestsinmathematicsandastronomy,beinga" +eestudentandcolleagueofMaestlinandafriendofKepler(hedidcopperplateengravingsforKepler's  Harmonice" 9 Mundi aa).HesucceededMaestlinasProfessorofMathematicsandAstronomyin1631.Hebuiltthefirst" ppcalculatingmachinein1623,butitwasdestroyedinafireintheworkshopin1624.TheravagesoftheThirty" iiYears'WarpreventedhimfromaccomplishingmuchinhislateryearshehadtofleefromtheBattleof" _))TÓbingenin1631andaftertheBattleof EENÑrdlingenin1635.thetownwasoverrunbytroopsbringingaplaque" ttwhichkilledSchickardandhisentirefamily(excepthismotherwhowaskilledbyasoldier).In1935,sketchesof" HHhismachinewererecognisedamongthepapersofKeplerandSchickardby $$FranzHammer.DuetotheWar,this" î\\informationwasnotpublisheduntil1957.In19571960,theTÓbingenProfessorBrunoBaron von" mmFreytag-LÑringhoffwasabletomakeareconstructionofthemachine.Severalexampleshavenowbeenmade" ”DDsee:Section2B:ScienceMuseum;Section8:Braunschweig,Weilder $$Stadt;Section10:USA:NewYork" DMMHaydenPlanetarium.Thereisa1632portraitofSchickardintheUniversity GemËldesammlung[reproducedin" &Stein& Heinekamp,p.55,andin LLvonFreytagLÑringhoff].Thisshowshimholdingtheearliestknownexamplep`+(Ô©€bdZdA"€€Zd"""  Z--ofaCopernicanplanetarium(likeanorrery)." 'ddKEPLER(15711630)wasastudentofphilosophyandtheologyin1589(1588??)1594,becomingMagister" à in1591. XXLHUILIER(17501840)washerein17891795.C.G.NEUMANNwasprofessorin18651868." N' Lothar \\MEYER(18301895)wasprofessorofChemistryin1864whenheworkedouttheideaof'atomic" ²nnvolume'andobservedsomeperiodicityintheelementsandproducedaperiodictable,buthedidnotuseitto" ø55makepredictionsasMendeleevdidin1869[N.Coats;ThePeriodicTable ;ChemistryBackgroundBook," d ))NuffieldFoundation,London,1966,p.5]." 3'HEGELwasastudent.DU CCBOIS-REYMONDwasaprofessorin18741884.HANKELwasaprofessor" Whhin1869-1872.RUNGEwasaprofessor.HÐLDERwasastudentto1882andaprofessorin1889-1896.Hans" OggGEIGER(1882-1945)wasProfessorofPhysicsin19291936.KNOPPwasprofessorin19261950.Hewasa" @founderandtheeditorofMathematischeZeitschrift in19341954." Ø" a'eeTheCathedral(MÓnster)atULM,BadenWÓrttemberg,hasnotablecarvedchoirstallsfromthelate15C" íggwhichincludeaseriesofbustsofclassicalphilosophersandwriters,includingPYTHAGORASapparently" FFplayingalute.TheTownHall(Rathaus)hasanastronomicalclock.[MGG ,pp.284285.]" „'TheMuseumder StadtUlm(or EEUlmerMuseum)hastheoriginalstandardvolumevesselconstructedby" KEPLER(15711630),c1627 TT[Gerlach&List,p.34,withphotoonp.35].Helivedherein16261627[Eastman," Ù p.397]." ¿'PPJohannFAULHABER(15801635)taughtatUlm.Descartesvisitedhimherein1630." G'((AlbertEINSTEIN(18791955)wasbornat ??Bahnhofstrasse20,butlivedthereonlyforayear.Thehouse" hhperishedin1945.Therewasastreetnamedafterhimduring19221933andfrom1945.[Whitrow,p.1.`@+(Õ €ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" ‘ ZEastman,p.137.]" Ø" W'aaWEILDERSTADT,BadenWÓrttemberg,about20kmwestofStuttgart,wasthebirthplaceofJohannes" F++KEPLER(1571-1630).Thebirthplaceinthe BBMarktplatzwasturnedintoamuseumin1940attheinstigationof" theKeplerscholarMax IICaspar.However,[Eastman,pp.147148]saysthatthebirthhousewasat Keplergasse2," ppthatitburneddownin1648andthatthepresentbuildingdatesfromabout1648,butisprobablysimilartothe" Vmmprevioushouseonthesite.TherearesomemodelsdemonstratingKepler'slawsandthePtolemaic,Copernican" and HHBraheansystems,modelsofKepler'sstarpolyhedra,ofhissolarsystem  "Mysterium Cosmographicum"based" tLLontheregularsolids,ofhisvolumetricmeasurementsofwinecasks,ofhis Ulmer Messkessel(seeunderUlm," 'ooabove)andofSCHICKARD'scalculator.ThereisacopperplateengravingofGalileo.ThereisabustofKepler" oointhemuseumandamonumentwithalife-sizeseatedfigureinthemarketplace.Thepedestalofthemonument" ú55hassmallstatuesofCOPERNICUS,MichaelMAESTLIN[= ''MÊSTLIN](Kepler'steacher),BRAHEand" %;;BÒRGIandsomereliefsshowingepisodesofKepler'slife. 66[Caspar.Archibald(3),p.36.PostcardsfromA.E." U L.Davis. [[Gerlach&List.]Keplerlivedhereuntil1577whenhisfamilymovedtoLeonberg,qvabove." Ø" ¡' $$WETZLAR,Hessen,isthehomeofthe ==Leitzfirmofphotographicandopticalequipmentmakers,who" Þ$$introducedthe35mmcamerain1924[MGG  ,p.293]." Ø" m'&&GottlobFREGE(18481925)wasbornin WISMAR,MechlenburgVorpommern." Ø" I'aaTheUniversityofWITTENBERG,SachsenAnhalt,wasfoundedin1502.Luthercameherein1508and" 2nnbecameProfessorofTheologyin1512.On31Oct1517,hestartedtheReformationbynailinghis95Theseson@+(ÖÇ€®dZdA"€€Zd""" þ Zthedoorofthe Schlosskirche." 6'GeorgJoachimRHAETICUS[=  Rheticus= ::Retyk](1514-1576)wasprofessorofmathematicsfrom1537" ¬::[Sarton,p.36;Ahrens,p.34].In15391541,hewentto 44Frauenberg(qvinSection10:Poland)tostudywith" `FFCopernicus.HedescribedCopernicus'sworkinaletter,knownasthe NarratioPrima ,publishedinDantzigin" 1540.BRAHElivedin Melanchthon'shouseat >>Collegienstrasse60,in15981599[Sarton,p.66;Eastman,p." cii115].In1817,theUniversitywascombinedwiththatinHalle.ThecityisnowalsocalledLutherstadt" O  Wittenberg." Š' Ernst [[FlorensFriedrichCHLADNI(17561827)camefromWittenbergandwasProfessorofPhysicsat" p Breslau,qvabove." Ø" '``WOLFENBÒTTEL,Niedersachsen,12kmSofBraunschweig,wastheseatoftheDukesofBraunschweig" and MMLÓneburgfromthe15Cuntil1753.DukeAugustustheYoungfoundedalibrary (HerzogAugustBibliothek)" ÆYYherein1572whichwasthelargestandmostimportantlibraryinEuropeduringthe17C. GottholdEphraim"  ooLessing,thenotedGermanwriter,waslibrarianherein17701781anddiscoveredtheGreektextofArchimedes'" 22famousCattleProblem,whichhepublishedin1773." Ø" Ê'88TheUniversityofWÒRZBURG,Bayern,wasfoundedin1582." Ÿ'::AthanasiusKIRCHER(16021680)wasatWÓrzburginthe17C." ¬'++GasparSCHOTT(16081666)diedatWÓrzburg.€+(×u€TdZdA"€€Zd""" 2Z'Wilhelm 66ConradRÐNTGEN(18451923)followedhismentorAugust ""Kundtandbecamewasassistantat" ŸkktheUniversityofWÓrzburgin1872(or1871)butwasnotofferedapost.HethenworkedatStrasbourgand" FFGiessen,butreturnedin1888asProfessorofPhysicsandHeadofthe  Physikal Institut,thenRectorofthe" iiUniversityin1894.TherehediscoveredXraysontheeveningofFriday8Nov1895'atalatehourwhen" Rqqassistantswerenolongertobefoundinthelaboratory'.Heinvestigatedthephenomenoninsecret,takinganX" Z;;rayofhiswife'shand,andfirstannounceditinapaper, "Ein neue Art ((vonStrahlen",totheWÓrzburgPhysical" mmmMedicalSocietyon28Decanditappearedintheir1895proceedings.ByJanuaryhewasfamous.Inthenext" gmmyearsome50booksand1000papersappearedonthesubject!Ajournaldevotedtothesubjectwasfoundedin" 0jjMay1896.Thetechniquesofbariummealsandenemasweredevelopedin1896.HeleftWÓrzburgforMunich" ­ooin1900,shortlybeforereceivingthefirstNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1901.Hedonatedtheprizemoneytothe" ``UniversityofWÓrzburg.[Bowers.Darius,p.4849.Pengelley&Pengelley,pp.155157.]The  Physikal  Institut" Risat jjRÑntgenring8bandhasaplaqueontheoutside.RÑntgen'slaboratoryisnowamodernphysicslaboratory," butthe iiInstituthasthreedisplaycasesofmemorabilia,includingtheXrayofhiswife'shand,hisNobelPrize" oocertificateandacommendationfromtheGermanPhysicsSociety,signedbyEinsteinandPlanck.Alectureroom" HaathatRÑntgenusedispreservedmoreorlessasinhisday.[Pengelley&Pengelley,pp.158159.]" ¶'DDThereisacopyoftheFreiburgbustofLINDEMANNattheUniversity." u ' Seealso Ochsenfurt,above." Ø`+(Ø©xZdA"€€Zd""" ØZx" ê'9.MONUMENTSINITALY. " Ø" '9-A.1FIRENZE(FLORENCE) ,Toscana(Tuscany)." Ø" Ÿ '9A1.1GALILEO. " Ød" 'jjInFlorence,GALILEO(1564-1642)isvirtuallyanindustry.Unfortunatelythereisconsiderableconfusion" ddaboutsomedatesandeventsinhislifeduetoinaccurateearlyaccountsofhislifebyVivianiand Gerardinisee" Znn[Segre]foradiscussionofsomepoints.HelivedwithhisfamilysomewherenearS.Crocefromabout1575to" hh1589,thoughhespentsometimeabout1579asanoviceatthemonasteryofVALLOMBROSAabout33kmeast" €ooofFlorence.In15811584,hewasastudentatPisaandthenProfessorfrom1589(or1585)until1591.After" SSleavingPisa,hereturnedtoFlorencein1592,beforegoingtoPaduafor15921610." '__During16051606(orsummer1605),hewastutortoCosimode'Medici,eldestsonofGrandDuke" v aaFerdinandoI,whowaslaterGrandDukeCosimoII,attheMedicivillanearthepresentdayVilla  Demidoffin" Ò 77PRATOLINO,12.5kmnorthofFlorence[Macadam,p.234]." •'bbHereturnedtoFlorencefromPaduainaboutSeptember1610asMathematiciantotheGrandDukeand" ]]stayedwithvariousfriendsuntil1617[Bonelli(1),pp.5-7].In1610-1613,hewasatDuke Filippo Salviati'svilla" 'Le %%Selve',whichstill(1957)standsat LLSigna,inthesouthwestsuburbsofFlorence[Bonelli(1)hasaphotofacing" jjp. 15;Scandonehasphotosonpp.2223].ItwasprobablyherethathediscoveredthephasesofVenusin" nnOct/Dec1610(though[Andrade(2)saysthisoccurredjustafterhisappointmentinsummer1610,whenhemight" TkkhavestillbeenatPadua)andsunspotsinearly1611(usinga'pinholecamera'orusinghistelescopeasa" Dooprojector).PtolemyhadalreadynotedthatinhissystemVenuscouldnevershowmorethanhalfanilluminated``+(Ù¿€TdZdA"€€Zd""" <Zqqsurface,whereasCopernicus'stheoryimpliedthatitwouldhaveacompletesetofphases.Thelackofthesehad" ttbeenraisedasanobjectiontoCopernicus,butGalileosoonsawthatVenusdidhaveafullsystemofphasesthis" žnnwasthefirstobservationalverificationoftheCopernicansystem.Sunspotshadbeenobservedbytheancient" ChineseandbyHarriotand XXFabricusintheprevioustwoyears.Galileonotedthattheyshowedtherotationofthe" Qsun." 'In1612,heproducedhis  Discorso...  intornoall cose che  stannoin su l'aqua  ,atreatiseonfloatingbodies." ‡'jj[Eastman,p.336]sayshelivedat19ViadellaCostadiSanGiorgiowithhismistressandchildrenuntil" 1617." '..Helivedfrom1617to1631attheVilladell' Ombrellinoin **Bellosguardo,abitsouthwestofthecity" %..[Baedeker,p.552;Fahie,pp.156-157&plate ??XLIV,opp.p.157].GASSENDIvisitedhimherein1620[Fahie," Lwwp.33].Thiswasrestoredasa'tradecentre'in1988.Thereisaplaquebesidethegatetothevillarecordingthat"  Galileoand Ugo ccFoscolo(anotedItalianpoet)livedhereandthatthereweremanyotherdistinguishedvisitorsor" bresidentsincludingJames FenimoreCooper, Hawthorne,the Brownings,HenryJames,Hans von  Bulow,Clara" ±!!Schumann,NIGHTINGALEandViolet EETrefusis(to1973).Thereseemstobenoobjectiontoone'swalking" UeethroughthegateanduptothevillawheretherearelargememorialbustsandplaquestoGalileoand  Foscoloon" \\thesideofthehousefacingaterracewithwonderfulviewsoverFlorence.