DOC 6T+( M0#xkA4djLX RomanPCourier`> LX SanserifCG TimesP* Letter Gothic t=LX Letter Gothic`& LX Prestige`'CourierCondensed`0UniversH LX Courier`/@k@@@@@@x@&@&@x@@BASIC102 2 2 >^5@A"Zd##(-27<Layout 0gA"Zd""',16;main(@A"Zd'"',16;indent(@A"Zd,',16;@ shiftindentA"Zd""',16;Layout 4A"Zd""',16;Layout 5A"Zd""',16;Layout 6A"Zd""',16;Layout 7A"Zd""',16;Layout 8A"Zd""',16;Layout 9+(ZdZdA"Zd### H Z#gGazetteerp.>>>@+(Xp@xZdA"Zd""" Zx" o'7.MONUMENTSINFRANCE. " d" $'mmNote.Frenchorthographyisconfusedforseveralreasons.Accentsareoftenomittedoncapitallettersand" mmtheusageofaccentshaschangedoverthelastfewcenturies.ModernFrenchwritersoftenusemodernforms," I@@whilenonFrenchwritersoftenomittheaccentsentirely.E.g. 33NtreisoftengivenasNotre,eveninFrance.In" jjplacenames,thereisatendencytocombinewordswithhyphens,e.g.StGermaindesPrs,butthisisnot" 1qqconsistentlydone.ThewordsRue,Avenue,Place,etc.aresometimescapitalisedandsometimesnot.InParis,I" +willindicatethe arrondissementsbye.g.5e ,exceptthefirstis1er 00.TheFrenchpostcodesforParisbegin75and" thenhavethe ::arrondissementnumbergivenasthreedigits,e.g.the5th ,,arr.hascode75005.Ihavegenerallyput" UUthehousenumberbeforethestreetname,thoughtheFrenchoftendoittheotherway." x" ' 7A.PARIS." " '7A1.INSTITUTIONS. " d" $', CEMETERIES. RRManydetailscomefrom[Culbertson&Randall(3)].SeealsothePanthonbelow." " ' MONTMARTRE $$CEMETERYisat20AvenueRachel,18e &&.Afreelist/mapisprovidedbythe Mairie de" %%Parisattheentrance.JeanBernard @@LonFOUCAULT(18191868)isburiedinDivision7[Culbertson&" hhRandall (3),pp. 112-114].AndrMarieAMPRE(17751836)isinDivision30[Culbertson&Randall(3)," m??pp. 112113&127],withhisson,anotablelinguist.Andreas //HinzreportsthathefoundLUCAS'sgravehere," nearto ooOffenbach,butitismostlyillegibleLucasisnotonthelist/mapandwhenIvisitedin1998,Ifoundthat" Jssthemainlistsareinthecemeteryofficewhichisnotopenonweekends.IwasunabletofinditinJan2002,but@P+( dZdA"Zd""" FZ..Hinzlatertoldmeitisacrossthepathfrom ::Offenbach,whereIdidnotlook.[Hare (2),p.488]says De"  ppBougainville'stombishere,butIhavenowfoundthathehadbeeninthecemeteryofSt.Pierre,onthetopof" Montmartre,justwestof Sacr QQCoeur,andthisisonlyopenon1Nov.HehasbeenremovedtothePanthon,qv," but[MGG bb]sayshisheartremainsatSt.Pierre.Thelist/mapmentionsaCharlesFourier(philosopherand" HHeconomist),butIdon'tknowifheisanyrelationtothemathematician." '''GALOISwasburiedinacommongravein  MONTPARNASSE CEMETERY,3BoulevardEdgar Quinet," 14e &&,in1832,butnotraceofitremains [Solovyov].Alexander ++ALEKHINE(18921946),WorldChessChampion" ))in19271935and19371946,isburiedin 11MontparnasseCemeterywithanappropriatestatue [Schonberg,p.171]."  UrbainJeanJoseph ZZLEVERRIER(1811-1877)isburiedinDivision11[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.171].Henri" POINCAR(18541912)ishere[MGG ]. Nicolas 88CONT(17551805),inventorofthepencil,isburiedin" //Division25[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.181]." 'PRE LACHAISE CEMETERY,16rue de Repos(orBoulevard Mnilmontant),20e ,isthelargestin" qqParis,establishedin1804whenthecitywasoverflowingwithcorpses.Mapsofthefamousgravesareobtainable" ??neartheentrances,buttheydon'tlistallofthefollowing. Gustave %%FROMENT(18151865),inventorofthe" rrgyroscope(butseeunderPanthon,below,andFoucaultinSection7A2)andatelegraph,isburiedinDivision1" oo[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.10].FranoisARAGO(17861853)isinDivision4[Culbertson&Randall(3),pp." 8&10;MGG  ].Edward $$BRANLY(1844-1940),inventorofthe Branly %%decohererusedinearlyradio,isinP`+(dZdA"Zd""" YZ00Division10[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.23]. 44AugustinJeanFRESNEL(17881827)isinDivision14" $$[Culbertson&Randall(3),p. 31]. JeanBaptiste DELAMBREisinDivision10. Michel CHASLES(17931880)" 66isinDivision17[Culbertson&Randall(3),p. 33]. Auguste **COMTE(17981857),thephilosopher,isin" 22Division17[Culbertson&Randall(3),pp.3336;MGG //].JeanFranoisCHAMPOLLION(1790-1832),the" QQdeciphererofhieroglyphics,isinDivision18[Culbertson & Randall(3),p. 36;MGG ].MONGEwasalsoburied" %%hereinDivision18facingtheGrand  Carrefour[MGG 55].ThetombisshownintheOpenUniversityprogramParis" .andtheNewMathematics YY,partofthecourseonHistoryofMathematics.In1989,theremainsweretranslatedto" ddthePanthon,qvbelow.J. N.HACHETTE,Monge'sassistant,isbesidetheMongetombandFOURIERis" Ynearby.JosephLouis KKGAYLUSSAC(17781850)isinDivision26[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.34;MGG ]."  Allan KARDEC(previously Lon JJRIVAIL)(18041869)beganasamathematician,thenwroteoneducationand" iigrammar,beforebecomingtheleadingspokesmanforspiritualism!HeisnowinDivision 44[Culbertson&" $KKRandall(3),pp.5354],havingpreviouslybeeninMontmartre.Thereisa ""LALANDEtombinDivision46butI" ==don'tknowifthemathematician/astronomerisburiedthere. //ThophileGRAMME(16261901),Belgianinventor" nnofadynamoin1869,isinDivision94[Culbertson&Randall(3),p. 85].[Hare (2),pp.244245]saysLouis" 2AAPOINSOT(1777-1859)isburiedtotheleftofthemainpath,near Rossini." ]'::LAPLACEwasburiedhere,butin1888hewastranslatedto ++Mailloc,nearBeaumont,qvinSection7B," !44andthetombwasmovedtoBeaumont.Theremainsof  ABLARDand !!HloseweretransferredtoPre`0+(dZdA"Zd""" aZ LLLachaisecemeteryin1817,wherethegravesareashrineforunhappylovers [Okey,pp.9093].Andreas Hinz" v66reportsthatCamilleJORDANishere,nearVictorHugo." 'Both CURIEswereburiedat SCEAUX  DD[Wymer,p.6:32],butin1995,theyweretranslatedtothePanthon"  sheisthefirstwomanthere." 'iiTheMontparnassearealiesoveracomplexofoldquarriesandtunnelsknownastheCatacombsandstacked" DDwithbonesremovedfromoldcemeteriesin1785entranceinPlace DenfertRochereau,14e ,ontheeastsideof" theapproachto Av. ,,GnralLeclerc.LAVOISIERwasburiedhere." " " 'ACADMIEDESSCIENCES.[ MGGFrance 88]considersthe1635foundingoftheAcadmieFranaise" ''asalsothefoundationoftheAcadmie EEdesSciences,butothersconsideritbeganabout1664asaseriesof" ]]meetingsofscientists,notablyPascal,Descartes,Gassendi,HuygensandMersenne.In1666, Colbertinvited" qmmthemtomeetintheRoyalLibraryandtheirfirstmeetingwason22Dec1666.In1669theyadoptedthename"  Acadmie Royale 88desSciencesandtransferredtomeetingintheLouvre. ##ColbertgotHUYGENStocomeasthe" qqfoundingDirector,livinginthebuildingfrom1666to1681.ItwassuppressedbytheConventionon21Dec1792" 111anditsfunctionswerevestedinabranchofthe BBInstitutNational.In1816,theoriginalnamewasreadoptedand" Pthe Institutwasrenamedthe  Institut deFrance.Arago, Bailly, 11Biot,Borel,Buffon,L.Carnot,Cauchy,Clairaut" F (electedatage18),Condorcet, 22d'Ocagne,D'Alembert,Fourier,Lacroix,Lagrange, Lalande,Langevin,Laplace,"  Legendre,  Lemonnier, 00Libri,Monge,Navier,Ozanam,Poinsot,Poisson, $$Pronyweremembers.Monge&Carnot0+(gdZdA"Zd""" 5Z==wereexpelledin1816.FontenellewasthefirstSecretary. **DelambrewasPermanentSecretaryandwas" qqsucceededbyFourierin18221830.AragosucceededFourier.Clairautwaselectedatage12in1725.Borelwas" bbPresidentin1934.VaucansonwasInspectorofMechanicalInventionsinthemid18C.DARBOUXwas+(uTdZdA"Zd""" ZUUperpetualsecretaryintheearly20C.TheAcadmieoccasionallyawardsagoldmedal "HenriPoincar"in" ;;mathematics.Therecipientshavebeen:Hadamard(1962); Deligne(1974);J. G.  Thompson(1992).Itis" gpresentlyatPlacede l'Institut,23 Quaide Conti,6e <<seebelow.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 128]sayyoucan" _EEasktolookarounditandthereisaquantityofbustsandportraits." 'OOIn1665,thefirstscientificjournal(atleastinavernacularlanguage),theJournal des savans wasstarted.It" &&soonbecametheorganoftheAcadmie Royale desSciences.(ThePhilosophicalTransactions alsostartedin" D551665,andseemstojustprecedethis.TheAccademia dei 77Linceihadashortlivedjournalsometimeinthe17C." 55TheAcadmieformallybeganitsownjournalwiththe  Histoire de  l'Acadmie Royale  desSciences in1729,which" &&summarisedtheproceedingsfrom1666.)" 'ffAtajointmeetingoftheAcadmiedesSciencesandtheAcadmiedesBeauxArtson19Aug1839,Arago" uufirstpresentedDaguerre'sphotographicprocess,thefirstpracticalmethod.Withinfourmonths,thirtyeditionsof" 9nnDaguerre'sbooklethadappeared.Aragoimmediatelymadesuggestionsforapplicationstoastronomy.[Darius," h  pp.1011.]" " 'nnIntheearly17C,nineloversofliteratureestablishedaregularmeeting.In1635,Richelieuorganizedthem" _intoanAcadmie NNLibreorACADMIEFRANAIS.[Hare (2),pp.512513]saystheideawasdueto"  Chancellor ..Sguier.ItmetinthePalaisRoyal,though[MGG 44]saysearlymeetingswereacrosstheroadat6Rue" de kkValois,butthismaythenhavebeenanoutbuildingofthepalace.BachetandPascal'sfatherwerefounder+(FdZdA"Zd""" Z..members.[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.105. @@Okey,p.213.]HareaddsthatafterRichelieu'sdeathin1642,"  HHSguierbecamePresidentfor30yearsandtheAcadmiemetintheHtel Sguier,whichwasinthe Cour des" c  Fermes,1er ,betweenRue du BouloiandRue $$duLouvre,butwasdemolishedafter Sguier'sdeathin1672.Its" rrmainfunctionhasbeentoregulatetheFrenchlanguage.In1762,itregularizedthespellingofsome5000words," ))aboutaquarterofthoseincommonuse. Estrebecame tre,  roybecame ##roi,etc.ThisAcadmiesuffered" (FFinterruptionandreorganizationin17931816,similartotheAcadmie ##desSciences.Fontenelle,Buffon," 6 D'Alembert, ]]Bailly,Voltaire,LaplaceandFourierweremembers.ThethirdgreatacademyistheAcadmie des" yInscriptionset XXBellesLettres,sometimescalledthePetiteAcadmie,datingfrom1663.Fontenelleand Bailly" ^^werethefirsttwopersonstobemembersofallthreegreatacademies[Arago,p.156].Since Napolon'stime,all" the ""Acadmieshavebeenhousedinthe  INSTITUT ((DEFRANCE,foundedin1795,atPlacede l'Institut,23 Quai"  de Conti,6e  ,facingthe Pont des $$Artes.Thebuildingwasfoundedby --Mazarin'swillof1661astheCollegeofthe" RHHFourNations,openedin1688butexpropriatedbytheConventionin1795 [Okey,p.222]or1790[MGG ].The"  ==InstituthasafamousstatueofVOLTAIREinthenudebyJean  Baptiste Pigalle(eponymofPlace  Pigalle)" pp[Cronin,p. 246],butIhaverecentlyseenit(oracopy?)intheLouvre,qvbelow.Thereisanotherstatueof" VoltaireinthesmallPlace HonoreChampion,behindthe InstitutattheendofRue  deSeine.p+( dZdA"Zd""" Z" $'XXAVIATIONhassignificantoriginsinParis.ThebrothersJoseph(17401810)andJacques tienne"  (1745-1799) ..Montgolfiersentupthreehotairballoonsat 77Annonay,nearLyon,thelaston5Jun1783.Theythen" ;;travelledtoParistobuildlargerballoons.TheAcadmie 66desSciencesheardofthisanddecidedtobuildtheir" **ownballoon,buttheydidn'tknowhowthe @@Montgolfiershadobtainedliftsotheydecidedtousehydrogen," llrecentlydiscoveredbyCavendish.J. A. C.Charleswascommissionedtocreateahydrogengeneratorandthe" ``brothersRobertcreatedarubberisedfabric.TheylaunchedanunmannedballoonfromtheChamps deMarson27" yhhAug1783.SupposedlysomeoneaskedBenjaminFranklinwhatusethismightbeandhemadethereply"And" 877whatuseisanewbornbaby?"Meanwhile,on19Septhe 77Montgolfierssentupasheep,aduckandaroosterand" |RRtheylaterevensentupsomepeopleintetheredballoons,includingthephysicist Piltre de RozierinOct1783," fromthefactoryof Rveillonat31Ruede ##Montreuil,FaubourgSt.Antoine,11e !!.On21Nov1783,theylaunched" ++thefirstballoonflight,fromtheChteau de la Muetteinthe Bois //deBoulogne.Thereweretwopersonsonboard:"  thepilot, Piltre de $$Rozierandapassenger,theMarquis d'Arlandes.([MGG &&]saystheystartedfromtheadjacent" JardinRanelagh,16e  ,wherethe Alle CCPiltredeRoziercommemoratesthelaunchsite.)Theywentfor25" 88minutes,coveringfivemiles,andlandedunharmedatLa ButteauxCailles,13e .On1Dec1783(1782??)," 11CharlesandoneoftheRobertsascendedfromthe ,,TuileriesGardensandtravelled27milesto Neslethis" NIIballoonwastheancestorofalllatergasballoons.[C.H.GibbsSmith;''Aeronautics1:EarlyFlyinguptothepP+( dZdA"Zd""" sZ ReimsMeeting //;HMSOforScienceMuseum,1966,items1&2.MGG &&.]Alate18Caccountsaystheywent" ppabout20milesandlanded,butthenCharleswentuponhisown,ascending3052yardsandrecordingthepressure" iiandtemperatureandcamedownsomefourorfivemilesfurtheron.On6Sep1804,GayLussacascendedat" -rrParisto23,400ftandlatermadeseverallongerascents,takingsamplesoftheairwhichprovedtohavethesame" o compositionatallheights." " 'TheBIBLIOTHQUE NATIONALE,58Rue deRichelieu,2e ,wasthepalaceof Mazarin,wherehis" //libraryof35,000volumeswasopentoscholars ??[Okey,p.222].ThecollectionsdatebacktoCharlesVinthe" ii14C,whosecollectionwasinLaTourdeLouvre.Inthe15C,thesecollectionsweremovedtotheChteau"  jjd'Amboise,butcamebacktoParisinthe16C.Acopyrightactwasmadein1537requiringacopyofevery" ((printedbooktobegiventothelibrary." '11Ithasoneofthefive(ortwo)knownRomanhand ))abaci(cfBritishMuseuminSection2B)." 