(Ihavephotos.)" —'aaHelivedfrom1631tohisdeathon8Jan1642,virtuallyunderhousearrestafter1633,inVilla  Gioiello" rr[nowVillaGalileo](bustandinscriptionfacingthestreetandinscriptionoverthedoorfromthecourtyardI`+(Ú€ dZdA"€€Zd""" ZKKhavephotos,buttheexteriorinscriptionisnotlegible),No.42,Viadel ,,Piande'Giullariinthesouthernsuburbof" ¹ Piande'Giullari(orPiano XXdeiGiullari).(ThelocationisoftencalledArcetri,butArcetriisactuallythenext" ªGGhill/village,aboutamiletothenorth.)[Fahie,pp.158-160&plate **XLV,opp.p.160.PhotosinBonelli(1);" llScandone,pp.38&40;P.Moore(4),p.11.]Itissometimessaidthathecameheretobeclosetohistwo" ¢daughters,MariaCelesteand 66Arcangela,whowerenunsinthenearbyConventofSan Matteo.Hepublished" u  Dialogo...  sopraidue Massime  Sistemidel Mondo  Tolemaicoe  Copernicano (Dialogueconcerningthe" ëTwoChiefWorldSystems 66)in1632,leadingtohistrialin1633.Heproduced  Discorsie Dimostrazione" ¢  Matematiche intornoÁdue Nuove Scienze (%%DialoguesConcerningTwoNewSciences )herein1636and" „##smuggleditoutforpublicationat LLLeydenin1638.Thetwonewsciencesarethestrengthofmaterialsandthe" Œ44dynamicsofaparticle.In1637,hediscoveredthe 99librationofthemoon.About16371641,heinventedthe" ÇllpendulumclockandhissonVincenziomadeastartatbuildingone[Miniatietal.,pp.60&189190;p.189" wkkshowsa1658drawingbyVivianifromVincenzio'sdescription],butitwassomeyearsbeforeanexamplewas" vkkcompletedprobablybyHuygensin1657(cfunderNetherlandsinSection10).By1638,hewascompletely" Pblind. ``VincenzoVIVIANI(16221703)washisamanuensishere,livinginthehousefrom1639,andHOBBES" llvisitedGalileohere.Miltonvisitedhimin1638andlookedthroughthetelescope,leadingtohislinesin Paradise" —Lost --,BookI(thoughthegeographyisabitoff).€+(Û³ÂdZdA"€€Zd""" ŽZ',1...Likethemoon,whoseorb" ©',Throughopticglassthe Tuscanartistviews" !',At ev'ning,fromthetopof  Fesole[sic!]" „',Orin Valdarno,todescrynewlands," ',((Riversormountainsinherspottyglobe.€p€+(Üu€TdZdA"€€Zd""" IZ&&Miltonalsomentionshisvisitinhis  Areopagitica ." ¥' bbEvangelistaTORRICELLI(16081647)cametoassisthiminlate1641,butGalileodiedafewmonths" eqqlater.Thehousehasbeenrecentlyboughtbythestateandisbeingrestored(alreadyin1985[Eastman,p.337]" Khhandstillgoingonin1994,buttheworkhasbeensuspendedduetomoreimportantneeds)forusebythe" nFFObservatory.IamgratefultotheObservatoryDirector,Prof.Franco ++Pancini,forpermissiontovisitthehouse" ‘andtohissecretary,Fern  Bongiani NN(sp??)forshowingmearounditinSep1994.Itisnotinastateforcasual" xxvisitorsthereareseverallargeholesinthegroundandseveralricketysteps.Seriousvisitorscanbeadmitted" ÆppaskattheObservatory(seebelow),butitisadvisabletowriteortelephoneinadvance,whiletherestoration" ‡  continues." m'66NearbyinArcetri(?)istheTorredelGallo(orTorre ..alGallo),oftensaidtohavebeenusedasan" jjobservatorybyGalileo,thoughthereisnofirmevidenceforthis.TheTorredatesfromperhapsthe9C. Gustavo" þ GGGallettiboughttheTorrein1846anditpassedtohissonCountPaolo $$Gallettiin1876.TheCountmadea" ojjcollectionofdocuments,paintings,etc.relatingtoGalileoandFlorenceintheTorre,buttheTorrewas" qqreconstructedin19041906andthecollectionseemstohavebeendispersed[Fahie,pp.30-31].Thegroundfloor" BBincludedSustermans'portraitofGalileo,aportraitofaGalileo 22Galileiwhowasanancestorofourmaninthemid" Ê15C,aportraitofAlessandro NNGalilei(seeunderSantaCroce,below,andRomeinSection9B),adossierof" LFFunpublisheddocumentsfrom15881592.ThesecondfloorhadtheMuseo ''Galileiano,includingbusts,portraits" Attandletters,etc.ofGalileoandthoseconnectedtohim.EspeciallynotablewereatelescopeattributedtoGalileop+(Ý©€ dZdA"€€Zd""" ?ZwwandtheletterfromtheInquisitiontoannouncetheresultofthetrialof22Jun1633,thedraftsoftheinscriptions" vvonViviani'shouseassubmittedforapprobation,portraitsofVivianiandTorricelli,Viviani'swill.Therewasalso" >OOamicroscopeattributedtoGalileo,withthesignatureofhisrelativeAntonio ##Galilei,butweknowGalileonever" JJreallypursuedmicroscopy.Thedescriptionofthecollectionisgivenin [CesaredaPrato; LaTorre  alGalloe il" w  suoPanorama ;  Estratto dal  giornale  fiorentinoLa Vedetta ; Tipi dei successoriLe Monnier,Firenze,1891].A" RRphotoofthecollectionisgivenin[W.AlfredParr;Galileo'stoweratFlorence; Knowledge 22(Jul1899)157].(A" aLLMay1900articlebyParrnotesthattheTorreisstillownedbyCountPaolo %%Galletti.)TheTorreseemstobein" ƒppprivateownership,butiscurrently(1991&1994,seeabove)beingrestoredbythestate.Itmayeventuallybe" #open." 'TheObservatoryofArcetri (Osservatorio  AstrofisicodiArcetri"Giorgio &&Abetti")isnearby.Itisanational" uuresearchcentrelocatedwithintheInstituteofPhysicscomplexwhoseentranceisatthebottomoftheothersideof" ÂoothehillatLargoFERMI5.TheObservatoryisonaheightwithasplendidview.Itoriginatedaspartofthe" ðkkmuseum/instituteLaSpecola(seebelow)andthushaslinksbacktothetimeofGalileo,thoughthepresent" qqcomplexwasonlybuiltin18691872.IthassomeGalilaeana[Fahie,p.37].[Scandone,p.57]showsapainting" ìmmofGalileodictatingtoVivianilocatedattheObservatory,butthismaynowbeintheMuseodiStoriadella" MwwScienza[Miniatietal.,p.62],thoughIdidn'tnoticeitin1991.PiazzaleGalileo,VialeGalileo,VialeTorricelliP+(ÞI€TdZdA"€€Zd"""  Z%%andViaVivianiareinthesamearea." §'ggGalileoboughthisnaturalsonVincenzioahouseatNo.11CostaS.Giorgio(formerlycalledViadella" &&Costa)in1629[Fahie,p.160&plate DDXLVI,opp.p.161].In1634,Galileoboughttheadjacenthouseand" `ppVincenziomovedintotheremodelledbuildinginabout1636.Galileostayedinthishouseonhisvisitstotown" iiandforabriefperiodin1638-1639,whentwoDutchmerchantsbroughtaletterandagoldchainfromthe" ŠnnStates-GeneralofHollandasthanksforhis1637(or1616?)proposaltousethemoonsofJupitertodetermine" rrlongitude[Fahie,pp.93-95].[Bonelli(1),pp.10,21,23-24,withsomephotos.]Thehouseisnownumbered17," „kk19and21andhasacommemorativemuralandplaques[photoinScandone,p.24andIhaveaphoto].[Hare," GGp. 211]assertsthatthegardenofthishousehasasundialofGalileo." ž'WWGalileo'stwonaturaldaughtersbecamenunsatSanMatteoinArcetri[Scandone,p.56]." ;'kkBecauseofPapalobjections,Galileo'sbodywasconcealedin(oradjacentto)theChapelofNovices(later" &mmintheMediciChapel??)inSANTACROCE.([Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 164]sayitwasinthechurchyard.)In" urr1674,aninscriptionwasputoverthetomb[Bonelli(1)hasaphotoofthissite].Galileo'slastpupil,VIVIANI" Åkk(16221703),leftmoneyforamonument.In1737,Galileo'sremainsweretranslatedtotheNorthAisleand" rrVivianiwasinterredbesidehim(seebelow)[Bonelli(1),p.26].Alargemonument,includingabustandstatues" JnnofGeometryandAstronomywaserected[Fahie,pp.142143;Ihavephotos].Duringthetranslation,somebits" àoowereremovedasrelics,includingatleastbothindexfingers(sic,butthebonesintheMuseodiStoriadella" wppScienzaarethemiddlefingeroftherighthand),therightthumbandavertebra[Fahie,pp.128&149].[DaveP +(ߝ€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ^ZDutton;Horrors JJ;Futura,London,1989,p.136]statesthatthreefingersweretakenbya Gori.Inthemiddleof" @@thenaveinfrontofthetombisatombslabofanotherGalileo 44Galilei,a15CFlorentinephysicianandancestorof" jAAthescientist[Macadam,p.175].Thereisalsoamonumenttoan Alexandro(Alessandro) Galilei(16911737)," ] 'mathematicoet  architecto clarissimo'inthe EEBardiChapelattheendofthenorthtransept(Ihaveaphoto).(He"  designed jjCastletownHouseinCo.Kildare,Ireland,in17221732(seeSection6E2),thealtaroftheCathedralin" * ppCortonaandthefacadeofSanGiovanniLateranoinRome.)In1994,IcouldfindnotraceofVivianiandoneof" Uuuthepriestscouldnotfindhimlistedintheircatalogueofgraves.[Hare,p.86]indicatesthatVivianiwasburied" ]qqnearGalileointheMediciChapel.HissonVincenziolivedintheCostaS.Giorgiohouseuntilhisdeathandis" ˜ buriedinS. LuciainViade' 33Bardi,belowCostaS.Giorgio[Bonelli(1),p. 27]." ]'KKGalileo'scondemnationbytheInquisitionwasofficiallycancelledin1992." Ø" 2'BBTherewasacopyofthePisastatueofGALILEOintheentranceof  Fratelli Alinari,ViaNazionale[Fahie," p.132],now15Largo bbAlinari,butIdidn'tseeitonaquickvisitin1991andatelephonecallgotaresponsethatit" 8 wasnolongerthere." o'SUSTERMANS'houseinPiazza degli @@Unganelli,nearArcetri,hasaplaquecommemoratinghimas'the" >mmpainterfromlifeoftheportraitoftherenownedGALILEO'andcommandsasuperbviewofFlorence[Fahie,p." 35,misspellsitas KKUganelli;Ihaveaphoto].Theplaqueseemstospelltheartist'snameas Subtermans,butitmay" dbeaorthecarverhas miscarvedtheasab. °+(àñ„dZdA"€€Zd""" ³Z'<>thermosocope[photosinMiniatietal.,p.61;Bonelli (2)])," ppawaterpump,twomicroscopessometimessaidtobemadebyGalileohimself,anastrolabeof1584,attributedto" ùooEgnazioDante,thatwasusedbyhim[photosinMiniatietal.,p.45;Bonelli(2)].Therearealsoachair,a" Mqqtelescopestandandthefeetofabedwhicharesupposedtohavebelongedtohim[photosinBonelli (2)].FahieP €+(æu€€dZdA"€€Zd""" \Ztt[p.141]quotesaletterreferringtothedeathmaskofGalileo'intheFlorentineMuseum',butthereisnofurther" *yyreferencetoitanditisnotmentionedin[Miniatietal.].Whereisit??MarioVelucchiwritesthatitisnotatthe" qqDomusGalilaeanainPisa.OnesourceclaimsthattheMuseohassomeoftheTorricelli/Vivianibarometers,butI" }\\don'tfindthisinMiniatietal.,perhapsitisaconfusionwiththehygrometers,below." Ž',""TheMuseumalsohasthefollowing." ã'aaHygrometersbyVIVIANI(16221703),whowasamajordeveloperofthisinstrument[Miniatietal," nnpp. 168171],andanumberofhiscompassesandinstruments,includingamicroscopeoneofthosesometimes" Ì>>claimedtobemadebyGalileo[Miniatietal.,pp.109&120]." å'UUAcompasssetsupposedtohavebelongedtoMichelangelo[Miniatietal.,pp.1617]." û'aaLensesandatelescopebyTORRICELLI(16081647),fromthe1640s[photoinMiniatietal,p.75]." –'``Thelarge'burningglass'giventoCosimoIIIandusedbyDAVYandFARADAYtoburnadiamondin" m331814[Miniatietal.,p.182withphotoonp.183]."  'Sundialsonvariouspolyhedra." y'ggSomemechanicaldemonstrationsforfallingbodies:inclinedplane,brachistochroneandthetautochrone" Ï propertyofthecycloid." ='CCTwoversionsofSamuelMORLAND'scalculatingmachine(1664&1670)." æ'FFAnautomatonwritinghandfrom1764[photoinMiniatietal.,p.221]." )'ooVariousportraitsgenerallycopies(e.g.Holbein'sportraitofKratzerandSustermans'portraitofGalileo)." ¶'99TheearliestIslamiccelestialglobe,fromValencia,478  AH=1085AD." 7 'Afinelibrary." & '%%Aroomonthehistoryofcartography." Ø" D'bbTheclockofthePALAZZOVECCHIOwasinstalledwith(ormodifiedto)apendulumin1667underthe P+(çk dZdA"€€Zd""" ªZ^^directionofViviani[Miniatietal.,p. 191].TheDressingRoomisdecoratedwith16Cmaps[MGG ]." Ø" 'ffThebasilicaofSANTACROCEcontainstombsandmemorialsofmanydistinguishedItalians.Forus,the" ‘ppmostnotableisthetombofGALILEO(1564-1642),justtotheleftoftheentrance.Itisflankedbystatuesof" BooAstronomyandGeometry.Beforeburialhere,thebodywasinasacristyoftheMediciChapel,atthesouthend" ttofthetransept.ItisusuallysaidthiswasbecausetheChurchwouldnotpermitapublicburialandmonument,but" ssaguidebooktoSantaCroceassertsthiswas"forotherreasons,mainlyfinancial".Thechurchalsohasthetombs" [[ofLeonBattistaALBERTI(whoseasheswerebroughtfromRomeandputinthefamilyvault), Eugenio  Barsanti" âPP(18211864,inventorofaninternalcombustionengine),Ghiberti,Michelangelo, Rossiniandmemorialsto" â NNCherubini,Dante,FERMI,Machiavelli,MARCONI,Raphael,PaoloTOSCANELLI(del Pozzo),Amerigo" VESPUCCI,DaVINCI. [GustavoCocci;//SantaCroceTempleofthe"GloriesofItaly" ; Bonechi,Florence," llnd[1980s?].DeborahSingmaster,personalcommunication,1998.]VIVIANI(1622-1703),qvinSections9A1" O ++&2,issupposedtobeburiednearGalileo." 'ppOnthesouthsideofthechurchareitscloisters.InoneoftheroomsoftheMinorRefectory,abranchofthe" šInquisitioncondemned Cecco NND'ASCOLItodeath[Hare,pp.8990].LucaPaciolilivedinthemonasteryfor" 5 muchof14991506." Ø" '__TheupperpartofthefacadeofSANTAMARIANOVELLAwasdesignedbyALBERTIin1458.Ithasa" l44meridianandaquadranterectedin1572and1574by  Egnazio(or  Ignazio) DANTI(15361586),Court" ¡VVAstronomertoCosimoI.[Miniatietal.,p.39]saysthechurchalsohasagnomonby Danti.ArecentglancePP+(ès€údZdA"€€Zd""" Zssmakesmethinkthequadrantandthegnomonarethesameobjectattherightofthefacade,whiletheobjectatthe" OOleftlookslikeanarmillarysphere,butcouldbeasundial,whichiscalleda meridianainItalian.Bruno  Giovanetti" €& Roberto  Martucci[Architect'sGuidetoFlorence 99;Butterworth,London,1994,p.46]describetheseasan" â>>armillarysphereontheleftandasundialontheright.[P. Stefano Orlandi,revisedbyP.  IsnardoP. Grossi;" ÐPPHistoricalArtisticGuideofSantaMariaNovellaandherMonumentalCloisters  ;EditionS.  Becocci," ŒrrFlorence,1984,p.4]saystheobjectontherightisamarblequadrant,whiletheobjectoftheleftisabronze" r  meridian." æ'__Insidethechurchisthe14251426frescooftheTrinitybyMASACCIO(=TommasodiGiovannior" fTommaso TTGuidi)(1401-c1438),oneofthefirstshowpiecesofthenewgeometryofperspective." §'Offthe  Chiostro Verde(GreenCloister)isthe  Capitoloor  Capellone degli Spagnoli(ChapterHouseor" Q''SpanishChapel),withfinefrescoesby  Andreadi @@Bonaiutointhelate1360s.OntheleftwallistheTriumphof" ˆkkSt.ThomasAquinasandanAllegoryoftheSciences.Thebottomhalfofthewallhasfourteencompartments" ÙlldepictingtheSacredSciencesandtheLiberalArts,representedbyseatedallegoricalwomenwithhistorical" wrrfiguresinfrontofthem.ThirdfromtheleftisKnowledgewithAristotle.Fromthemiddletotherightarethe" (jjQuadrivium(ArithmeticwithPythagoras,GeometrywithEuclid,AstronomywithPtolemy,Music),followedby" the ooTrivium.Arithmeticissigningtwoandholdingamultiplicationtable(stillknownastheTableofPythagoras" ppinsomeplaces).Geometryisholdingacompassandsetsquare.AstronomyisholdinganastrolabeandpointingPp+(ém€TdZdA"€€Zd""" — Z tothesky. [Orlandi,op.cit.,pp.6071.]" š'[[ThoseinterestedinthehistoryofmathematicsshouldpayrespectsatthegraveofAntonio  Magliabechi" ±kk(1633-1714),inthefloortotherightofthefirstbayofthewestaisle,infrontofthetombofAntonio Strozzi" ! [Orlandi,op.cit.,p.40]. UUMagliabechihadaprodigiousmemory,beingabletorecallhundredsofbookswordfor" rrwordandbeingregularlyconsultedasalivingreferencelibrary.HebecamelibrariantoGrandDukeCosimoIII."  rrMagliabechiwasanotedbibliophileandauthorsofhistimefrequentlypresentedhimwithcopiesoftheirworks." 7ssHiscollectionwasbequeathedforpublicuseandisamajorpartoftheoldworksintheBibliotecaNazionale.It" ”99includesoneofthefourmainmanuscriptsofFibonacci'sLiber Abbaci '',indeedtheearly14Cversionusedby" <iiBoncompagniforhisprintededitionof1857,theonlyprintededitioneverproducedofthismajorwork." µ 66Magliabechi'scollectionalsoincludesthemanuscript Trattato  d'Aritmetica ""attributedtoPaolodell'Abbaco," & c1370,andthetwomanuscripts: Librodi ragioni andLiber habaci  ofPaolo $$Gherardi,1327&1327?thefirst" û??hasbeencalledtheearliestvernaculartreatmentofalgebra." Ø" 'AtVia KKRomana17(formerly19;notetherearetwodoorslabelled17),thePalazzo Torrigianiwasformerly," from1775,theMuseodi FisicaediStoria AANaturaleandhadanobservatory,whenceitsnameofLASPECOLA." CppTheobservatorywasoriginallypartoftheMuseumofScienceandNaturalHistoryinawingofthePittiPalace," Œnnc1700.Itmovedherein1789andtoArcetri(cfinSection9A1)in1872.)Thebuildingisnowthehomeof" rrseveralbiologicaldepartmentsoftheUniversityandazoologicalmuseumincludingthegreatestcollectionofwaxp@+(êÁ€ŽdZdA"€€Zd""" GZhhanatomicalmodels.ItwasherethatDAVYandFARADAYburnedadiamondin1814usingthegreat'burning" Ykkglass'.InanichebythestaircaseisalargestatueofTORRICELLI.Onthefirstflooristhe18391841@`€+(ëu€€®dZdA"€€Zd""" @ZjjTRIBUNEOFGALILEO,withpaintingsillustratinghislifeandastatue.ItwascommissionedbyGrandDuke" QrrLeopoldIIandinauguratedduringtheThirdMeetingofItalianScientists.Ittookmesomeyearstogetintothe" :pptribune,butitisnow(1998)openonSundaymorningsaspartofavisittothezoologicalmuseum,whichisnow" 22openmostmornings.Fahie[pp.144-151&plates: XXXVIII,opp.p.133; %%XXXIX,opp.p.140;XL,opp.p.141;" ² ppXLI,opp.p.148]givesanextendeddescriptionofit"oneofthenoblest,certainly,themostevocativeand" iiinspiringmonumenteverraisedtothememoryofmortalman".Itwasopenedin1841aspartofthethird" «oocongressofItalianscientists.TheTribunehasafrescoedceilingshowingtheinventionofthependulum,the" QttpresentationofhisfirsttelescopetotheDogeofVenice[photoinScandone,p.32]andthedictationofhisfinal" MGGthoughtsonthelawsofmotion.Therearealsobustsofhisstudents:  CASTELLI,CAVALIERI,TORRICELLI" llandVIVIANIandbasreliefsofvariousscientistsincludingALBERTI,CASSINIandVIVIANI.Inthevestibule" Ó^^andhallarefurtherfrescoesshowingLEONARDO,VOLTA(lecturingtoanaudiencethatincludes" gkkLAGRANGE),Galileo(experimentingwithaninclinedplane)andViviani.Fahiealsodescribesseveralitems" ¬kkwhichhavesincebeenremovedtotheMuseodiStoriadellaScienza.[W.AlfredParr;AtempleofScience;"  Knowledge ff23(May1900)103104]describestheTribuneanditscontents,thoughmostofthecontentshavebeen" ž moved." Ø" 'ZZTheUFFIZIGALLERYcontainsmanyportraits,notablyGALILEO(1564-1642)donefromlifeby" NeeSustermans,1635[Fahie,Frontispiece;Scandone,cover&p.55].PartoftheThirdCorridorwasthe Sala delle" Ô eeMatematicheinthe1718CanditsceilinghasafrescoonastronomyandmathematicsshowingGALILEO,`@+(ì €bdZdA"€€Zd""" +ZTORRICELLI,PAOLO DDMATEMATICO(=Paolodell'Abbaco)[Fahie,p.82;Miniatietal.,pp. XIXII].There" (ssisastatueofGALILEOintheninthnicheoftheouterwalloftheporticoundertheUffizi.TheGallerycontains" k44oneofthethreelargepanelsofthe'BattleofSan 33Romano'byPaoloUccello,c1456,whichhavestrong" ºeeperspectivelinesformedbythebrokenlances.TheotherpanelsareintheNationalGallery,London" âee(Section 2-B)andtheLouvre,Paris(Section7A1).AmerigoVESPUCCIwasamemberofonethegreat" 88FlorentinefamilieshiscousinbymarriageSimonetta 88CattaneoVespucciwasacelebratedbeauty,immortalised" ÃqqinBotticelli'spaintingsof'TheBirthofVenus',c1487,and'MarsandVenus',c1483thelattershowslittle"  wasps ''('vespucci')circlingtheheadofMars." Ø" ô'aaTheUniversityofFlorencewasfoundedin1348(or1321)andopenedon6Nov1349[R.E.Taylor," rrpp. 138&294;Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 161].In1499,Lorenzode'MedicireorganizedtheuniversitiesofPisa" £kkandFlorenceintoajointoperation,withonlyphilosophyandphilologyinFlorence.LucaPACIOLIcameto" O``teachin1499andtaughtatbothFlorenceandPisauntil1506[R.E.Taylor,pp.250&293300]." Ø" + ', INDIVIDUALS" Ø" 'Paolo(diPiero) DELL'ABBACO(or BBAbaco,sometimescalledDagomari)(c1281-1367(or1374)),bornin" MnnnearbyPrato,wasthebestknownteacherof,andwriteron,mathematicsin14CItaly.Heownedtwohousesin" ‹Via Maffia,nearSanto RRSpirito,oneofwhichmaybetheonenownumbered15.Heendowedthetwochapels" (flankingthechancelinSanta VVTrinitaandwasburiedthere,butnotraceofthetombremains.[Arrighi,p.7.Van" €mmEgmond].VanEgmond[p.9,note35]cites1589and1793descriptionsofthetomb.Heranhisschoolinthe@`+(íe€ dZdA"€€Zd""" •Z churchofS. LLTrinitaandtheschoolcontinuedunderhispupilandsuccessor,Antoniode' MAZZINGHI(1353" kk1383?),whowasbornanddiedinFlorence.Inhiswill,dell'Abbacoaskedthathisastrologicalbooksand" l44instrumentsshouldbeplacedinthemonasteryofS. ==Trinita'untilthereappearedinFlorenceanotherastrologer" }QQapprovedbyfourmasters.'Aftersomedebate,thiswasawardedtotheyoungde' Mazzinghi.GIOVANNIDI" ŒBARTOLOsucceededde'  Mazzinghi.  [Franci& TotiRigatelli.]" L'iiLeonBattistaALBERTI(1404-1472),polymathandarchitect,wasthefirsttowriteatextonperspective," ==firstinLatinandtheninhisowntranslationintoItalian:De Pictura  (1435)&Della Pittura (1436)[Alberti].He" ŒllcametoFlorencein1434andspentmuchtimeherethereafter.HewasaCanonoftheCathedralandheldthe" nbeneficeofthenearbytownof MMBorgoSanLorenzo.ArchitecturalworksofhisareinFlorence,Rome,Mantua" NnnandRimini(seeSections9A2and9B).HedesignedtheupperpartofthefacadeofSantaMariaNovella(qv" &**above)in1458andthePalazzoandLoggia Rucellaiin1446.