'Stewart Culin[UUChessandplayingcards.Catalogueofgamesandimplementsfordivinationexhibited" JJbytheUnitedStatesNationalMuseuminconnectionwiththeDepartmentof Archologyand  Paleontology" kkoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaattheCottonStatesandInternationalExposition,Atlanta,Georgia,1895 ." ]IN:>>ReportoftheU.S.NationalMuseum,yearendingJune30,1896 .GovernmentPrintingOffice," 55Washington,1898,pp.665942[thereisareprintby ==AyerCo.,Salem,Mass.,c1990],p.863]saysthattheoldest" {00EuropeanchessmenhavebeenintheBibliothque ==NationalesincetheRevolution.Thesearesixivorypieces," ppreputedlygiventotheAbbeyofSt.DenisbyCharlemagne.Thedressandornamentsonthepiecesare9CGreek.P+( dZdA"Zd""" Z@@[IwonderifthisisbecausetheywereagiftfromByzantium?]" ]'hhThelibraryincludestwoGutenbergBibles,MSSbyPascal,Voltaire,Rousseau,Diderot,andtheoriginal"  plasterfor <>andsucceededhisfatherasDirectorin1784,butwithdrewto 33Thuryin1794.HedirectedtheFrenchsideofthe" >>surveylinkingFranceandEngland,usingacircledesignedby Bordaandbuiltby Lenoir.Cassiniusedtwo" Bvvdifferentmodelsfortheshapeoftheearthandobtained9'18.6"and9'20.6",butfeltthefirstvaluewasmore" sppcorrect.Roy,ontheEnglishside,obtained9'18.8".In1987,theOrdnanceSurveyandtheParisObservatory" mmcommemoratedthebicentenaryofthismeasurementbyredoingitusingspecialGPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)" bbequipment.Theresultswereaccuratetofewcentimetres,butmysourcedoesn'tstatethevalue.  [Dbarbat.]0+(#dZdA"Zd""" Z' aaLALANDEwasDirectorfrom1768untilhisdeathin1807.LAPLACEwasalsoadirector.ARAGOwas" ::Laplace'sassistantfrom1806andthenwasco-workerwith 55BIOT[Arago,pp.1415&18]andlaterDirector.In" 1825,Arago,Mathieuand SSKaterdeterminedthedistancebetweenParisandGreenwichas9'21.62"oftime." ddThereisamonumenttoAragoontheMeridianjustacrossBoulevardAragoatthesouthernendofthe" 77Observatorygrounds.TherearestatuestoLAPLACEand 55LEVERRIER(infrontofthebuilding)andaplaqueto" ^ggRoemeronthefrontofthebuilding.FOUCAULTwasphysicisthere(seealsounderthePANTHON,below," AAandunderFoucaultinSection7A2).LUCASwasanassistantto !!LeVerrierinc18641870.Pierre FATOU" workedherefromabout1906.0+($udZdA"Zd""" 8Z'22In1902,Christie,Dysonandothers,workingwith 77Loewy,theDirectoroftheParisObservatoryandusing" kfftelegraphiclinks,determinedthedistancebetweenGreenwichandParisas9'20.932"and9'20.994 .013"" NDDwiththevariabilityduetothepersonalequationsoftheobservers." 'eeThemeridianofParispassesthroughthebuilding,beingofficiallyfixedon21Jun1667(thesummer" NNsolsticeofthatyear).ThereisalargeSouthBearingbetweentheBoulevard JourdanandtheAvenue de la"  Tunisieinthe Parc Montsouris,14e  ,nearthe RERstationCit ..Universitaire.ANorthBearingof1736ison" mMontmartreneartothe Moulin de la  Galette[MGG ==].Francerefusedtoadoptthe1884treatyfixingthePrime" =kkMeridianatGreenwichuntil1911.TocommemoratetheMillennium,alargenumberofmedallionsbearingthe" hhnameARAGO,withaNandSarrow,wereinstalledalongthemeridianacrossFrance.Theyarenotlarge," jjperhaps10cmindiameter,setintothesidewalk(=pavement(UK))andnotveryconspicuous.Thereisone" lqqbehindtheLuxembourgPalace,closetothesentryatthewestsideofthepalace,clearlyshowingthatthegreat" PuuvistathroughthegardenstotheObservatoryisnotquitedirectlysouth.Anotherisinfrontofthepalace,onthe" EsouthsideofRuede Vaugirard,betweenRue GarancireandRuede ,,Tournon.Anotherisattheentrancetothe" LouvrefromthePlace duPalaisRoyal." G'iiTheObservatoryhascontainedtheInternationalTimeBureausinceitsfoundingin1919.Thissupervises" cCoordinatedUniversalTime RR(UTC).TheObservatorystartedthefirstspeakingclockserviceon14Feb1933." rrThereisasmallmuseumwhichhasoccasionaltours(firstSaturdayofeachmonthat2:30youmustwritetothe0+(%OdZdA"Zd""" 4Z""Directorinadvanceat61Ave.de ##l'Observatoire,F-75014,Paris) --[Baillie & Salmon,p. 138]say"Visitingthe"  \\Observatoireisacomplicatedprocedureandallyou'llseeareoldmapsandinstruments."[MGG ]saysthereis"a" oosmallmuseumofoldinstruments,modernequipmentintheparkanddomeoftheupperterrace."Thegardensare" __open,butnotinthewinter.RueCassiniisjustnorthofthebuildingandthereareaAvenue de l'Observatoireand" a  Fontaine de ==l'Observatoirenearby,whileBoulevardAragoistothesouth." '__Anunusualpoliticalapplicationofmathematicsoccurredin1904whenthethreemathematicians APPELL," UUDARBOUXandPOINCARwereappointedtostudytheauthenticityofthememorandum(the  'Bordereau')" whichhadledto //DREYFUS'convictionasatraitorin1894.The **'macromicromtre'oftheObservatory,an" ujjinstrumentformeasuringastronomicalplates,wasusedtomakealargenumberofmeasurements,whichwere" ~nncarriedoutbyvariousmembersofthestaffoftheObservatory.Themathematicians'reportdemonstratedthat" *  Bertillon's eereassemblyofthepiecesofthememorandumwasincorrectandhisstatisticaldeductionsfromitwere" @@unjustified.Thememorandumwasdeclaredaforgeryin1906and ))Dreyfuswasrehabilitated.See[Suzanne" d YYDbarbat;Anunusualuseofanastronomicalinstrument:TheDreyfusaffairandtheParis 'macromicromtre';" NJ. fortheHistoryofAstronomy PP27(1996)45-52],thoughthisisnotveryclearhowthemeasurementswereused." " !' ThePALAIS DELA &&DCOUVERTE,Ave.FranklinRoosevelt,8e ++,islocatedinpartoftheGrandPalais." ItwasestablishedbyJean TTPERRINin1937topresentsciencetothepublic.Itisoneoftheancestorsofthe0+(&ITdZdA"Zd""" Zttmodern'handson'sciencecentresratherthanamuseumintheclassicalsense.Thereisaplaque,withbasrelief," .commemorating 33Perrin,onthewestsideofthelittleSquareJean 22PerrinwhichliesonthenorthsideofthePalais" ..butwhichisnowusedastheforecourttothe ??PorteChampslysesoftheGrandPalais.ThePalaishasfine" ``demonstrationofturningasphereinsideoutbymeansofasequenceofmodelsfollowingBernard MORIN's" method." " B'ThePANTHON,Place duPanthon,5e @@,wasoriginallyintendedasanewChurchofSte.Geneviveand" VVhasalternatedseveraltimesbetweenchurchandmonumentsee[Cronin,pp.104105; Okey,pp.254255;" jjHare (2),pp.359362].ThebonesofVOLTAIREandROUSSEAUwerebroughtheretoinitiatethePanthonon" ll11Jul1791and11Oct1794,respectively.However,littleofthemmaybehereasthetombswereopenedby" ((fanaticsin1814.Voltaire'sheart(cf LLFerney,outsideGeneva,SwitzerlandinSection10),brain,onefootandtwo" ..teethweretakenasrelicsatvarioustimes. ==[Ayer.Culbertson&Randall(3),pp.9397.][DaveDutton;Horrors ;" nnFutura,London,1989,pp.4041]saysthatin1814Voltaire'scorpsewastakentoarefusedumpandburiedin" 7nnquicklime.However,theirpresencehassurvivedwhilemanyoftherevolutionaryheroesplacedhereweresoon"  displaced ((Mirabeaulastedlessthattwoyearsand 66Maratlastedaboutfivemonthsandsomewerereplaced" beforetheyevengothere!  