(The ,,Rucellaicommissionedthecompletionofthe" .44facadeofSantaMariaNovellaHealsodesignedthe RucellaichapelinS. Pancrazio.)HisDeRe  Aedificatoria " †ggofc1450emphasisedtheroleofmathematicsinarchitecture.HealsowrotethefirstItaliangrammar, Regule" & lingue  florentine &&.Otherscientificworksofhiswere Ludi  matematici  (simplemeasurementproblems);"   Elementa picturae (((simplegeometryappliedtopainting);  Descriptio urbis Romae (partlyameasuredsurveyof" 3 thecity);De statua AA(includingadeviceforscalingandtransferringmeasurements);De  Componendis cifris (an`€+(î€údZdA"€€Zd""" ¬Zeffectivecodingdevice) VV[Kemp,pp.56].[R.E.Taylor,p.93]saysheiscreditedwithinventingthecamera" A obscurathough XXIbnalHaytamdescribedaversioninc1010.HelivedinthePalazzoAlberti,1viade' Benci," ÈjjFlorence.HediedandwasburiedinRome,buthisashesweresoonconveyedtoFlorenceandplacedinthe" N22familytombinSantaCroce[R.E.Taylor,p.108]." i' ccFilippoBRUNELLESCHI(1377-1446),Renaissancegoldsmith,sculptorandarchitect,discovererofthe" >ssprinciplesofperspective,isburiedintherecentlyopenedcryptoftheDuomoinFlorence.Sadlyhedoesnotlie" uuunderhisdome,butheisnearthewestdoorandtheBaptisterywhichwasthesiteoftheproofofhisprinciplesin" ?ooc1413hemadeaperspectiveviewoftheBaptisteryasseenfromthedooranddevisedamirrorviewersoone" Ô**couldcomparehisviewwiththereality. BB[Kemp,p.21]sayshealsomadeaviewofthePalazzode'Signori" ºXX(= PalazzoVecchio).ThereisabustofhimintheDuomobyhispupilandadoptedson, Andrea  Cavalcanti," ·called 'Il ;;Buggiano'(Iwonderwhy?).HisdeathmaskisintheMuseo %%dell'OperadelDuomoatNo.9Piazza" !mmDuomoandhisworksareoneveryhand,mostnotablythecupolaoftheDuomo,builtin14181436.Thecupola" aoftheCappella RidolfiinS.Jacopo MMsopr'ArnoissaidbyVasaritohavebeenatrialfortheDuomosadlythis" r44chapelwasdestroyedinthe18C.Healsobuiltthe Spedale degli --Innocenti(1419),rebuiltSanLorenzo(1425)" -11andaddedtheOldSacristy(1423),rebuiltSanto ##Spirito(1435),builttheCappella dei Pazzi(14291443),rebuilt" |ssthePalazzoPitti(c1444).'Built'isperhapsamisnomerastheactualworkoftendidnotstartimmediatelyit" :rrfrequentlywasnotcompleteduntillongafterthearchitect'sdeathandindeedsometimesdidnotevengetstarted€Ð+(ïÿ€dZdA"€€Zd""" HZiiuntilthen!Laterrebuildingandadditionsmaymakethearchitect'sworkhardtoappreciate,butmodern" AnnrestorationworkshavegenerallyattemptedtoremovetheseinordertomakeRenaissanceworkappearasitwas" §  intended." ' Cecco __D'ASCOLI(??1327)wasaphysicianandastrologerwhohadwrittenacommentaryonSacrobosco's" De Sphaera Mundi \\.AjealouscolleaguehadhimcondemnedbytheInquisition(seeS.Croceabove)andhewas" cburnedoutsidethe __PortaSantaCroce,intheareacalledAfrica(afterastreamofthatname).[Hare,pp.8990.]Ð`€+(ð€údZdA"€€Zd""" oZ',,ThereisaLargoFERMIneartheIstitutodi ==FisicanearArcetri.ThereisarecentmonumenttoFermiin" 0  SantaCroce." Û'==ThereisaViaFIBONACCIinnortheastFlorence,northofthe Stadio Comunale,notfarfromPiazza" b Edison,Via Galvani,ViaMarconi,Via 22PacinottiandVialeVoltaanelectrifyingarea!" £'++GIOVANNIDIBARTOLO(c1440)succeedde' 22Mazzinghiasheadoftheabacusschoolfoundedby" }mmPaolodell'Abbaco.HeassistedBrunelleschiindesigningthedomefortheDuomo(=S.MariadelFiore).He" Ó66alsotaughtastrologyattheUniversityofFlorence.  [Franci& TotiRigatelli.]" ‡'00LEONARDODAVINCI(14521519)stayedinViade' --Gondi,c14671469[Eastman,p.398].Hewas" TTapprenticedtoVerrocchioandspentroughly1467-1477atVerrocchio'sstudioinVia dell'Agnolo[Sarton,p.221]." tt[Icouldfindnoindicationofthisin1991anotherbookclaimsthestudiowaspartoftheCasinoMedici,onthe" FllNWsideofPiazzaSanMarco,whereMichelangelostudied.]Hethentooklodgingsonhisownuntil1482.On" ÛMonte ggCeceri,inFiesole,aretwomonumentstothefirsthumanflight,byafriendofLeonardoinacraftof" @??Leonardo'sdesign.One,onthetop,commemoratesitslaunch:  Pigliera'il primo volo/ Il grande  uccello/ Sopra" del  dosso/Del suo magno  cecero/  Empiendo l'universo/Di  stupore,/  Empiendodi sua fama/Tuttele  scritture./" 8E gloria eterna/Allogodove ??nacque//LeonardodaVinci.TheothermonumentisontheVia Maiano,closeto" 2the  Pensione Bencist²nearViaBeato NNAngelico,wherethecraft,killingthe'aviator'.LaterLeonardoreturnedto" >Florenceandstayedinthe SSServitemonasteryattachedtoSantissimaAnnunziata,PiazzaSantissimaAnnunziata,` +(ñO€TdZdA"€€Zd""" ŸZ//in15001506.Duringthistimehepaintedthe  'MonaLisa'.[Eastman,p.343.]" ß' Guglielmo DDLIBRI(18031869)wasborninFlorenceanddiedinadjacentFiesole  [Giacardi& Roero," Ù p. 139]." "' bbLUCHADIMATTEO(1356c1435)wasoneofthebestknownabacusteachersofhistime,withaschool" hontheLungarnobetween PonteaSanta  Trinitaand  Ponteall Carraia  [Franci& TotiRigatelli]." '66FlorenceNIGHTINGALE(18201910)wasborninVillaLa Colombaia(plaque),Via Foscolo,abitSWof" Nthe Porta iiRomana.Shelivedthereforaboutayear.ThereisamemorialtoherinthecloistersofSantaCroce." ç++[Macadam,pp.239&179.Eastman,p.351.]" @'ggLucaPACIOLI(c14451517)cametoteachattheuniversityin1499andtaughtatbothFlorenceandPisa" Uppuntil1506,livinginthemonasteryofSantaCroce[R.E.Taylor,pp. 250&293300].HeanddaVincihadleft" $qqMilantogetherandcametoFlorence,originallylodginginthesamehouse[R.E.Taylor,p.250].Hespentmost" £of15001507here YY[Fennell,p.16].HemayhavetakensometimeouttoteachatBologna.Hewasformally"  PPadmittedtotheSantaCrocechapterofhisorderin1505[R.E.Taylor,p.299]." 'Thereisaplaqueto SSEvangelistaTORRICELLI(16081647)intheCloistersofS.Lorenzo,onthewayinto" UrrtheLaurentianLibrary.HecametoFlorencein1641andactedasassistanttoGalileoforhislastthreemonths," ]oothensucceededhimasMathematiciantotheGrandDukeandProfessoratPisa.In1644,Torricelli,assistedby" rrViviani,demonstratedthepressureofair,apparentlyfirstpublishedin1663.Wheredidtheydotheexperiment??" f' Paolodel YYPozzoTOSCANELLI(13971482)livedat16PiazzaPitti[Macadam,p.201],acrossfromthe €+(ò£bxZdA"€€Zd""" ZrrPalazzoPitti,andthereisaplaque[Ihaveaphoto].HisworldmapandaccompanyingLettershowedalargeAsia" ýjjandasmallAtlanticOceanandproposedthatonecouldreachtheIndiesbysailingwest.Thisencouraged" ¡Columbus.ThereisaVia Toscanellabehindhishouse." -' ffFrancescoTRICOMI(18971978)wasProfessorofAlgebraicandInfinitesimalAnalysisattheUniversity" ain19251926(or1928)  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.190191]." 'GGAmerigoVESPUCCI(14541512)wasborninoneoftheVespuccihousesin BorgoOgnissanti.Heissaid" ­hhtohavemadefourvoyagestotheNewWorld.HereportedsightingtheSouthAmericanmainlandon16Jun" tjj1497,aweekbeforeCabotreachedNorthAmerica,whichledtohisnamebeingattachedtotheNewWorldin" yMartin WaldseemÓller's  Cosmographi  Introductio ::of1507butmanyauthoritiesdoubtthatVespucciever" ]madethisvoyage. XXWaldseemÓllerrealisedthathehadoverratedVespucci'saccomplishmentsandremovedthe" íllnamefromlaterversionsofhismap,butitwastoolate.Hiscousin,SimonettaVespucci,wasacelebrated" 7hhbeauty,immortalisedinBotticelli'spaintingshis'MarsandVenus'intheUffizishowslittlewasps  ('vespucci')" 0DDcirclingtheheadofMars.Florence'sairport,intheNWsuburbof $$Peretola,isnamedAmerigoVespucci." Œ' 00VincenzoVIVIANI(16221703)livedat11ViaS. **Antonino,seeSection9A1.Healsowas" V  MathematiciantotheGrandDuke." Ø x" '9-B.1ELSEWHEREINITALY. " Ød" Q'kkItalyisdividedinto20regions(e.g.Toscana=Tuscany)andsubdividedinto94provinces(e.g.Firenze=" {ssFlorence).Idon'thaveanatlasgivingtheprovincesofItaliancitiesandprovincesarenamedfortheprincipal" Dbbcityinthem,sotheprovincegivesnoadditionalinformationformostoftheentriesbelow.TheMGG  givesthe€+(ó€ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" ³ZDDregionsandIhavenowaddedthem,thoughsometownsarenotintheMGG ""andIhavehadtoestimatetheir" × regionfromasmallscalemap." Ø" Ö' AGRIGENTO ''(Agrigentum),Sicilia,wasthehomeof ))EMPEDOCLES(504/443or490/430),the" uuphysicianandphilosopherwhoassertedeverythingismadeofthefourelements:earth,air,fire,water.Heissaid" `66tohaveleapedintoMT.ETNAinordertobecomeagod!" Ø" 3'  Francesco %%FAÀDIBRUNO(18251888)wasbornin ALESSANDRIA,Piemonte  [Giacardi&  Roero,pp." ’  144146]." Ø" è'''InAMALFI,Campania,thereisaPiazza Flavio 22Gioiacommemoratingthesupposedperfecterofthe" 3mariner'scompass[MGG ],whichwouldhavebeenc1000." Ø" 'nnConnoisseursofpatternwillknowthatthefloorsofoldcathedralsinItalyaregenerallycoveredinmosaics" w55inelegantgeometricpatternsOnestyleisknownas &&CosmatesqueaftertheRomanfamilyof Cosmatiwhodid" ³66suchworkinthe1214C;otherstylesarecalledOpus Alexandrinum,Opus Sectile,Opus Reticulatum,Opus"  vvSpicatum,etc.Indeed,theflooroftheSistineChapelinRomeisoneofthefinestsuchfloorsintheworld,though" |""fewvisitorseverexamineit!In ANAGNI,Lazio,about50km &&ESEofRome,theCathedralhasafine" e MMCosmatesquefloorwithsectionsintheformofthefourthstageoftheSierpin skigasket!  [Etienne  Guyon&H." EugeneStanley; FractalForms QQ;Elsevier/NorthHollandforPalaisdelaDŽcouverte,1991,colourphotoonback" uucoverwithcaptioninside]saythattheCathedralandthefloorwerebuiltin1104,thatthepatternwaspointedout" RnnbyRachelStanley,aged10,andthatitmaybetheoldestmanmadefractalobject!However,otherguidebooks+(ôÁ€ŽdZdA"€€Zd""" …Zqqindicatethefloormaybec1235andtherearecertainlymanyotherpossiblefloorsifanyonefindsanearlier"  example,pleaseletmeknow. €+(õu€dZdA"€€Zd""" VZ'[MGG ff]saysthatthepavementisinthecryptandthatitalsohasfine13Cfrescoesincludingscenesfrom" Â//thelivesofmenofscience,butonlymentions GalenandHippocrates." Ø" ' ' AnchianoseeVinci,below." Ø" R' ..VitoVOLTERRA(18601940)wasborninANCONA, Marche  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.153154]." Ø" €'ddSt.ANSELM(1109),thetheologianwhoseexistenceproofofGodcontinuestobemusestudents,was" ¬ bornin AOSTA, Valle  d'Aosta[MGG ]." Ø" ' Cesare BURALI FORTI(18611931)and  Francesco ((SEVERI(18791961)wereborninAREZZO," ÔToscana  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.168170&180181]." 'TheBadiaofSS.Floraand QQLucillahasanillusorydomepaintedonacanvasoverthecrossing.Itwasdone" Oby Andrea Pozzoin1702.