BERTHOLET, DE 88BOUGAINVILLE(thenavigator/explorer,though[Hare (2)," p. 488]saysthetombof De UUBougainvilleisinMontmartreCemetery,buthewasinthecemeteryofSt.Pierre,on" $$thetopofMontmartre,justwestof Sacr 99Coeur(onlyopenon1Nov)andhisheartremainsthere),0 +('dZdA"Zd""" sZRRL. N. M. CARNOT,M.F.S.CARNOT,CONDORCET,LAGRANGE,LANGEVIN,MONGE,PAINLEV," @ PERRIN,Braille, Dumas(broughtin2002),Hugo,  Malraux, Marat,  Mirabeau, Zolaareallhere.DESCARTES" %oo(qvinSection7A2)wasbroughttoSte.Genevivein1665,butwasmovedduringtheRevolution[Eves(4),p." 4415;Scott,p.6].ThereisastatueofVoltaireby CCHoudoninfrontofhistombinthecrypt[Hare (2),p. 361;DBS]." znnOnthemainfloorofthePanthon,therearesomecommemorativeinscriptionsonthepillars,includingoneto"   BERGSON." '[Pierre Chevallier&Daniel  Rabreau; LePanthon ::;EnglishtranslationbyKathleenWilsonChevalier[sic];" ) Caisse  nationale desMonumentset desSites,1977.DBS.MGG .]" 5'eeFOUCAULT(qvinSection7A2)setuphispendulumhereinMar1851attheurgingofPresidentLouis"  Napoleon([MGG aa]says1849).(ThechoiceofthePanthonwasundoubtedlyprimarilybasedonitsheight,butit" (LLwasalsothemostconspicuoussymbolofthestrugglebetweentheChurchand ##reason/revolution/anticlericismin" mmParis.AtthetimeitwasaseculartempledevotedtothegreatmenofFrance,mostofwhomweredistinctly" ssanticlerical.ManyofthecontemporaryreportsreferredtoGalileoandattackedthechurch.)Heuseda67mwire" [33anda28kgball.Hewasassistedbytheengineer Gustave 33Froment,whomadetheball.Thewirebrokeonthe" //firsttrial,strikingterrorintoFoucaultand HHFroment!Theydesignedakindofparachutetopreventsuchaccidents." ippTheperiodwasabout16sec.A6mdiametercirculartable,markedinquartersofadegree,wassetoutonthe" wwfloor,insidealargerrailing.Afteroneperiod,theballcouldbeseentohavemovedabout2.5mmonthisscale. +((dZdA"Zd""" Z[[Foucaultplacedlittleridgesofsandonthetabletorecordthepathoftheball.[C.L. Stong; TheAmateur" q Scientist ??;Simon&Schuster,1960,pp.290301]saysthelinesmoved11o %%18'perhour,correspondingto2.6" OOmmperperiod.Healsogivesanintuitiveexplanationthatthemovementis15o ##perhourmultipliedbythesine" ..ofthelatitude.ThelatitudeofParisis48o 51',correspondingto11.29o =11o 17.69'perhour.Thereare" Ycontemporarypicturesin[ Foiretetal.,p.16]andin <<[Deligeorges].Thedemonstrationfirsttookplacebeforea" rrfashionableaudienceon26or31Mar1851someoftheladiesfaintedwithexcitementandotherspectatorssaid" __theycouldfeeltheearthmovebeneaththem!Byanironictwistoffate,Napoleonmadeacoup d'tatinDec" gg1851,formingtheSecondEmpire,whichrestoredthePanthontothechurchandFoucault'spendulumwas" promptlystoppedandremoved." ('RRFoucaultthendesignedanimprovedsupportanddrivemechanismfortheExposition Universelleof1855." >'88In1902,afterthelaicisationofthePanthon,Camille Flammarionand  Alphonse Bergetsetupthe0+()udZdA"Zd""" Znndemonstrationagain.Theywantedtousetheoriginalball,buttheMusewouldnotpermitit,sotheyuseda" uu20 kgballthathadbeenusedintheCathedralofReimsin1851.Theywereabletousetheoriginalrailing.Their" 6==wirewasalengthofpianowire,donatedbythepianomakers 33Pleyel,buttheydiscovereditwas60cmshortand" nsstheyhadtoraisetheirtable.ByJul,theywereabletotestitandtheyhadagrandopeningon22Octwithover" oo2000personsattending.TheballwasheldattheendofitsswingbyasilkcordwhichtheMinisterofPublic" >>Instructionburnedwithacandletoprovideasmoothlaunch." 'HHIn1995,thedemonstrationwassetupagaininthePanthon,byJacques Foiret,engineerofthe" ConservatoireNational ^^desArtsetMtiers,forashortexhibittolaunchanationalsciencefestivalon5Oct1995," vvbutithasbeensopopularthatitwasstillpresentinJan1998.Thereisapleasantvideopresentationshowingthe" qqinstallationofthependulumandsomeofthehistory,butonecannotgetuptotherailing.Foucault'soriginal" uu28 kgleadandbrassballof1851wasusedinitiallyin1995,butin1996itwasreplacedbya47kgballsimilarto" h thatusedby [[Flammarionin1902,thoughthatweighedonly20kg.Theoriginalrailingwasusedagain. Foiret" 7UUdevisedanewsafetymechanism.Theperiodis16.5secandthependulumadvances272o perdayor3.11666...'" tUUperperiod,whichcorrespondsto2.7198...mmperperiodonthe6mcircularscale. eligeorges,p.16]notes" _IIthatsome10%ofFrenchpeoplestillthinkthesungoesaroundtheearth!" . ' [Deligeorges. Foiret.]" " 'ThesouthsideofthePLACE DELACONCORDE,8e 66,hasafountainwithgroupsofstatuaryrepresenting" W ((MarineNavigationandInlandNavigation.0 +(* pdZdA"Zd""" Z" 'Place du  ParvisseeNotreDame,above." " '..Housenumberingwasfirstusedin1463onthe PONTNOTREDAME,4e  .However [Okey,pp.155156]" vvindicatesthatthisbridgewasreplacedafteritscollapsein1499andseemstoimplythatitwasthenewbridgethat" --hadnumbering.[A.Brown,p.35]gives1463." " 'TheRUE DU CHERCHEMIDI,6e  ,nearSt. 66Sulpice,commemoratesasundialwhichhadtwopersons" Xaalookingfornoonwhenitwas2:00pm.No.19hasaplaquerepresentingthis.[Hare (2),p.432.]" " 'InthechurchofSAN  SULPICE,6e KK,thereisameridianlineinthepavementofthesouthtransept,engraved" /by OOLEMONNIERin1743.Againstthewallofthelefttranseptis'acuriousGnomon Astronomicus'.[Hare (2),"   pp. 421422.]" " 'OOTheFrenchSENATEiscomprisedofdistinguishedcitizens,appointedforlife. De BOUGAINVILLE," >``LAGRANGE,LAPLACE,MONGEwereSenators.CAUCHY'sfatherwasSecretaryoftheSenate,whichwas" B ''thenhousedintheLuxembourgPalace,6e ." " 'TheSORBONNE,7Rue ''descoles(orPlacedelaSorbonne),5e **,wasfoundedasatheologicalcollegeby" Robert deSorbonne(or  Sorbonor  Cerbonor EERathelois)(12011274),chaplaintoSt.Louis(=LouisIX),in1253" \\thefoundationisdepictedinthemuralsonthefirstfloorbalconyoverthelobbyofthe GrandeAmphitheatreand" [EELouis'sCharterisondisplayintheNationalArchives(intheHtel de Soubise,60Rue desFrancsBourgeois)." ==However,thefundingcamefromthequeen'sphysician,Robert 11deDouai,whodeservestoberemembered.Atthe" nntime,therewerealreadyaboutadozencollegesinParis,buttheseseemtohavevanishedandtheSorbonneis  +(+sdZdA"Zd""" ZqqconsideredtheoldestpartoftheUniversity.Itoriginallyhad16studentsandwaslocatedinahousenearthe" kkRomanbaths,butitmovedseveraltimesasitexpanded.Bytheendofthe14C,theuniversityhadsome40" kkcolleges;bytheendofthe15C,therewereabout50andJohnEvelynrecords65collegesinthelate17C. [Okey," 'rrpp.9697.]Inthelate17C,RichelieurebuiltthecollegeandchurchoftheSorbonnehistombmonumentisin" ::thechurchwhichistheonlypartsurvivingfromhiswork 33[Okey,pp.214&329].Inthechurchisapicture" ssshowingRobertSorbonnepresentingpupilstoSt.Louis[Hare (2),p.370].[Hare (2),p. 369]saysthequadrangle" oobythechurchis'remarkableforitscurioussundials'.AfterabriefclosurebyNapoleon,theUniversitywas" Tiireorganizedin1808andthefacultiesofliterature,scienceandtheologywerelocatedhere[Pengelley&" .ttPengelley,p. 115].ReferencestotheUniversityofParisgenerallyrefertotheSorbonneuntilthereorganization" y;;ofthe1970s.Themainbuildingdatesfrom1889.TheRue 33descolessiteisnowhometotheUniversitiesof"  Paris-IIIand  ParisIV." 