[ArezzoACityGuide ;  Edizione  Turchini **Ennio,nootherdetailsgiven,[boughtin" ‹ 2001],p.35,withphoto.]" Ø" '))Alabyrinthcarvedonarockwallinthe  Tombadel 77Labirintopossiblydatesfrom-2500to2000,probably" ¡fftheoldestsurvivingexample[Fisher,pp.12&2526,withphotoonp.12].[Fisher]saysthisisin  Luzzanas," cppSardinia,butthisisanameforanuninhabitedareaoffieldsandhencedoesnotshowuponanyordinarymap." ˜rrThisiscertainlythemostdifficulttolocatemonumentthatIhaveevervisited.AcontactattheUniversityof" 4Sassari,Professoressa SilvanaDiana JJCorrias,managedtofindanarchaeologistwhoknewwhereitwas,butsaid" Q99wewouldneedlocalguidance.Itisnearthevillageof ''BENETUTTI,Sardegna,about19kmNWof  Nuoro.If" Gyoudrivewestfrom &&Benetuttitotheadjacentvillagesof  Bulteiand Anela,youcometothe TermeAurora.The 0+(ök € dZdA"€€Zd""" ?Z UUTombaisaboutakilometreduenorth.Theroadcrossesasmallriverandthereisa  TermeSan Saturninoonthe" 7otherside.In ))Benetuttiweweretoldthatstaffatthe ==Termecandirectonetothesite,butwefoundthattheyare" ssclosedonSundaysneedlesstosay,wearrivedonaSunday.Theareaisuninhabitedthefarmersseemtolive" 2%%intown.Wedidfindafewfarmers, >>carabinieriandotherlocals,butnoneofthemknewwherethe  Tombawas." llMakingfurtherinquiriesinthetown,weweredirectedtothefarmyardandstablesacrosstheroadfromthe Terme" ©mmAurora,butweretoldthatnoonewouldbethereuntilaftersiestawhentheshepherdwouldcometomilkhis" Œqqsheep,etc.(Wehadalreadydiscoveredthatnoonewasatthissite.)Wearrivedjustashedidandaftersome" €ssdiscussion,heledusbackalongtheroadaboutamile,thenacrosstwofieldstoagate.Hepointedtoapileof" vvrocksaboutaquarterofamilefurtheron.Hesaidhehadnevergoneintothecaveashewasafraidofthefrogs" 2sswethinkhemeantbats.Heleftusandwewalkedacrossthefieldtothepileofrocks,wheretherewasnothing." `nnButIrememberedthatthechaphadsaidsomethinglike'beyond'thepileandayoungmanintownhadsaidhis" Èclassdidaprojectonthe RRTombaandhadmentioneditwasbytheriver,whichwasanotherfiftyyardsorso," Vllwheretherewasamoundrisingabitabovetheriverbank.Asweapproached,wesawthemoundwasofstone" appandthereweretworoundholesinit,aboutthreeftacross,andfilledwithgrowth.Wewalkedaroundandover" ^TTthemound,whichdroppeddownabout15feettothestream.Theupperfloorsofthe TermeAuroraareclearly" Ökkvisible,aboutakilometretothesouth.Nootheropeningsinthemoundwereapparent,soweexaminedthe0 +(÷ € dZdA"€€Zd""" wZppnorthernopeningwhichhadlessdenseshrubbery,mainlyasmallfigtree.Theholewasaboutthreeftdeep.I" nndroppedintoitandgotoutmytrustySwissArmyknifeandcutawaythegrowthandfoundanopeningabouttwo" uuftsquarecutintotherock.Iclearedawaythegrowtharoundtheopeningandlookedintoseeadryroom.Ihada" =sssmallflashlight(torch)andcrawledintoaroomabouteightfootsquareandthreefeethighwithopeningsatthe" Înnbackandimmediatelytotheleft.Andthere,beyondtheopeningtotheleft,wasthelabyrinthcarvedonthe" uustone!!!Weonlysawtwobats.Onestoppedforabitinthecornertheyarereallyverysweetbeasts.Iwonder" ×mmwhythecarvingisattributedtoperhaps-2500.Iimaginethestyleofthecaveandperhapssomeassociated" ‰ttartifactspointtothatdate.Buttherewassomemoderngraffitionthesamewall,soit'squitepossiblethatthe" cmmcavehasbeenvisitedmanytimessinceitwasmadeandthelabyrinthcouldhavebeencarved100yearsagoby" àkksomeboredshepherd.Thestoneseemedtobelimestone.Itmustnotbetoohardasonedoesn'tgocarving" yychambersinreallyhardrock.Ihaveseenitassertedthatonecantellthenatureofthetoolthatcarvedapatternin" vvrocke.g.whetheritwassteel,iron,bronze,copperorbone.Idon'tknowifsuchanalysishasbeenappliedhere." Z'Tolocatethe WWTomba,itisadvisabletogetthe1:25,000mapoftheareaproducedbytheIstituto" 5  Geografico  Militare,  Foglio481, SezioneIII AABono.Anisolatedbuildingismarkedwherewethinkthepileof" nnstoneswaspresumablyitisacollapsedshelter.Ifso,thentheuniversalmapreferenceofthemoundis" H8832TNK10587621.Withthemapasaguide,onecouldwalk NNWalongtheriverbythe TermeAurorathere 0+(ø«€dZdA"€€Zd""" >Z11wasconstructionthereandthemapshowsanother terme.ThisistheRio ""Mannuandonewouldgodownstream" ,about700m,towherethe MannujoinstheRio !!Tirso.Thenonecouldgoupthe  Tirsotothe NNEabout800m." ssHowever,wedidn'tseeenoughofthisroutetoknowwhetheritispassable.Itseemsunlikelythatonecouldfind" 5the ;;Tombawithoutsomelocalassistance.Onthemap,wefound //Luzzanaswrittenacrossthefieldsbetweenthe" ``roadandtheriver!!However,thisareadoesn'tseemtohaveanyinhabitants!Thereisevena  Nuraghede" 9 Luzzanasabout1/4 --mitotheNEofthemound.MythankstoAnn ..MauryforinspiringustogotoSardiniawith" ,,her,forgettingtheinformationfromProf. DDCorrias,forherintrepidinterrogationofthelocalsandforlater" Êaaobtainingthedetailedmap.Formoredetailsseemyarticle"TheoldestlabyrinthinSardinia"[ Caerdroia 30" ¢77(1999)1721]oraversiononAdrianFisher'swebsite: www.mazemaker.com." Ø" )'  BERGAMO, ;;Lombardia,hasa15CclockontheBellTowerinthePiazza  Vecchia[MGG ]." Ø" j'[M.J.W.Rogers;DaltonandtheAtomicTheory 33;ChemistryBackgroundBooks,NuffieldFoundation," CC1966,p.8]showsabustofAVOGADROatthetechnicalinstitutein !!BIELLA,Piemonte,about45miles NNEof" â  Torino." Ø" 'BOLOGNA ``,EmiliaRomagna,hastheoldestuniversityinEurope,foundedin1088.Inthe13C,italready" [had10,000students. Cecco QQD'ASCOLI(??1327)wasaphysicianandastrologerattheuniversity.Hewrotea" BcommentaryonSacrobosco'sDe Sphaera Mundi AAwhichledtoareprimandbythereligiousauthoritiesin1324." eXXHethenwenttoFlorencewherehewasburnedasahereticin1327.[Hare,pp.8990.]00+(ù³hdZdA"€€Zd""" Z'ddLeonBattistaALBERTIwasastudentattheUniversityc1420.Hestudiedjurisprudenceandprobably" xXXgraduatedincanonlawin1428,buthemusthavestudiedopticsandmathematicsaswell  [Kemp,p.3]." 1'bbCOPERNICUS(14731543)cameheretostudycanonlawin14961500,buthedevotedmuchtimetothe" —oostudyofastronomy.Hisfirstextantastronomicalobservationwasmadeherethetimeoftheoccultationof0p€+(ú€€dZdA"€€Zd""" Z mmAldebaranbythemoonon9Mar1497.HemayhavelodgedinViaSanGiuseppe[Eastman,p.333].In1500,he" LLwaslecturingonastronomyandmathematicsinRome.[Armitage,pp.6465. Rudnicki,pp.45.]" ' ScipioneFERRO(ordelFerroor IIdalFerro)(14651526)wasprofessorin1496-1526.Hesolvedthecubic,"  withnox2 hhterm(orwithnoxterm),inc1500orby1506orc1515.Hecommunicatedthissolutiontohispupil" ºkkAntonioMariaFIORE,whochallengedTartagliawithitin1535.Tartagliathensolvedbothformsandlater" nncommunicatedthemtoCardan.CardanandFerrariheardaboutFerro'ssolutionsandcametoBolognain1542to" K\\readthem,leadingCardantopublishthesolutionsandtoinitiallyattributethemtoFerro." È'YYLucaPACIOLI(c14451517)taughthereforsometimeduring1500and1506[Giusti,p.40;  Fennell," ¡oop. 16].[R.E.Taylor,pp.299300]suggestsitwasduringJunJul1501andcitesanauthorwhosuggeststhat" —kkDÓrerstudiedunderPacioliinBolognain1506,apparentlybasedonacommentofDÓrerin1506thathewas" ý==goingtoBolognatoseetheleadingauthorityonperspective." o' ffSebastianoSERLIO(14751554),thenotedItalianarchitect,wasborninBologna.CfunderSheldonian" Ê TheatreinSection5A." <' UURafaelBOMBELLI(15261572)wasborninBolognaandwasastudentattheUniversity." 'JJDuringhisstayinBologna,1562-1571,CARDAN(15011576)livedinViade  Gombru(=?  Gombruti)," utheninthePalazzo RanuzziinViadel GGGaleraandthennearS.GiovanniinMonte(intheSEquarter)[Cardan," < pp. 17,82,85,309]." 'KKLodovicoFERRARI(15221565)wasbornanddiedinBologna[Masotti,p.26]." D'55BonaventuraCAVALIERI(15981647)wasProfessorhere." ‡'GiovanniDomenico(or 44Giandomenico)CASSINI(16251712),thefirstofthe Cassinis(cfunderParis,p+(û] €FdZdA"€€Zd""" wZnnSections7A1&2),wasProfessorofAstronomyin1650-1669,fillingthepostpreviouslyheldbyCavalieri." &TheChurchofS. FFPetroniohasa220ftlongmeridianlinesetoutbyhimin16531655[BlueGuidetoNorthern" MItaly @@,1971,pp.370&377],improvingontheonesetoutbyEgnazio DANTIin1575. Dantiproducedthefirst" rrastronomicaltreatiseinItalian,in1569,muchenlargedin1578.Hedescribedthegnomonandmeridianlineina" (broadsidesheet (HorblitCatalogue,lot263) Ususet  Tractatio  Gnomonis Magni quem  Bononiae  ipse,in Divi"   Petronii  Templo... Confecit NN,of1576.HelaterwenttoRometoworkforPopeGregoryXIII,thecalendar"  qqreformer.Thefunctionofthelinewastoproveatheoryofthesolsticeandtodeterminetheexactdateofthe" Ussvernalequinox.Thelinerunsalongtheleftsideofthechurchfromjustinsidethecentraldoor.(Normallyone" vvwouldcalltheleftsidethenorthside,butherethechurchhasitsaltartowardthesouth.)AsourcesaysDomenico"  ooGuglielminiassistedCassini.Onavisitin1695,Cassinihadtorepairthisasthedomehadsettled.[Anon: Eloge" ÙmmdeMonsieurCassini].Ithadtobeadjustedin1776.Theholethroughwhichthesunshinesissosmalland" GGdistantthatagoodsizedimageofthesunisprojectedonthefloor. [Angelo Raule;LaBasilicadiSan  Petronio" ™ aBologna ;extract,translatedby GinaL. BedeschiPincherle,as:TheBasilicaofSaint Petronio ;  Editcomp," ŽmmBologna,nd[1990s],pp.11&14.]In1665,CassinidiscoveredthegreatredspotonJupiteranddetermined" äLLJupiter'srotationalperiodthisseemstohavebeendonewhilehewasat ""CittÁdellaPieveinTuscany.In@+(ü£€®dZdA"€€Zd""" xZpp1667-1669,hedeterminedtherotationalperiodofMarsandin1668,heproducedthefirstdetailedtableofthe" vvmotionsofthemoonsofJupiter.In1664,hefirstdetectedtheirregularitiesofthemoon'soutline,asconjectured" h  byGalileo." 'kkTowardthemiddleoftheleftsideofthechurchisapairofclockswhichkeepfourdifferenttimes.The" ?rrguidebookisnottooclear:theleftonekeeps'themeantimeofCentralEuropeandtherealtimeoftheBologna" SmmMeridian',whiletheotherkeeps'themeantimeofthemeridianofBolognawhichwasusedfrom1857to1893," îandthetimeaccordingto QQancien[t]Italianclock,inwhichhourswerecountedbeginningfromtheevening'" <  [Raule,op.cit.above,p.6]." ª'Thereisastatueofthe BolognesePopeGREGORY 33XIII,thecalendarreformer,ofthedoorwayofthe" X PalazzoComunale." O'The  Instituto delle 44ScienzediBolognawasestablishedin1714byLuigi  Ferdinando Marsili.Itsupported" €Newton'sworkand UUMarsilivisitedLondonin1722andwasmadeanFRSwithNewtonashissponsor.They" übeganpublishingtheirDe  Bononiensi Scientiarumet Artium  Instituto atque  Academia  Commentarii  in1731." Œ' ccVincenzoRICCATI(17071775),sonofJacopoRiccati(seePadua,below),wasaJesuit,Professorof" 'nnMathematicsattheUniversityofBolognafrom1739,whodevelopedthehyperbolicfunctionsin1757,usingthe" X  notations  Ch xand Sh x." Ó'MariaGaetana 22AGNESI(17181799)wastheeldestchildofPietro  Agnesi,whobecameprofessorof" HoomathematicsinBologna.Shewasaprodigy,speakinghalfadozenlanguagesbyherteensandbeingthestarof"  qqConversazione,wherethepurityofherLatinimpressedvisitors.Whenhermotherdied,c1740,shewithdrewinto@+(ýQ€®dZdA"€€Zd""" Z,,raisingandeducatingher20siblings.Her  Instituzioni  Analitiche 33vol.2,of1748,wasthefirstsystematictexton" ;nncalculusandbothvolumesweremodelsofclaritywhichwerewidelytranslatedandusedastextbooks.Shewas" ­mmappointedProfessorofMathematicsandNaturalPhilosophybythePopetoreplaceherillfatherin1750,but" :ttnevertaught,thoughtheUniversitykeptheronitsrolluntil1796.About1750,shedecidedtodevoteherselfto" JJtheneedy,eventuallybecomingdirectorofahospitalforpoorwomen,the Pio Albergo  Trivulzioor Luogo Pioin" ¢00Milan.[Perl,pp.5262.SisterMaryThomasÁ Kempis;Thewalkingpolyglot;ScriptaMathematica  6(1939" œ 1940)211217.]" %'Luigi UUAloisioGALVANI(17371798)wasProfessorofAnatomyherewhenhediscovered'animal" éllelectricity'c1786(publishedin1791).Hewasoustedfromhispostwhenherefusedtoswearallegianceto" ò %%Napoleon.ThereisaPiazzaGalvani." Á'OOLuigiCREMONA(18301903)wasthefirstProfessorofHigherGeometryfrom1860." '66EugenioBELTRAMI(18351900)wasprofessorfromc1860." 'ddCesareARZELÀ(18471912)wasatBolognafrom1880,becomingProfessorofHigherAnalysisin1884." ?CCAmonghisstudentswereBortolotti,VitaliandTonelli.[Martini.]" 'FFSalvatorePINCHERLE(1853-1936)wasprofessorfrom1882anddiedhere." '  Federigo <>CapreseandwasProfessorofAstronomyatPaduain18131857," ooestablishingtheobservatorythereandbecomingRectoroftheUniversityin1824.Hismainworkwasoncomets" ccanddeterminingtheirorbits.Theexhibitismostlyphotographic,buthassomeactualinstruments." Ø" - 'Cassinosee:  Montecassino." Ø" '**GuidoFUBINI(18791943)wasprofessorat CATANIA,Sicilia,in19031906  [Giacardi& Roero,"   pp. 185-186]." Ø" 'AAOnavisitin2001,Ifoundseveralexamplesofpuzzlegrillsin  CITTÀDI CASTELLO,Umbria.Someare" ®..ontheleftsideoftheCassadiRisparmiodi  CittÁdi Castello,inViaMario ##Angeloni(Ididn'tchecktheright @+(€ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" UZQQside).AnotherwasinViaG.Marconiandanotherwasjustinsidetherestaurant Amici Miei,ViadelMonte2." ™&&AlsoIsawthreeclocksonthePiazza  MatteottifacadeofthePalazzo ''dell'PodestÁ.OnehadtheusualRoman" ³numerals(exceptitused SSVIIIIinsteadofthemorecommonIX).Anotherhad12divisions,butonlylabelled" Ùkkeveryotherone,usingRomannumeralsIthroughVI.Thethirdhadsixteendivisions,witheveryotherone" –rrlabelledwiththefollowingletters:T,G,+,S,O,I(possiblyL),P,M.AlsoinViaG.Marconiisabracketor" n::consolewithatriplehead,viewablefromthreedirection." Ø" .'--AlessandroVOLTAwasProfessorofPhysicsat COMO, Lombardia,in17751779." Ø" š'About1kmwestof %%CORTONA,Toscana,ontheroadtoward  Sodo,isthe  Tanella( €Tomb)of" ??PYTHAGORAS.ThisisanEtruscantombvariouslydated4Cand[MGG ].Iwasrathermystifiedhow" FaaPythagorascametobethoughttohavebeeninthisareaandIwonderedifsomeonemisinterpreted  Crotone(see"  below)as &&Cortonaatsomepoint.Onavisitto EECortonainSep2001,Ifoundthatthisisthestandardexplanation!" ppAlocalguidebookclaimsthetwonamesaresimilarinGreekanddatesthetombas4C.Theplacardatthetomb" Ÿ !!datesittotheperiod250/100." `'ddThe6thRoomintheMuseumoftheEtruscanAcademyhasalargeivorychessboard.The8throomhas" ¡  twocelestialglobesfromc1700." 'ThealtarintheCathedral (((Cattedrale)wasdesignedbyAlessandro ((Galileiin1731.(CfunderSantaCroce" • inSection9A1." Ø" )'\\GERARDOFCREMONA(11141187),thegreatestofthetranslatorsofArabictexts,wasbornin"  CREMONA, aaLombardia.HespentmostofhisworkinglifeatToledo,Spain,butmayhavereturnedtoCremona@ +(K€ÐdZdA"€€Zd""" ÀZnntodie.CfToledo,SpaininSection10.[Holmyard,pp.104106.]Thereisafineastronomicalclockonthe" xIIcampanilebythecathedral,datingfrom1471,butalteredseveraltimes[MGG ]." Ø" <' %%CROTONE,Calabria,isonthesiteof ==Croton,towhichPYTHAGORASmigrated,c-531,andestablished" /jjhismysticbrotherhood.Legendsayshedevelopedhistheoryofvibratingstringsafterhearingthesound" 0LLproducedbyblacksmiths'hammering.Hewaslaterforcedoutandretiredto Metapontum(now  METAPONTO," ’near Bernalda,about30kmwestof 66Taranto)wherehedied.[Crosland,vol.3,p.159.] [HM25:1(1998)99]" ßreportsthatWilliamS. Anglinvisited DDCrotoneandonlyfoundastreetandacorrespondenceschoolbearing p€+(€€$ dZdA"€€Zd""" ÒZPythagoras'sname.  JunIchi ))Yamashita[letterof4Oct1996]visited $$Metapontoin1992andfoundnothing" í relatingtoPythagoras." Ø" ‹' Giovanni  Francesco !!PEVERONE(15091559)wasbornin CUNEO,Piemonte.HisDue brevie facili" 8  trattati, il primo d'Arithmetica,  l'altrodi  Geometria... 66of1558includedsolutionsofsomeproblemsofgames" ?::ofchance,inparticularthefamous'problemofpoints'.  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.117118.]" ' %%Spinetta,avillagethreemilesfrom DDCuneo,isthebirthplaceofGiuseppePEANO(1858-1932).Hestudied" wqqatthelocalschoolbeforegoingtoTurinatage12.Aplaquehasrecentlybeenplacedonthehouse.Thelocal" Liceo ccScientificoisnamedafterhimandthereisabustofhimintheentrance.[Anon.,Commemoration.]" Ø" Ø '  Eleasee  Velia,below." Ø" 3'NN"Anextraordinaryancientcolouredmosaicrepresentingthemannerofdeathof A[RCHIMEDES]...came" NNoriginallyfromthecityofHERCULANEUM..."[Archibald(2),p.65].Thisis ERCOLANO,Campania.Idon't" qqknowwherethismosaicis,butmuchofthematerialfromHerculaneumisinNaples.Thereisafinefloormosaic" ¢labyrinthinthe tepidariumofthebaths[MGG ]." Ø" ³ '!!Mt.EtnaseeAgrigento,above." Ø" 4' ``EvangelistaTORRICELLI(16081647)wasbornnearFAENZA,EmiliaRomagna,perhapsinthevillage" šof XXModigliana.ThereisamonumenttohiminFaenza[AndreasHinz,letterof26Mar1987]." Ø" Á'InthePiazzaMaggioreof FELTRE,Veneto, NNEof Bassano,isastatueof Panfilo Castaldi,anearly" œ55printersometimesclaimedtohaveprecededGutenberg [Buckley&Robinson,p.355]." Ø" `'``COPERNICUS(14731543)receivedhisdoctorate(ofCanonLaw)atthebishop'spalaceinFERRARA,p+(y ŒdZdA"€€Zd""" `ZEmiliaRomagna,inMay1503 MM[Ramsauer,pp.24-25],thoughhisstudieshadbeendoneatBolognaandPadua." +' Federico WWCOMMANDINO(15091575)wasastudentofphilosophyandmedicineatPaduain15341544," Ù ''buttookhismedicaldegreeatFerrara." Ø" Ø" †'::FiesoleisincludedunderFirenze(Florence),Section9A." Ø" à'77THOMASAQUINAS(c12251274)diedintheguesthouseof FOSSANOVAAbbey,Lazio[MGG ]." Ø" 'EEMarcoPOLO(12541324)wasaprisonerinPalazzoSanGiorgio,Piazza Capricamento, GENOVA" 8''(GENOA),Liguria,whenhedictatedhisTravels AA.Thepalacehasbeenrestoredto13Cstyle,butisoccupiedby" ûMMthecityharbourboardandhasnotracesofMarco'sstay.[Eastman,p.355.]" 7'jjLeonBattistaALBERTI(1404-1472),architect,thefirsttowriteatextonperspective,wasborninGenoa" H,,wherehisfamilywasinexilefromFlorence  [Kemp,p.3]." ”'00ChristopherCOLUMBUS(whoalwayssignedhimself ..CristobalColon,14511506)wasprobablyborn" Sinsidetheoldeasterngate, Porta PPdell'Olivella,wherehisfamilyliveduntil1455.Theareahasbeencompletely" ###rebuilt.HewasbaptisedinSanto >>Stefano.In14551470,helivedintheHouseofColumbus,37 Vicodi" + nnMorcento,wheretwofloorsoftheoriginalfivefloorhouseremain.ThemunicipalMuseumintheTownHall,9" ’iiViaGaribaldi,hassomefragmentsoftheskeletonfoundinSantoDomingoin1877andsomemanuscriptsby" \him.[Eastman,p.333.MGG QQ.]HoweverthereareotherlocationswhichclaimtobeColumbus'sbirthplace" see CalviinSection7B.Cf ??Sevilla,Spain,inSection10,formoredetailsonhisremains." 'ddJamesSMITHSON(1765-1829),whoselegacyfoundedtheSmithsonianInstitution,diedinGenoaandwas@+(5~ dZdA"€€Zd""" DZjjburiedintheBritishCemetery.Whenthelandwasneededin1903,AlexanderGrahamBellcameandremoved" kkktheremainstotheUSA,wheretheywerereinterredinacryptintheInstitution.[Gunther(3),p.279." *qqGrosvenor.]SeeUnitedStates:WashingtoninSection10.Supposedly,ashelaydying,herequestedhisfriends" iitodoapostmortem"andfindoutwhatailsme;forreallyIamdyingtoknowwhatmydiseaseismyself."" ]'Gino ^^LORIA(18621954)becameProfessorofHigherGeometryin1886,teachinguntil1935.Hehada" ::stronginterestinthehistoryofmathematics,publishingStoria delle  Matematiche inthreevolumes,19291933," u andediting  Bolletinodi bibliografiae storia delle scienze  matematiche --formanyyears.Helefthislibrarytothe" d Biblioteca  Specialedi Matematicawhichhefounded.  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.177178.]"  '99GuidoFUBINI(18791943)wasprofessorherein19061908  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.185186]." Ø" .'77CAUCHYtutoredtheBourbonheirinexileinPragueand  GÑrz(now  GORIZIA, FriuliVeneziaGiulia,in" \  1833-1838." Ø" }'??ThereisacollectionofcapacitymeasuresintheTowerofthe Porta Romana, GUBBIO,Umbria." Ø" ; 'Herculaneumsee Ercolano,above." Ø" Ü'F. ''ENRIQUES(1871??)wasborninLIVORNO (LEGHORN),Toscana  [Giacardi& Roero,p.173]." Ø" e'NICHOLASOFCUSAdiedin LODI, ##Lombardia,in1464[Sarton,p.14]." Ø" ®'iiInLUCCA,Toscana,thereisafinelabyrinthcarvedonthepillaroftheentrancetotheCathedralofS." ž  Martino." Ø" ' Luzzanas,Sardiniasee Benetutti,above." Ø" Q'22CesareARZELÀ(18471912)taughtattheLyceumin --MACERATA,18701878,withayearonleaveat@+(³hdZdA"€€Zd""" êZAAPisain18721873.VOLTERRAwasoneofhisstudents.[Martini.]" Ø" 'In MANTOVA(MANTUA), >>Lombardia,LeonBattistaALBERTIdesignedthechurchesofSan  Sebastiano" J (1459)and Sant' ..Andrea(14701471,completedafterhisdeath) [Kemp,pp.67].