'The ``GrandeAmphitheatreiswhereFranceandtheworldhonouredPASTEURatagreatmeetingon27Dec" jss1892tocelebratehisseventiethbirthday.Itcontainsmuralsrepresentingscience,medicine,etc.andstatuesof" NNSorbonne,Descartes,Lavoisier,Pascal,etc.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 115.]" -',,In1458,theMasteroftheMintwassentto AAMainztolearnaboutprinting,butnothingcameofit.In1463,"   Fustand kkSchfferbroughtsomeprintedbookstoParisforsale,buttheywereconfiscatedattheinstigationofthe" mmscribesandbooksellersthekingpaidacompensationof2500crownsin1474.In1479,twodoctorsofthe @+(,mdZdA"Zd""" Z Sorbonne,  Guillaume FichetandJean de la Puin,invited Ulmer ))GeringandtwootherSwissprintersfrom" 33ConstancetoestablishapressintheSorbonne.([MGG <<]saysthispresswasestablishedbyLouisXIin1469.)By" j 1473,Peter  Kayser,John  Stohland Ulmer @@GeringwereprintingintheRueSt.Jacques,atthesignofthe Soleil" D nnd'Or,whichsignwaslongatokenoffineprinting.RomantypewassoonsupersededbyGothicabout1480,but" --Romantypewasreintroducedabout1500.At ??Gering'sdeath,therewere40pressesinParis,butthesewere" rrreducedto24toinsuresufficientprofitabilitythatprinterswouldnotbetemptedtoprintprohibitedorshoddy" BBbooks.In1556,anorder,supposedlyattheinstigationofDiane 22dePoitiers,requiredavellumcopyofeverybook" oopublishedtobedepositedintheRoyalLibrarythisseemstobethefirstsuchorderbutcfBibliothque"   Nationale. [Okey,pp. 148-150.]" H'^^MERSENNEwasastudent.CAUCHY(17891857)wasAssistantProfessorofMechanicsin1823-1830" eIIandProfessorofMathematicalAstronomyfrom1848.BONNETtaughthere. LIBRIwasprofessorof" probabilityfrom1831. OOCHASLES(17931880)wasProfessorofHigherGeometryfrom1846.LIOUVILLEwas" A!!Professorin1857-1873.Charles CCHERMITE(1822-1901)wasProfessor,c1870-c1897.DARBOUXsucceeded" { ccCHASLESasProfessorofHigherGeometry.PAINLEVwasaProfessorhere.MarieSklodovska(CURIE)" mmenteredin1891andcameinfirstinphysicsin1893andsecondinmathematicsin1894.PierreCuriebecame" qqProfessorofPhysicsattheSorbonne,butwaskilledbyacartin1906andMariewasappointedtosucceedhim" XXtheirfirstwomanprofessor.Shegavetheworld'sfirstcourseonradioactivityhere. [Wymer,chap.6.]Paul@+(-gdZdA"Zd""" 8Z hhAPPELL(18551930)wasdeanoftheFacultyofSciences,c1904.GOURSATtaughtherefrom1885.Charles" j Emile OOPICARD(18561941)wasprofessorfrom1886.TANNERYwasprofessorfrom1903. lie CARTAN" Enn(18691951)cametoteachin1909andwasnamedprofessorin1912untilhisretirementin1940.PrinceLouis+(.udZdA"Zd""" 3ZVictor de ccBROGLIEwasherewhenhereceivedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1929forhisdiscoverythatmatter" hadwaveproperties. NNFRCHET(18781973)wasprofessorin19411949.Gaston(Maurice)JULIA(1893" 1978)wasaprofessor." y'iiBesidesthemuralsonthefirstfloor,thereareothermonuments,includingstatuesofArchimedesandof" vvChemistry,etc.[Cronin,pp.9091].IhaverecentlynotedafriezeofbustsonthesidefacingRueSt.Jacques,but" &&didnothavetimetorecordthenames." " ' TheTOUR DE 88L'HOROLOGEistheNEcorneroftheConciergerie,onthe Quai de  l'Horologe,1er  ,bythe" u Pont mmauChange.Itisassertedtocontaintheoldestpublicclockintheworld,datingfrom1370[Cronin,p.39;" MGG gg],thoughperhapsadozenotherclockslayclaimto14CoriginsandIhavenotseenParismentionedin" {**discussionsofearlyclocks.[DonLemon;''Everybody'sScrapBookofCuriousFacts ;Saxon,London,1890," <HHp. 38]saysthefirstclockresemblingamodernclockwasmadebyHenry &&VickforCharlesVofFrancein1370," ;ssapparentlyreferringtothisclock.LegendsaysthatCharleswasunhappywiththeIVforfourandsaiditought" GvvtobeIIIIandthishasbeenfollowedeversince.[Hare(2),p.266267]saysthetowerisrestoredand'partially" [[old'andthattheclock"commemoratestheoldestclockinParis,constructedbytheGerman Henri  Vic,and" 2qqerectedbyCharlesV."Thiswouldhavebeen1370,butitseemsthatnothingoftheoriginalclockremains.The" $rrleafletfortheConciergeriesaysthetowerwasbuiltbyJohntheGoodinthe14Candthattheclockwasreplaced" bythepresentclockin1585. PP[Okey,p.312]saystheclockwasrenewedin1588andthatthebellwascastin" ukk1371andwasusedtosignaltheSt.Bartholomewmassacreat2:00on24Aug1572.[Hare(2),pp.103&266 +(/ dZdA"Zd""" ]Z267]saysthebellofS. Germain BBl'AuxerroisgavethefirstsignalfortheRightBankandtheTour de  l'Horologe" XXgavethesignalfortheLeftBankalittlelater.Hareaddsthatthetowerismodern." " '99TheUNIVERSITYofParisbeganabout1109whenWILLIAMOF CHAMPEAUXbeganlecturingon" -XXlogic[Ball(5),p.222].SeealsoAblardinSection7A2,whichdatesitto1208.[ MGGFrance ]datesitto" ss1215.[Pengelley&Pengelley,p. 114]sayitwasestablishedbyInnocentIIIinthe13C.Ablard'steachingdrew" ppawaysomanyofWilliam'sstudentsthatheretiredinc1113,becameamonkandfoundedtheAbbeyofSt.Victor," intheareaofRue  duCardinal JJLemoine,SWofRueMonge[Hare (2),p.347].JohannesSACROBOSCO(=John" nnofHolywoodorHalifax)(c12131256)cameherein1221andwasprofessorofmathematicsuntilhisdeath.The" ssSorbonne,cfabove,wasestablishedin1253.Atthetime,therewerealreadyaboutadozencollegesinParis,but" ?pptheseseemtohavevanishedandtheSorbonneisconsideredtheoldestpartoftheUniversity.Anymastercould" |nnstarthisowncollegeoncehehadpermissionfromtheBishop'sChancellor.Bytheendofthe14C,therewere" sssome40colleges;bytheendofthe15C,therewereabout50andJohnEvelynrecords65collegesinthelate17C."  PP[Okey,pp.9697.]In1349,therewere502professors;in1403,therewere909 $$[Okey,p.105].However,itisnot" PPclearwhenthemultiplicityofcollegesreallycametogetherasauniversity $$[Okey,p.98]saysthewordalready" Toccursinstatutesof1215. TT[Okey,pp.9899]saysthefourmainfacultieswereformedintheearly12Candthe" +OOstudentsandstaffhadformedthemselvesintofournationalgroupings:French,  Picards,NormansandEnglishby @+(0TdZdA"Zd""" cZoothistime.By1245,thesegroupsweremeetingtoelectaRector,whosupersededtheChancellorasheadofthe" jjUniversityandeventuallybecameakindofsovereignovertheLeftBankwhichhad10,000students.Asat" llOxfordandCambridge,theprivilegesofstudentsledtomanyconflicts,oftenbloodyandsometimeslethal." A'jjAspartoftheexpulsionoftheJewsfromSpain,fourcamelloadsofmanuscriptswerebroughttoParisin" Akkthe13C,containingtheworksofandcommentariesonARISTOTLE,translatedfromGreektoArabictoLatin." @ppThestudyofAristotlewasinitiallyprohibitedbutAquinas(c12251274)managedtoreconcileAristotleandthe"  Church. [Okey,p.103.]Inthe13C, &&AlbertusMagnus,ThomasAquinas,Duns !!ScotusandRogerBacontaughtat" % Paris [Okey,p.104]." 