€+(€®dZdA"€€Zd""" Z'UUThereisafinepanelledwoodenceilingintheformofalabyrinthintheStanzadel LabirintointhePalazzo" Ø  Ducale." {'##Someofthefinestperspectiveand trompe ))l'oeileffectsoftheRenaissanceareby AndreaMANTEGNA" Ä(14311506)inthePalazzo  Ducaleand Sant' Andreaandby Giulio ROMANOinthePalazzodel Te." b'Gino LORIA(18621954)wasbornin Mantova  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.177178]." ~'Gino FANO(18711952)wasbornin Mantova  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.173176]." Ø" þ'UUIn1971,DavidSingmasterwasonanunderwaterarchaeologicalexpeditiondirectedby  HonorFrost" ##investigatingsomeconcretionsoff  CapoSan ??Teodoro,onthenorthsideofthePunicruinsontheislandof Motya" S ii(Mozia),about12kmNnorthofMARSALA,Sicilia,whenhediscoveredtheremainsofashipwheresandhad" ¡llbeenremovedbywinterstormsandcurrents.ThisturnedouttobeaCarthaginianwarship,fromabout250," ®qqmakingitthefirstCarthaginianshipandthefirstclassicalerawarshiptobediscovered.Itwasexcavatedby"  ppHonorFrostin19711974andconserved.In1972,asmallerfragmentofanothershipwasdiscoverednexttothe" ssfirst,withmoreofitsprowandamovableramthefirstremainsofaramtobediscovered.Theprow(probably" MMofthesecondship)hasbeenreconstructedattheArchaeologicalMuseum,Via ""Boeo,Marsala.[DBSseealso:" ˆSundayTimesMagazine (22Jul1973);  Intl.J.  Naut.Arch. ++1(1972)113117&2 (1973)3349;Maria Grazia" 0 Griffo  Alabiso:Marsala //;LionsClubMarsala,1984,pp.2526&plates IXXI;  AramcoWorld (NovDec1986)" u 29.MGG-Italy (1995)  ,p. 273.]" Ø +( TdZdA"€€Zd""" Z' AtMASER(or MasÃr),Veneto, ENEof Bassano,istheVilla  Barbaro(or(di)Maser),oneof  Palladio's" 933finervillas,of15571558,builtforthebrothers  Danieleand  Marcantonio  Barbaro. Daniele BARBARO" 88( -c1570)wasanotedintellectualofhisday.Heand ;;PalladiotravelledtoRometostudyRomanarchitectureand" ? Palladioassisted &&DanieleinhiseditionofVitruvius. ::Danielealsowroteongeometryandperspective,including" ŠhisLa Practicadella  Perspectiva KKof1569,whichprobablyinspiredthemosaicstarlikedodecahedronatSan" ?XXMarco,Venice,qvbelow.HewaslaterVenetianambassadortoLondon,thenPatriarchof Aquileiaandofficial" f33historianofVenice.Heundoubtedlyassistedboth ..PalladiointhedesignofthevillaandPaolo Veroneseinthe" ""decorativefrescoeswhichfeature trompe MMl'oeileffects.Attheendsofthewingsofhousearecolossaldialsthe" uuwesternoneisasundial,buttheeasternoneismarkedwithsignsofthezodiacandisprobablythewallequivalent" ofameridianline. ##[Buckley&Robinson,pp.352354.MGG-Italy (1995) ,pp. 228229.]" Ø" ©'  Francesco VVMAUROLICO(=Maurolycus)(1494or1498-1575),oneofthefirstusersofmathematical" 6JJinduction,taughtatMESSINA,Sicilia,anddiedthere[Sarton,pp.84-85]." '' Giovanni Alfonso DDBORELLIwasProfessorofMathematicsattheUniversityin16391656." 'Gino MMFANO(18711952)wasprofessorofalgebraandanalyticgeometryin18991901  [Giacardi& Roero,"   pp.173176]." Y'ggBesidetheCathedralisa60mtallCampanilewithanastronomicalclockmadeinStrasbourgin1933and" ))believedtobethelargestintheworld[MGG-Italy (1995)  ,p. 274]. 0+( WbdZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" ¹ ' Metapontesee Crotone,above." Ø" ®'))BOETHIUS(c475c523or455524)livedin MILANO(MILAN) , Lombardia.Seealso  Calvenzano," s above.[Masotti,pp.68.]" 'iiTheearliestmechanicalclockofwhichreasonableknowledgeexistswassetupinMilanin1335andhada" _00strikingmechanism[F.A.B.Ward,pp.20&48]." 'Oneof PPAndreaMANTEGNA'smostremarkableusesofperspectiveishisDeadChristinthe Pinacotecadi"  Brera." a'Thelate15Carchitect --BRAMANTEproducedafineillusionisticfalse ""apseintheChurchofS.Mariaby"   ('presso')S.  Satiro [Converso,p.34]." 'YYLucaPACIOLI(c14451517)wasprofessorherein14961499.HewasinspiredtostarthisDivina" ' Proportione bbon9Feb1498andcompletediton14Dec1498,thoughitwasnotpublished(inanexpandedform)" 11until1509[Masotti,pp.1819;Giusti,p.40; EEFennell,pp.1215;R.E.Taylor,pp.231232,235,251(notingthe" –pperroneous1497intheprintedversion)].TheperiodinMilanwasthehighpointofhiscareer,beingaleading" …88memberoftheglitteringintellectualcourtofLodovico **Sforza.HelivedatthemonasteryofSan  Simpliciano," U writinghisDivinaProportione ,andDeViribusQuantitatis 22here[R.E.Taylor,pp.230231].Hewasagood" @jjfriendofLEONARDODAVINCI(14521519)whodrewthepicturesforPacioli'sbook.Pacioliisourleading" Y::witnesstoLeonardo'sworkatthistime,particularlythe LastSupper ,,intheRefectoryoftheMonasteryofSanta" Maria delle eeGrazieduring1495-1497,andhemaywellhaveadvisedontheperspectiveofthepainting.Certainly" ±ooPaciolistimulatedLeonardo'sinterestinperspectiveanditispossiblethatLeonardo'sfamousdrawingofthe0@+( ¹€ dZdA"€€Zd""" |ZmmproportionsofthehumanbodywasinspiredbyPacioli'scommentonclassicalarchitecture;"Forinthehuman" Gqqbodytheyfoundthetwomainfigures...,namelytheperfectcircleandthesquare."Pacioliseemstohavemade" rrmodelsofthepolyhedraillustratedinhisbook,thoughwedon'tknowifLeonardousedtheseforhisdrawings.A" ÒnnsetwasprobablygiventoPacioli'searlierpatron,theDukeofUrbino,in1494.Anothersetwaspaidforby" Florencein1504. &&[Fennell,pp.1215.]TheBiblioteca  Ambrosiana (AmbrosianLibrary),2Piazza PioXI,hasa" c99majordisplayofLeonardo'sdrawingsandnotebooks.The  Galleria **LeonardescaofthevastLeonardodaVinci" É--MuseumofScienceandTechnology,21ViaSan <>modernfacsimileoftheclockintheScienceMuseum,London.p`€+(u€dZdA"€€Zd""" +Z'::LeonBattistaALBERTIattendedschoolinPaduafromc1414  [Kemp,p.3]." 'The  SALONEor  Saladella UURagioneisoneoftheprincipalsightsofthecity.Itsinteriorfrescodecoration," ;qqfromc1420,isbasedonastronomicalthemesandsunlightfallsontheappropriatezodiacalsignsduringtheyear" [Foligno,p.291].[MGG [[]saysthefrescoesincluderepresentationsoftheLiberalArtsandtheTrades,soIwould" //expectsomemathematicaltopicstobeincluded." ' Lorenzoand  Cristoforo  Canoziida BBLendinarastartedprintinginPaduain1461withareprintofthe" ddGutenbergBible[Foligno,pp.163164].ThefirstItalianprinterswereinVeniceinthesameyear." ö'KKREGIOMONTANUSwasProfessorofAstronomyattheUniversityofPadua,c1462." ø'^^COPERNICUS(14731543)wasastudentofmedicineandphilosophyattheUniversityofPaduain" OUU1501-1503(thoughsomesourcesrefertofouryears),possiblystudyingwithGirolamo  FRACASTORO" Ô [Armitage,p.67;Hoyle,p.20; JJRudnicki,pp.56].ThoughhecompletedhiscourseinCanonLawhere,he" ƒooofficiallygraduatedfromFerrara,forreasonsnotknown.[Pengelley&Pengelley,pp. 170171]saythereisa" TWWbustintheHallofRectorsandafrescointheRoomofForty,bothinthePalazzodel Bo." q'bbCARDAN(15011576)wasastudentattheUniversityin1524-1525andaRector[Cardan,pp.12-13&" ,298]." 6' Federico WWCOMMANDINO(15091575)wasastudentofphilosophyandmedicinein15341544,buttook" þ hismedicaldegreeatFerrara." ª'[[JohnCAIUS(15101573),refounderoftheCambridgecollege,wasastudentofmedicinehere." *'eeAfterPisa,GALILEO(1564-1642)wasProfessorofMathematicsattheUniversityofPaduafrom1592to" pp1610.SincePaduawaspartoftheRepublicofVenice,GalileowaslessconstrainedbytheChurchthanhewould`0+(] €údZdA"€€Zd""" 2Zmmhavebeenelsewhere.HiswoodenLectureStandispreservedintheanteroomoftheGreatHall(=AulaMagna)" {ofthePalazzodel Bo[Photosin NNGasparotto,p.83andScandone,p.14],wherehelecturedtouptoathousand" *qqstudents[Andrade(2),p.3].[Eastman,p.337]sayshischairandwoodenlecternareintheUniversityMuseum," „Via8 hhFebbraio.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 171]sayhispodiumisintheRoomofForty,adjacenttotheAula" CAAMagna.ThereisabustintheAulaMagna[Fahie,p.128&plate ''XXXII,opp.p.109;Foligno,p.175]." tt[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 170]saythereisabustintheadjacentHallofRectors.WilliamHarveyisbelievedto" sshaveattendedGalileo'slecturesandmayhavebeeninspiredbyGalileo'sstudiesofwatermotion[Wymer,p.1:9]." (ppHereGalileomadehiswaterpumpin1594,hisfirstthermometerin1597(or1593or1592)(theinventionofthe"  thermometerisindeterminate  Santorioand AADrebbelproducedexamplesaboutthesametime;[A.Brown,p.30]" UPPsays1593),hisproportionalcompassin1596(publishinganinstructionmanual:Le Operazionidel  Compasso"  Geometricoet Militare UUin1606,hisfirstbook)andhisfirsttelescopeinMay1609.About1599,hewroteDella" íScienza  Meccanica VVonthelever,pulleyandscrew,butthiswasneverpublishedbyhim,thoughMersenne" •ggpublishedaFrenchtranslationin1634[Andrade(2),p.3].Hesetupaworkshoptomakeandsellhis" ŠPPproportionalcompassesand,later,lensesandtelescopes[Andrade(2),pp.34]." t'__Galileoneverclaimedtohavediscoveredthetelescope,buthedevisedhisowninMay1609and" † **immediatelyrecogniseditspotentialities." X'22'...beinginVenice,IheardnewsthattheCount 66Maurizio(ofNassau)hadbeenpresentedbyaDutchman0P+(WúdZdA"€€Zd""' `Zllwithaneyeglassbywhichthefardistantobjectscouldbeseenasperfectlyasiftheywereverynear,and' llnothingmorewassaid.AsIwentbacktomyresidenceinPadua,Ithoughtoverthisproblem,andthefirst' ppnightaftermyreturnIsolveditandthefollowingdayIbuilttheinstrument....Iimmediatelyproceededto' QQbuildamoreperfectone,whichIbroughttoVenicesixdayslater,....'[From  IlSagittore (1623),quotedin' kkScandone,pp.4445.SeeunderVenice,below,formoreaboutthistelescopewhichcouldmagnify9times.' oXXScandone,pp.4546continueswithGalileo'saccountofhisdeductionsandexperiments.]" eppHisfirsttelescopemagnifiedthreetimes.Hesoondiscoveredthenecessaryrelationshipbetweenfocallengths" nooandthatspectaclelensescouldnotgiveanygreaterpower,sohelearnedhowtogrindhisownlenses.Bymid" MkkAugusthehadan8or9powertelescopewhichhetooktoVeniceon23Aug.ByNovemberhehadatelescope" ^nnwhichmagnified20timesandhelaterachievedamagnificationof32times.Hebegantoobservetheskywith" Ûiithe20powertelescopeinNov1609.ByJanuary1610,hediscoveredthatstoppingdowntheaperturegave" ,ssclearerimages.Hesoondiscoveredthemultitudeoffaintstars(e.g.intheMilkyWay),themountainsand'seas'" @ss(histerminology)ofthemoonandthefactthatplanetsappearedasdiscs,butthestarsdidnot.(ThomasHarriot" nnhadcarefullyobservedthemoonthrougha6powertelescopeanddrawnamapofitsomemonthsbeforeGalileo," Ûrrbuthedidnotpublishhisresults.)Hisfirstdescriptionofhisobservationswasinaletterof7Jan1610and" Jwwincludesadiagramofhisobservation'onlythisevening''atthefirsthourofthenight'ofthefirstthreemoonsof" ŠnnJupiterthoughhedidn'trealizetheyweremoonsuntilhereobservedoverthenextfewdaysandrecognizedP +(Q€ dZdA"€€Zd""" Zffthemasmoonsonthe11thandthattherewasafourthmoononthe13th.Hesuggestednamingthemthe Cosmian" çor  Cosmicaor MediceanPlanets,andthe DDMediceancourtfeltthelastwasbest.Galileohadalreadystarted" Š$$printinghisfindingswiththeword 55Cosmica.InMarch1610heannouncedhisfindingsinSidereusNuncius ," Rlldated12March.HesentanunboundcopytograndDukeCosimoonthe13thand,onthe19th,hesentabound" >sscopyandhistelescope,reportingthatall550copiesofthebookwerealreadysold!Inthebook,hededucesthat" ssthemountainsonthemoonareaboutfourmileshigh.HehasnotenoughdatatodeterminetheperiodsofJupiter's" Oppmoons,butindicatestheyrangefromaboutadaytoabouttwoweeks.InJulyhediscoveredtheringsofSaturn" ækk(hethoughtthereweretwomoonstheyweren'tidentifiedasringsuntilHuygensin16551656).Healso" ™kkobservedthephasesofVenusaboutthistimeonesourcesaysthiswasinOct/Dec1610,whichwouldhave" ”oobeeninFlorence,but[Andrade(2)saysitoccurredjustafterhisappointmenttoPisainthesummer,hencehe" jssmighthavestillbeenatPadua.ThephasesofVenusshowthatitisorbitingaroundthesunthiswasthefirst" uuobservationalverificationoftheCopernicansystem.Heobserved40morestarsthanthevisible7inthePleiades." ttHealsodevisedthefirst(?)microscope,thoughhedidn'tpursuemicroscopicalstudies.Thereisdisputeaboutthe" rrpriorityofthemicroscope,butacolleaguementionsGalileo'sworkalreadyin1610andanothercolleaguegivesa" QQmoredetaileddescriptionin1614theearliestdefiniteinformationaboutthe ##Jansens'microscopeisin1619and" Àpptheydidn'tmakeaclaimforpriorityuntil1655cfunderNetherlandsinSection10.InthePiazzaVittorio  +(ñ€„dZdA"€€Zd""" Z Emanuele(formerlyPratodella 55Valle)isastatueofGalileo[Fahie,p.131&plate XXXII,opp.p.109].Helived" rinasmallhouseinVia dei 88Vignali,apparentlystillextant,nearthechurchofS. Giustina[Maria Luisa Righini" à Bonelli; VitadiGalileo ; Nardini BBEditore,Florence,1974,p.57;informationfromMarioVelucchi]." '%%AlegendrecountedbybyVivianiand Gherardiniisthat  Gustavus ((Adolphus,laterKingofSweden,wasone" Ù99ofGalileo'spupilsatPadua.Thereisnoevidencethat 33GustavuswaseverinItalyandhewasonly16when" PPGalileoleftPisain1610.However,thereweretwootherSwedishprincesnamed Gustavuswhospentsometime" ºaainItalyandmayhavestudiedatPadua,sotheremaybeagrainoftruthinthisstory.[Segre.]" #'II[Foligno,pp.284285]saysthereisamodernplaqueonthetowerofthe Ponte dei Molini(atthenorthend" :qqofViaDante)incorrectlyassertingthatGalileomadesomeofhisastronomicaldiscoverieshere.Sadly,Foligno" ’77doesn'tmentionanyplacewhereGalileolivedinPadua. €+(u€®dZdA"€€Zd""" tZ'ZZJamesGREGORYspent16631668inItalyandin16651668hewasatPadua,lodgingwithDr."  MMCaddenhead,theScottishProfessorofPhilosophy.ItwasherethathewroteVera  Circuliet  Hyperbolae"   Quadratura and GeometriaePars  Universalis DD,thefirstofwhichwaspublishedherein1667.[H.W.Turnbull&" š  Bushnell;Boag.]" s'JJIn1678,Paduaawardedthefirstdegree(inphilosophy)toawoman,Elena  Lucrezia Cornaro(=Corner)" … llPiscopia.ThefactthatshewasadescendentofDogesofVenicemaywellhavehadsomethingtodowiththe" PPawardthenextwomantogetadegreewasoverfiftyyearslateratBologna. [Buckley&Robinson,p.285.]" ú' Jacopo(or  Giacomo) NNFrancescoRICCATI(16761754),ofRiccati'sdifferentialequation,wasatthe" University.Forhisson ))Vincenzo(17071775),seeBologna,above." ù'??NicholasBERNOULLI(1687-1759)wasaprofessoratPadua,c1720." ˜'Guido KKCASTELNUOVO(18651952)wasastudentattheUniversity,studyingunderG.  Veroneseand" ùgraduatingin1886  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.171173]." 9'  Francesco [[SEVERI(18791961)wasprofessorofprojectiveanddescriptivegeometryfrom1905to1922," Y66andalsobecamedirectoroftheSchoolofEngineering  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.168170]. FrancescoTRICOMI" S(18971978)was 44Severi'sassistantin1918andfollowedhimtoRome  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.190191]." #',,Thereisanobservatoryina13Ctowernear Ponte !!NuovodiFerro[Foligno,p.306]." Ø" S'ddMichaelSCOT(c1175c1235)wasCourtAstrologertoEmperorFrederickIIofSicilyfrom1227andthe" <nnmainseatofthecourtwasinPALERMO,Sicilia.Heisbestrememberedasanastrologerandalchemist,buthe+( €bdZdA"€€Zd""" )ZmmwasthepersonwhoproposedproblemstoFibonaccifortheEmperorandFibonaccidedicatedthesecondedition" 5 ofthe LiberAbaci  tohim." ' ItwasinPalermothatGiuseppe KKPIAZZIobservedCeresonthenightof1Jan1801.Hecouldonlygetthree" IIfixesonit.GAUSSdevelopedhistechniqueofdeterminingtheorbitand  OLBERS(or Zach??)relocatedita" a  yearlater." “'JJCesareARZELÀ(18471912)wasProfessorofAlgebrain18781880[Martini]." ñ' Ernesto FFCESÀRO(18591906)wasborninPalermoandwasprofessorin18861891." Ø" 'The13CBaptisteryat $$PARMA,EmiliaRomagna,isa16gon[MGG ((].(Buildingsintheshapeofngons," MIIwithn>8,arenotcommon;thereisa22sidedpianofactoryinLondon.)" )'GiovanniBattista RRBENEDETTI(15301590)lecturedonphilosophyandmathematicsatthecourtofDuke" ¬ Ottavio  Farnesein 55Parma,in15581567,beforegoingtoTurin,qvbelow  [Giacardi& Roero,p. 118]." '  Francesco ]]SEVERI(18791961)becameprofessorofprojectiveanddescriptivegeometryattheUniversity" )in1904,butleftfor Padovaayearlater.  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.168170.]" Ø" ¯'//BOETHIUS(c475c523or455524)diedinPAVIA, 22Lombardia,andthereareagraveandrelicsinS."  Pietroin Ciel $$d'Oro.Butanothertraditiongives **Calvenzano,qvabove.[Masotti,pp.68.]" B'hhTheUniversityofPaviaisancient,butIonlyhave11CasadatewhichwouldpredateBolognaandPadua" x??whicharethetwooldestItalianuniversities.Further[Helen  Waddell;MedievalLatinLyrics ;(1929),4thed," Ý]](1933);Penguin,1952,p.339]saystheUniversitycelebrateditseleventhcentenaryin1925." M'##LeonardodaVINCIwasastudent.[MGG .]+(edZdA"€€Zd""" Z'bbThe11C(or14C)towerbytheDuomocollapsedinMar1989,killingfourpeoplecfPisa,below[MGG ]." 'IhaveanotethatGiovanni TTdi'Dondibuiltanastronomicalclockhere,butIthinkthisisaconfusionwiththe" a  clockat Padova,qvabove." '@@CARDAN(=Cardano)(15011576)wasborninthetown[Cardan,p. ))vii,thoughSarton,p.32,saysMilan]." +rrHewasastudentin1520-1523[Cardan,p.12]andlivedthereformuchofhislife.Hevaguelyspecifiesseveral" ; places,lastlynearS.Mariain MMPertica,intheNEquarternearthecastle[Cardan,pp.85&309].Seealso Sacco," µllbelow.IhaverecentlyseentheassertionthatthepotatowasintroducedtoEuropebyHieronymusCardan,a" •//monkbutsomehowIdoubtifthisisourman!" $'77GirolamoSACCHERI(16671733)wasaprofessor,c1730." ð'AlessandroGiuseppeAntonio AAAnastasioVOLTA(17451827)wasProfessorofPhysicsfrom1779." piiForeignMemberRS,1791;CopleyMedalRS,1794.From1794(or1792),hefollowedupGalvani'sreportof" zz'animalelectricity'andsoondiscoveredtherealsituation.In1800,heinventedthe'voltaicpile'anddescribeditin" nnalettertoSirJosephBanksasPRS.Banksshowedittotwocolleagueswhopromptlymadeanexampleandused" <rrittodecomposewaterforthefirsttime.NapoleoncalledhimtoParistoseehisexperimentsandstruckamedal" Úaainhishonour.VoltawasaSenatorforLombardy.Hewascommemoratedonthe10,000lirenote." Ñ'Thereisabustof Felice ,,CASORATIattheUniversity[Masotti,p.90]." ¯' ::FrancescoBRIOSCHI(18241897)wasprofessorin18521861." Ø" J'22GiovanniDomenicoCASSINI(16251712)wasbornin &&PERINALDO,Liguria,nearNiceandSan Remo" * [Anon: ElogedeMonsieurCassini].P+(mTdZdA"€€Zd""" ØZ" u'ccTheUniversityofPERUGIA,Umbria,wasfoundedbyapapalbullofClementVin1308[R.E.Taylor,"   pp. 138139]." u'ffLucaPACIOLI(c14451517)wasthefirstmathematicslecturerattheUniversity,in1477-1480[Giusti," ¥&&p. 39]andtaughthereagaininc1490 JJ[Fennell,pp.1112].[R.E.Taylor,pp.118,127128]saysthatPacioli" statesinhisSumma ^^thathewasherein14751480and14861488.Taylor[p.141]saysthatin1475,helectured" 4SStoaclassof150.Hewasagainherein1510[R.E.Taylor,pp.367368].Inthe GalleriaNazionale  dell'Umbria" 11isanotherofPIEROdellaFrancesca'spaintings:The PolyptychofSt.Antony ''of1470.[R.E.Taylor,pp.118120]" \\claimsthattheleftmostsaint'isthesameas'theSt.PeterMartyrinthepictureinthe Brera,Milan,qv,andhence" 6ttisapictureofLucaPacioli.However,astandardworkonPiero'sartsaysthesaintisSt.AntonyofPadua,andI" qAAcannotseeanysignofagashontheheadinmypoorishpictures." é'PPInthePiazzadiS.LorenzoisafineearlyRenaissancefountainwithpanelsby NiccolaandGiovanni" ÷CCPisano,includingthesciencesandarts,withGeometryamongthese." Ä'##In1498or1499,GiovanniBattista BBDanti(c14771517)issupposedtohavemadeseveralflightsusing" hrr'wings'.Hismajorflightwasoverthetownsquare,butastrutbrokeandhecrashedontotheroofofSt.Mary's" VCCChurch.Thisisfirstreportedin1652.[GordonStein&MarieJ. MacNee;Hoaxes!Dupes,Dodges&Other" wDastardlyDeceptions ,,;VisibleInkPress,Detroit,1995,p.123.]" ØP€€+(Á€®dZdA"€€Zd""" %Z' FFAngeloGENOCCHI(18171889)wasborn,studiedandtaughtRomanlawat PIACENZA,Emilia" >..Romagna,therebeingnoscientificfacultyin CCPiacenza.Aftertheuprisingsof1848,hefledfromtheimpending" ßAustrianstoTurin.  [Giacardi& Roero,pp.143144.]" Ø" <'%%PIENZA,Toscana,wasthehomeofthe BBPiccolominifamilywhichproducedPopesPiusIIandIII.PiusII" ”^^decidedtorebuilthisnativetownasaRenaissancecityandwasprobablyassistedbyALBERTI  [Kemp,p.7]." Ø" 'InPISA ee,Toscana,theLeaningTowercontinuestoleanbuthasn'tcomedownyet.Itis191or189ft(58m)" /kkhigh,withadiameterof49ft(15m)andwasbuiltinthreestagesduring11731350.Thefirststagewas" ww1173-1178andstoppedinthemiddleofthefourthlevel,at34or35ft(10.5m),duetotiltingtowardthenorth.In" jtt12721278,thebuilderstriedtocompensateforthetiltandaddedthreelevels,butthetowerbegantotilttothe" Rnnsouth.Thoughthetiltincreased,workwasresumedandthebellchamberwasaddedin13601370,withafinal" tiltofabout1.6o eetothesouth.Notonlywasthetowertilting,itwassinking.Bythe19C,ithadsunk3mandthe" 1tilthadincreasedtoabout5o ZZandvariousattemptsbegantobemadetostabilizeit,oftenresultingingreatertilt." %uuInparticular,the1838excavationoftheareaaroundthetowertorevealtheoriginalbasecausedalurchof.5m." Œ,,Inthelate20C,itwastiltingatabout5.5o 77,whilecomputersimulationspredictedcollapseat5.44o  !Thetop" ìlloverhungthebasebyabout19ft(