'XX[Ball(5),p.227]claimsthatthefirststudenttofailoutofauniversitywasaPaul Nicolaswhowasrefused" (??hisdegreeinParisin1426,despitehistakinglegalaction." M' Petrus[Peter] [[RAMUS(15151572)wasastudentandpresentedabrilliantthesisthatallofAristotlewas" __wrong!Helaterfoundedthechairofmathematicsandwroteapopularbookonarithmetic.His  Dialectica wasa" mmlogictextwhichwasveryantiAristotleandmuchsimpler,rapidlydisplacingAristoteliantreatisesinmany" uuuniversities,e.g.atCambridgeby1580andatDublin,untiltheriseofBaconandDescartesinthelate17C/early" 18C dd[McDowell&Webb,p.7].JohnDEElecturedhereonEuclid,inEnglish,in1550[Ball(5),p.19]. DE" --MOIVREwasastudentofphysicsinthe1680s." 'hhTheUniversityresistedtheReformationandgenerallysankintoscholasticisminthe1516C.Inthe17" qq18C,thenumberofcollegesreduced.WhentheJesuitswereexpelledin1763,theUniversitytookovertheLyce@`+(1QxZdA"Zd""" ZLouis hhleGrandandmadeittheseatoftheUniversityandthemaincollege,suppressing26smallcollegesand" leavingonlyten. &&[Okey,pp.105106.Hare(2)p.365.]" \' lie 88CARTAN(18691951)wasprofessorin19121941(or1940)." <'mmIndividualswereoftenassociatedwithseveralofthehighereducationalinstitutionsatthesametime.The" *ss1970sreorganizationhassplittheUniversityinto13independentunitscfSorbonneaboveandfiveofthese," ;;alongwithfivetechnicaluniversities,areinthesuburbs." 'The ??UniversitParisVisnamedRenDESCARTESandisonBlvd.St.  GermainbytheOdeonMetrostop" [MGG ]." x" '7-A-2.INDIVIDUALS. " d" ' Seealso:  Arcueil,  Fresnes, ''PortRoyaldesChamps,inSection7B." " '22ABELlivedat41RueSt.Marguerite,FaubourgSt. 44Germain,inJulyDecember1826[Ore,pp.136,143&" ; %%156].(Ican'tfindthisonmymap.)" :'Peter(=Pierre)ABLARD(or IIAbelard)(10791142)wasadistinguishedmedievallogicianandteacher." pllHecametoParisasastudentattheschoolofNotreDameandsoonwasengagedinamajorcontroversyabout" (ppwhetherabstractionscouldbeunderstoodwithoutknowledgeofanyspecificcasese.g.canoneunderstandthe"  conceptof aaqueenlinesswithouteverknowingaboutqueens?Despiteitsapparentsilliness,thequestionhas" ttprofoundtheologicalimplicationsconsiderreplacing'queen'by'god'inthepreviousexample.Further,Ablard" .--wasattractingawaythepupilsofWilliamof @@Champeaux.ConsequentlyAblardwasdismissed.Afterteaching" w atnearby eeMelunforawhile,hesetuphisownschoolatMt.Ste.Genevive,nearthepresentPantheon,onthe" CnnLeftBank.Afewschoolshadalreadybeenestablishedinthearea,butmanymorefollowedAblardanditwas`+(2gdZdA"Zd""" ZuuthenaturalareafortheUniversitytobeestablishedin1208.HisillfatedaffairwithHloseproducedasonwho" /LLwasnamedAstrolabe!!Atthattime,helivedinherfamilyhouseat10Rue ##Chanoinesse,northofNotreDame." 6Theylivedatnearby9Rue des  Chantres. II[Okey,p.305.][Hare (2),p.314]saysHloselivedinahouseatthe0+(3uTdZdA"Zd""" ZcorneroftheRue des  Chantresand Quai aux BBFleurs,wheretherewasacommemorativeplaque.IntheSorbonne," nnthefirstfloormuralsincludeAblardteaching.TheremainsofAblardandHloseweretransferredtoPre" fhhLachaisecemeteryin1817,wherethegravesareashrineforunhappylovers.[Cronin,pp. 8284&90. Okey," h  pp.9093.]" ' ^^ALBERTUSMAGNUS(1193(or1206)1280)taughtattheDominicanconventonthesiteof14Rue"  <>Buridan'sdiscipleshadplacedabargeofstrawunderneathto"  catchhim. (([Okey,p.68.]HelivedintheRueSt. Julien le  Pauvre,5e  [Okey,pp.313314]." ' Nicholas Lonard OOSadiCARNOT(17961832)wastheengineerandthermodynamicist,inventorofthe" @@Carnotcycle,etc.Heisnottobeconfusedwith(hisfather?) Lazare ''NicolasMargueriteCarnot(17531823)," nnmilitaryengineer,amajorfigureintheRevolutionandanimportantwriteronmathematics,particularly'the`0+(9OdZdA"Zd""" ZHHgeometryofposition',norwiththelatter'sgrandson,(MarieFranois) &&SadiCarnot(18371894),engineerand" PresidentofFrancefrom1887." n'ThereisastatueofJacques KKCARTIER,theexplorer,atthecornerofAve.FranklinD.Rooseveltandthe"  Cours la Reine,8e  ,justNof Pont des  Invalides." 'Four ]]CASSINIsweresuccessivelydirectorsoftheParisObservatory(qvinSection7A1)fromits" TTfoundingin1672tilltheRevolution.ThefirstCassini,GiovanniDomenico(=Jean Dominique)(1625-1712)" 2nncametoParisin1669andbecameaFrenchcitizenin1673.In1671-1673,hefoundthesecondandthirdmoons"  ofSaturn  (Rheaand ]]Japetus).(Huygensfoundthefirstofthemoonsin1655.)In1672,CassiniandRichermade" ssthefirstreasonablemeasurementofthesun'sdistancecfunderObservatoryinSection7A1.In1675,Cassini" Piidiscoveredthe'divisionofCassini'intheringsofSaturn.In1684,hefoundtwomoremoonsofSaturn (Tethys" and ssDione).[Miniatietal.,pp.6970.]ItwasthisCassiniwhodescribedthe'ovalsofCassini'anddiscoveredthe"  pplibrationofthemoon,thepolarcapsofMarsandthediscrepancyintheeclipsesofthemoonsofJupiterlater" jppshowntobeduetothefinitespeedoflight.CassinialsoworkedattheChteauofSt-Germain-en-Laye,inthe" 66westernsuburbsofParis.Heisburiedinthenearby ..St-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas,252RueSt.Jacques,5e  modern" n11plaqueinthefloorbythealtar.Hisassistant <>18491851.Cauchydiedathiscountryhouseinthesuburbof Sceaux.[Smithies.  Giacardi& Roero,pp. 132" ,134.]" _' ZZMichelCHASLES(17931880)taughtgeodesy,astronomyandappliedmathematicsatthecole" eePolytechniquein18411851.HewasappointedtoaspeciallycreatedchairinHigherGeometryatthe Facult de" ppSciencesoftheSorbonnein1847.HefoundedtheSocitMathmatiquedeFrancein1872.HeisburiedinPre" D LachaiseCemetery." L'The du ,,CHTELETslivedattheHtelLambert,27-31 Quai d'Anjou,leSt.Louis,4e ,[Crosland,vol.3," X66p. 72].[Eastman,p.107,withphoto]saysitis13 Quai  d'Anjou,le StLouisandthattheMarquis  duChteletp+(;dZdA"Zd""" Zboughtitforhiswife  Gabrielle (Emilie le  Tonnelier de Breteuil,Marquise %%duChtelet)andVOLTAIREtolivein" iiandthattheylivedthereintermittentlyfrom1733to1748.[Cronin,p. 191]saysitis2RueSt.Louis en l'le." ' Ernst aaFlorensFriedrichCHLADNI(17561827)wasProfessorofPhysicsinBreslau(qvinSection8)when" YYhedevelopedChladnifiguresc1800.HecametoParisin1808topresenthisworkatthe InstitutandLaplacehad" HHhimgiveatwohourdemonstrationtoNapoleon,whogavehim6000francs." ' hhAlexisClaudeCLAIRAUT(17131765),wasborn,livedanddiedinParis.Hewasaprodigy,beingelected" totheAcadmie NNdesSciencesattheageof18.HecomputedthereturndateofHalley'scomet." 'HHZerahCOLBURN,theAmericancalculatingboy,wasadmittedtotheLyce Henri IV,butcouldnotafford"   theexpenses." |' JeanAntoine Nicolas de Caritat,Marquis 77deCONDORCET(17431794)hidfromtheConventionat15" >Rue  Servandoni,6e  ,nearSt. KKSulpice,butwaseventuallydiscoveredandexecuted[Cronin,p.179180]." EEHowever,inthePanthon,itsayshewasfounddeadintheprisonof BourgEgalit(= BourglaReine),abit" southofParis." ' GaspardGustavede VVCORIOLISwasaprofessoratthecolePolytechnique.In1835,heanalysedtheeffect" namedforhim." 'ggMarieSklodovska(CURIE)(18671934)enteredtheSorbonnein1891andcameinfirstinphysicsin1893" <ddandsecondinmathematicsin1894.Shefirstlivedwithhersisterandbrotherinlawat92Avenue  JeanJaurs," LaVillette,19e <<.MarriedPierreCurie(18591906),ateacheratthecole dePhysiqueet Chimie,42Rue"  rrLhomond,on26Jul1895.Pierreandhisbrotherhaddiscoveredpiezoelectricityc1880.In18951900,theylivedpp+(<dZdA"Zd""" QZ at24Rue de la  Glacire,13e II,justsouthoftheuniversityarea,thenfurthersouthat108Boulevard  Kellermann," 13e qq,(plaque)until1906.Discoveredtheintenseradioactivityinpitchblendein1898andtheysoondiscoveredthe" qqpresenceoftwonewelements:poloniumandradium.Shesuggestedtheterm'radioactivity'.Theythenprocessed" cVVseveraltonsofmaterialinavanishedshedinthecoleSuprieuredePhysiqueetde Chimie Industriellesdela" U ,,VilledeParis[photoinWymer,p. 6:22].[ MGGFrance 66]saystheoutlineoftheshedisshowninthepaving" 11patternofthecourtyardoftheSchoolat10Rue  Vauquelin,5e //.From1900to1914,theyworkedattheCurie" \Laboratory,12RueCuvier,5e 99,probablynowcoveredbypartoftheUniversitiesParis VI& VII.Shereceived" kkherdoctorateandtheyreceivedtheNobelPrizeinPhysics,sharedwithBecquerel,in1903.Pierrebecamep@+(=udZdA"Zd""" Z\\ProfessorofPhysicsattheSorbonne,butwaskilledbyacartintheRueDauphinenearthe Pont Neufin1906and" ?iiMariewasappointedtosucceedhimtheirfirstwomanprofessor.Shegavetheworld'sfirstcourseon" mmradioactivity.NobelPrizeinChemistry,1911.ShortlyafterPierre'sdeath,shemovedtoahouseat6Rue du"  ttChemin,inthesouthernsuburbofSceaux,Pierre'snativevillage,andstayedthereuntil1912.In1912,shemoved" to36 Quai de  Bthune,le  StLouis,4e NN,andlivedthereuntilherdeath.BothCurieswereburiedatSceaux,butin" mm1995theyweretranslatedtothePanthonshebeingthefirstwomantobesohonoured.[Wymer,chap.6."  DBS.]The 33InstitutCuriewasbuiltforherin1914at26Rue d'Ulm,5e &&,(apparentlynowenteredfrom11Rue" 7''PierreetMarieCurie),nearthecole NormaleSuprieure.(My1986MGG  showsthe  Institut deRadiumalso"  ontheRue ;;d'Ulm,butmy1991mapshowsthesiteaspartofthecole NationaleSuprieure de  Chimie.)" '**TheCurieshadtwodaughters.Theelder, 33Irne(18971956),assistedhermotherandmarried  Frdric"  jjJoliot(19001958),anotherofhermother'sassistants,in1926,andtheyadoptedthenameJoliotCurie. Irne" ~ppsucceededhermotherattheSorbonne.Theycreatedthefirstartificialisotopein1934andreceivedtheNobel" KqqPrizeinchemistryfor1935.AfterthefallofFrance,theymanagedtosmuggleheavywateroutofthecountry." 'BothMarieand FFIrnediedofleukaemia,probablycausedbyoverexposuretoradiation." " '33(Jean)GastonDARBOUX(18421917)wasatthecole ,,NormaleandtheSorbonne.Hewasperpetual" SecretaryoftheAcadmie SSdesSciencesintheearly20C.SeeundertheObservatoryinSection7A1forhis@@+(>OdZdA"Zd""" s Z!!connectionwiththeDreyfuscase." $'Abraham >>DEMOIVREwasastudentofphysicsattheUniversity,Collge !!d'Harcourt,inthe1680s.After" ootheRevocationoftheEdictofNantes,hewentintoseclusionintheprioryofSt.Martin(possiblythatwhich" ""becametheConservatoireNational NNdesArtsetMtiers??)andthenemigratedtoEngland,havingnocontactwith" +aaFranceuntilhewaselectedaForeignAssociateoftheAcademyofSciencesjustbeforehisdeath." !'77RenDESCARTES(1596(or1598)1650)livedat14Rue  Rollin,5e ,(demolished)in1613-1617" Lpp[Alexanderson;Crosland,vol.3,p.74]andin1644and16471648[Eastman,p.86].[Hare (2),p.495]sayshe"  livedinRue Pourtales,formerlyRue  NeuveS. ##Etienne,tothesouthofBoulevard BonneNouvelle,2e ,butI" %rrcannotlocateeitherrueonmymap.AfterhisdeathinStockholm,hisbodywasreturnedtoParis,arrivingon25" UjjJun1665[Hare (2),p.359],thoughthecoffinhadbeenlootedbyhisfollowersforrelicsinStockholm." nnSupposedly,thecoffinwasshippedoverlandfromCopenhagentoavoidpiracybyEnglishadmirers!Theremains" D wereinSte.Genevive,thenin JJLenoir'sMuseumofFrenchMonuments,thenfinallymovedtoSt-Germaindes" ^mmPrsin1819.HispreviouspresenceinSte.Genevive,whichbecamethePanthon(Section7-A1),ledmeto" Tssbelievehewasthere.[Culbertson&Randall(3),pp.161162.Scott,p.6.]Hisheadstone(orgravestone)isin" >>St-Germain-des-Prs,inthesecondchapelontherightofthe 77apse.[D.E.Smith(2)]givestheinscription.There" isaportraitofhimby Franz MMHalsintheLouvre[Alexanderson].StephenJayGould[S.J.Gould]saysthe" //(purported)skullofDescartesisintheMuse de ::l'Homme,apparentlyondisplay[Culbertson&Randall(3),@0+(?ITdZdA"Zd""" Zp. 162;Eastman,p.86].The ??UniversitParisVisnamedRenDescartesandisonBlvd.St. Germainbythe" T OdeonMetrostop[MGG ]." \'))DenisDIDEROT(1713-1784)livedat3Rue de l'Estrapade,5e !!.Hediedat39RueRichelieu,1er  ,andis" buriedinSt. Roch,296RueSt.  Honor,1er $$.[Crosland,vol.3,pp.76&97.MGG  .]Bustby Houdoninthe" w%%Louvre.ThereisnomonumentinSt. ((Rochandtheydonotknowwherehelies." 'JohannesDUNS IISCOTUS(c12651308)taughtattheFranciscanschooloftheologyinParis [Okey," pQQpp. 77-78&104].[Hare (2),pp.388390]identifiesthisastheConventofthe !!Cordeliers,onthesouthsideof" Rue de l'cole de  Mdicine,6e ,where UniversitParis VI 44(Cordeliers)isnow.Haresaysthatremainsofthe" D##ConventcontainthesurgicalMuse NNDupuytren,butthisisnowlongerlistedinParisguidebooks.Thestatueof" uutheVirginonthecentralpierofthewestporchofthelowerchapelattheSainteChapelleissaidtohavebowedto"  ]]Scotusin1304inrecognitionofhispromotionofthedoctrineoftheImmaculateConception! [Okey,p.306]." kkHowever,heisbestrememberedastheeponymof'dunce'inrecognitionofthesterilescholasticismofhis"  followers." C' KKGustavEIFFELincludedaflatforhimselfatthetopoftheEiffelTower,7e !!,andretiredthereatage62to" )11conductaerodynamicexperiments[Cronin,p.267]." S'ERASMUSstudiedattheCollege de EEPouilleryeinthe15C.HewasofferedthedirectorshipoftheRoyal" **CollegeofFrancein1517,butdeclined. 99[Okey,pp.98&163.]PortraitbyHolbeinintheLouvre." '  Francesco FA PPDIBRUNO(18251888)cametoParisin18491851andbecameoneofCauchy'slast0p+(@dZdA"Zd""" Z<>NapolonBonaparte,PresidentoftheRepublic(laterNapolon 66III),invitedhimtosetitupinthePanthon,qvin" ]TTSection7A1,whereheuseda67mwireanda28kgball[contemporarypicturesin Foiretetal.,p. 16,andin"  //Deligeorges].Hewasassistedbytheengineer Gustave 66Fromentwhomadetheball.Areportstatesthatthis" iidemonstrationtookplacebeforeafashionableaudienceon26Mar1851someoftheladiesfaintedwithPP+(BuTdZdA"Zd""" Zooexcitementandotherspectatorssaidtheycouldfeeltheearthmovebeneaththem!Hepresentedhisresultsin" ""threepapersreadtotheAcadmie HHdesScienceson3Augand27Sep1851andpublishedas:'Demonstration" [ physique du  mouvement  derotation de la terre au moyen du  pendule', Comptes rendus 32(1851)135138; 'Sur" V  unenouvelle dmonstration experimentale du  mouvement de la terre', Comptes rendus 35(1852)421424; 'Sur"  les  phnomnes d'orientation  descorps  tournants entrainspar unaxe fixe  lasurface du terre.  Nouveaux signes"   sensibles du  mouvement diurne, Comptes rendus @@35(1952)424427.Foucaultthendesignedanimprovedsupport" ''anddrivemechanismfortheExposition IIUniverselleof1855.HeisburiedinMontmartreCemetery.InOct1995," rrthedemonstrationwassetupagaininthePanthonforashortexhibit,buthasbeensopopularthatitwasstill" C presentinJan1998." . ' [Deligeorges. Foiret.]" 'In1850,Foucaultconfirmed PPFizeau's1849resultthatlighttravelsfasterinairthaninglasswhichwasa" ooconfirmationofthewavetheoryoflight.Foucaultalsodiscoveredtheeddycurrentsgeneratedinaconductor" $$whenmovedthroughamagneticfield." " -'Jean @@BaptisteJosephFOURIER(1766?1830)wasastudentatthecole Normale,c1794.Hewas" )ppsentencedtotheguillotinebyRobespierrein1794,butRobespierrewasoverthrownthedaybeforehisexecution" d wasdue[Ben  Selinger;KKWhytheWatermelonWon'tRipeninyourArmpitandotherscienceconundrums ;" ssAllen&Unwin,Australia,2000,p.194].HewasunanimouslyelectedthefirstSecretaryoftheInstituteofEgyptP+(CTdZdA"Zd""" Zmmin1798.[Archibald(4).Arago,p.394.]HewasGovernorofLowerEgyptin1798-1801[Eves(6),p.58]or" *hhCommissionerattheDivanofCairo[Arago,p.395].Heledoneoftheexpeditionsofexplorationwhich" hhexaminedancientmonumentsandhesuggestedthepublicationofthegreatreportonEgypt.Hewaswasa" nnprofessoratthecolePolytechniqueupto1806.NapolonmadehimabaronandduringNapolon'sreturnfrom" ppElbain1815,hemadeFourieracountandPrefectoftheRhone,basedatLyons,from10Marto1May.In1815," &sshewaspennilessinParisandgivinglessonsforhisliving.ThePrefectofParisfoundoutandmadehimdirector" boftheBureau de la ^^StatistiqueofthePrfectureoftheSeine.HewaselectedtotheAcadmiein1816,butthis" qqwasvetoedbythegovernment,sohewaselectedagainin1817andthiswaspermitted.[Arago,pp.436437.]He" *qqwasPrefectoftheDepartmentofIsre,whosecapitalisGrenoble,from1802to1817(1815??)[Eves (6),p.58;" Math. Intell. cc10:2(1988)51].HewasPermanentSecretaryoftheAcadmiedesSciencesin18221830.In1827," Xrrhesuggestedthatman'sactivitiesmighthaveaneffectontheclimate,butnoonetookhimseriously.Buriedin" PreLachaise." ' __JacquesFrdricFRANAIS(17751833)wasatthecolePolytechniquein17971800.Heroseto" JJbecomeGeneraloftheEngineersandProfessoroftheMilitaryArtinMetz." )'__BenjaminFRANKLIN(17061790)wasUSambassadortoFrancein17761785.HelivedattheHtel de"  !!Valentinois,whichwasat62Rue  Raynouard,16e DD,atthecornerofRueSinger.Hereheerectedthefirstlightning" K88rodinFrance(??).Hemayhavehadanofficeat26Rue de  Penthivre,8e )).[Eastman,p.87.Hare(2),p.463.]" ssHeinventedbifocalglassesin1784.ItwashisexperienceofthelatenightsofParisiansocietythatledhimto`+(DdZdA"Zd""" `Zkkproposedaylightsavingtimein1784.Heevenestimatedthenumberofcandlesthatwouldbesaved.VOLTA" NNcametovisithimandtheydinedmanytimes.Asourcesayshehadahousein Passy.Bustby Houdoninthe"  Louvre." '22varisteGALOIS(18111832)wasbornat54Avenue GnralLeclerc,14e  ,(plaque)[Alexanderson].But"  ;;[Solovyov],[Picard]and[Bell,p.362]sayhewasbornin 22BourglaReine,some10kmsouthofthecentreof" RnnParis,makingitstill5kmbeyondthePriphriqueandoutsideParis.HewasastudentattheCollgeRoyal de" [ LouisleGrand(nowtheLyce OOLouisleGrand)in18231830.FailingtoenterthecolePolytechnique,qvin" BBSection7-A1,in1830heenteredthePreparatorySchoolorcole --NormalewhichcontinuedtheCollge.Hewas" OXXexpelledinDec1830andbecameapoliticalactivist.HespentAug1831toApr1832in Sainte Plagieprison." Theinfamousduelwith  Pescheux JJd'HerbinvilletookplaceneartheGlassierpondinthesouthernsuburbof" . Gentilly.Hediedinthe ))CochinHospitalthisisnowat27Rue duFaubourgSt.Jacques,14e ,butIdon'tknow" kkhowlongithasbeenthere.HewasburiedinacommongraveatMontparnasseCemetery,butnotraceofthe" 'graveremains. BB[Solovyov.Picard.]TheduelwasoverGalois'sinvolvementwith StphanieFlicie  Poterine du" Motel,whowas d'Herbinville's MMfiance,butithasbeenclaimedthattheaffairwasapoliticalframeupby" h66governmentagentsinordertoeliminateGalois.The[ MGGFrance ))]isunusualamongguidebooksinthatit" ssreferstomanymathematiciansandscientists,particularlyunderParis.However,itiswisenottodependonsuch" ,,worksfortechnicalinformationitsays: CC"EvaristeGaloisputforwardthetheoryofsets;hisconceptswere`@+(EdZdA"Zd""" ZdevelopedbyCauchy."" f'bbPierreGASSENDI(1592-1655)wasprofessorofmathematics(moreproperlyastronomy)attheCollge" N ))Royalefrom1645.HelivedintheHtel de Montmor,79Rue  duTemple,3e . MontmorwastreasurertoLouis" ;  XIIIand iiMontmor'ssoninvitedthescientistsofthedaytomeethere.Thesemeetingsledtothefoundingofthe"  Acadmie %%desSciences,qvinSection7A1.[MGG 77.]GassendiwasprofessoratAixfrom1617.On7Nov" >tt1631,hemadethefirstobservationofaplanetarytransitofthesunwhenhesawatransitofMercury.[Scott,p." L__202.]ItseemslikelyhewasatAixatthistime,butonesourcesayshewasinParis[Owen Gingerich;review" "of: Eli Maor;June8,2004VenusinTransit  ;PrincetonUniv.Press,2000;TimesLiterarySupplement  (11Aug" ]]2000)29].Gassendiwasapriest,buthewasafirmbelieverinCopernicus.Herevivedthe atomisticideasof" nnLucretiusandspentmuchtimeproclaimingthatEpicureanphilosophywascompatiblewithCatholicism.[Berry," p.28.]HeisburiedinSt. Nicolas desChamps,252 bisRueSt.Martin,3e ,[Hare (2),pp135136]." 0' JosephLouis UUGAYLUSSAC(17781850)wasastudentatthecolePolytechniquefrom1797.On6Sep" kk1804,GayLussacascendedinaballoonatParisto23,400ftandlatermadeseverallongerascents,taking" 3ppsamplesoftheairwhichprovedtohavethesamecompositionatallheights.In1808,hepublishedhis"Memoir" pponthecombinationofgaseoussubstanceswitheachother".Healsoshowedthatchlorinewasanelementin1809" kkanddiscoveredboron.HetaughtatthecolePolytechnique.HeisburiedinDivision26ofPreLachaise" %%[Culbertson&Randall(3),p.34].[MGG-Dordogne  Perigord LimousinQuercy .]@+(F*dZdA"Zd""" SZ' Sophie GERMAINdiedat13Rue de  Savoie,6e "",in1831(plaque)[Alexanderson]." y'Charles [[HERMITE(18221901)wasastudentatthecolePolytechniqueforoneyearinc1840butwas" qqsentawaybecausehislamelegmadehimunfitformilitaryservice.Hewaslateralecturerfromc1862.Hewas" Professoratthecole EENormaleinc1867andattheSorbonne,c1870-c1897.HediedinParis." '